Waa maxay habka kiimikada? habka kiimikaad ah: ku nuxurka iyo doorka ee dabiiciga ah

diinta Mutual xeryahooda lagu arkay dabeecadda, iyo ka dhacaan iyada oo sababtu tahay dhaqdhaqaaqa aadanaha waxaa laga arki karaa sida hababka kiimikada. reactants wuxuu noqon karaa iyaga oo ku laba ama ka badan oo ka mid ah walxaha in hal ama gobolada kala duwan ee xulkii. Iyadoo ku xiran kala soocin waxaa loo sameeyey dhexeeya nidaamka dhqaalaha ama Nuurre Aw. oo ka mid ah shuruudaha iyo sifooyinka gaarka ah ee doorka hababka kiimikada ee dabiiciga ah waxaa ka wada xaajoon doona in warqad this.

Maxaa loola jeedaa reaction kiimikada

Haddii natiijada dhexgalka oo ka mid ah qalabka laga bilaabo waxaa lagu sakhiray in la beddelo qaybo ka mid ah u taagoo iyo kharashyada qaaradda nuclei waa isku mid, yidhaahdo oo ku saabsan falcelinta ama hababka kiimikada. Products sameeyey iyada oo sababtu tahay ay Dabcan, ninkii loo isticmaalo warshadaha, beeraha iyo qoysaska. Tiro weyn ee isdhexgalka u dhexeeya walxaha ku dhacdaa, sida ku nool iyo nonliving ee dabiiciga ah. geeddi socodka Chemical yihiin farqiga aasaasiga ah ka ifafaale jirka iyo sifooyinka shucaaca. Meelahaas waxaa walxaha cusub sameeyay Britain, halka geeddi socodka jirka ha beddalin oo sideeda oo xeryahooda, iyo jawaab nuclear dhici atamka xubno ka kiimikada cusub.

Shuruudaha chemistry habka

Waxaa laga yaabaa inay kala duwan oo ku xiran tahay ugu horrayn on nooca reagents aqbasho tamarta loo baahan yahay ka baxsan ka, iyo sidoo kale gobolka xulkii (cunnooyinka adkaha ah, xal, gaasas), taas oo habka dhacdaa. hab kiimikada ee xidhiidhka ka dhexeeya laba ama ka badan oo xeryahooda lagu qaban karaa hoos tallaabo ee Xoojiya (tus, acid nitric), heerkulka (wax soo saarka ee ammonia), tamarta iftiinka (photosynthesis). Iyada oo gargaar ah ee ensaymes ee dabiiciga ah nolosha ee reaction kiimikada maaraysa halsano baahsan (khamriga, jėrto, butyric acid) loo isticmaalo in cuntada iyo warshadaha microbiological. Waayo, wax soo saarka warshadaha ee ereygu wuxuu organic, mid ka mid ah shuruudaha ugu waaweyn ee ay joogaan of farsamo free-xagjirka ah ee nidaamka kiimikada. Tusaale ahaan lahaa diyaarinta methane koloriin (dichloromethane, trichloromethane, tetrachloride carbon soo saaray natiijo of falcelinta silsilad.

catalysis dhqaalaha

Waxay yihiin noocyada gaarka ah ee xiriirka u dhexeeya laba ama ka badan oo walxaha. Nuxurka oo ka mid ah hababka kiimikada dhaca wajiga dhqaalaha (tus, gaaska - gaaska) ku lug leh Sheelare reaction, waa in ay sameeyaan reactions ee isku mugga dhan. Haddii Hannaan waa in gobolka la mid ah wadar ahaan labada lug, iyo in reactants ah, u yeela kaxeynayo la xeryahooda bilaabo dhexe dhaqaajin karo.

catalysis dhqaalaha - habka kiimikaad ee aasaasiga ah ayaa la fuliyaa, tusaale ahaan, in turxaan batroolka, wax soo saarka ee shidaalka, naphtha, saliid gaaska, iyo shidaalka oo kale. Waxa loo isticmaalaa teknoolajiyada sida dib u habaynta, isomerization, arrinkaas horseed.

catalysis Nuurre Aw

In the case of catalysis Nuurre Aw, xiriirka ee reactants ah waxay badanaa ka dhacdaa on dusha adag ee Hannaan ah. Waxaa la sameeyay goobaha wax-u firfircoon. gobollada Waxaa taas dhexgalka ee reactants waa mid aad u deg deg ah, i.e. heerka falcelinta waa sare. Waxay noocyada-gaar ah, oo ka ciyaaraan door muhiim ah sidoo kale ay dhacdo in geedi socodka kiimikada ka dhacaya unugyada nool. Markaas ka hadlaan dheef - shiid reactions. Tusaalooyinka catalysis Nuurre Aw waa diyaarinta warshadaha ee sulfate ka acid. contactor Isku dar ah oo iskiis u baaruud dioxide iyo oxygen waa kuleelka iyo marin a armaajo latticed budada particulate ee xabagta vanadium, sulfate vanadyl ama VOSO ₄ ka _buuxsamay. The keentay wax soo saarka - trioxide baaruud waxaa markaas nuugo xoog sulfuric acid. dareeraha ah la sameeyay, wuxuu u yeedhay oleum. Waxaa lagu qasi karaa biyo si ay u helaan ka-fiirsashada la rabay of sulphate acid.

Features reactions thermochemical

Go'doon ama nuugista tamarta foomka kulaylka waa muhiim wax ku ool ah. Waxaa ugu Filan in yeeran sari reaction shidaalka, gaaska dabiiciga ah, dhuxusha, Peat. Waxay u taagan yihiin geeddi socodka jirka iyo kiimikada, dabeecad u muhiim ah waa kulaylka sari. Dareen-celinta kulka waa baahsan ee dunida organic, iyo dabeecadda walax. Tusaale ahaan, inta lagu guda jiro cholesterol dheefshiidka borotiinada, subaga iyo carbohydrates sarkhaansan yihiin walxaha bayoloji firfircoon - ensaymes.

tamarta la sii daayay waxa lagu kaydiyaa foomka la xidho tamar-qani ah oo u taagoo ATP. reactions dissimilation Ulasocto sii daayo tamarta, qayb ka mid ah kaas oo la ayuuna sida kulaylka. Sidaas darteed of dheefshiidka, garaam kasta oo protein bixisaa 17 KJ 2 noqde - 17, 2 baruurta KJ - 38,9 KJ. geeddi socodka Chemical dhaca la sii daayo tamar waxaa loo yaqaan gube, oo ay nuugista - endothermic. In warshadaha, ereygu wuxuu organic iyo farsamooyinka kale ee xisaabiyaa saamaynta kulka reactions thermochemical. Tani waa muhiim, tusaale ahaan, in si sax ah loo xisaabiyo inta tamar loo adeegsado kulaylinta tigoodu ee ereygu iyo tiirar, taas oo dareen diidmo oo qaadan meel ku weheliyay nuugista kulaylka.

Kinetics iyo kaalinta uu ku aragti ah hababka kiimikada

Xawaaraha xisaabinta of Qurub ficil (taagoo, udhigo) - dhibaatada ugu weyn ee soo food saartay warshadaha. Her xal bixisaa faa'iidooyinka dhaqaale iyo faa'iidada of wareegyada farsamada warshadaha kiimikada. Si loo kordhiyo xawaaraha cadaanyo noocan oo kale ah sida Avv ammonia arrimo muhim tahay kala duwanaansho cadaadis isku dar ah gaaska of nitrogen iyo hydrogen ah 30 MPA, iyo ka hortagga kor u kac wayn ee heerkulka (heerkulka si mug leh waa 450- 550 ° C).

geeddi socodka Kiimikada loo isticmaalo soo saaridda ee acids sulphated, kuwaas oo ololaya pyrite, qayilo baaruud dioxide, trioxide baaruud, nuugista oleum waxaa lagu fuliyaa ka yar xaaladaha kala duwan. Si arrintan loo sameeyo, u isticmaal pyrite foornada iyo contactors. Waxay tixgeliyaan ku uruureen ee reactants, heerkulka iyo cadaadiska. Arrimahaas oo dhami waxa ay ku jiraan xiran in fal la xawaaraha weyn, taas oo kordhinaysa sulphate acid in ay dhali 96-98%.

Wareegga of walxaha, labada geeddi socodka jirka iyo kiimikada ee dabiiciga ah

odhaahda loo yaqaan "Movement - waa nolosha" lagu saleyn karaa xubno ka kiimikada galay noocyada kala duwan ee dhexgalka (xarunta reaction, beddelka, kala daatay, exchange). Taagoo iyo atamka ee xubno ka kiimikada uu yimid dhaqaaq joogto ah. Sida saynisyahano ah, oo dhan ee kor ku xusan nooc oo falgalka kiimikada waxaa la socon kara by ifafaale jirka: daayo kulaylka ama nuugista photons ee rays iftiin, beddelo gobolka xulkii. Nidaamkan waa mid ka dhacaan qolof kasta oo dhulka: lithosphere, hydrosphere, iyo jawiga, biosphere ah. The ugu weyn ka mid ah kuwan waa wareegyada ee walxaha sida ogsijiin, carbon dioxide iyo nitrogen. In socda aan tixgelin doonna horyaalka sida wareegga nitrogen dhacdaa jawi, ciidda, iyo noolaha.

Interconversion Nitrogendoksid iyo xeryahooda ay

Waxaa si fiican u la og yahay in nitrogen waa qayb muhiim ah protein ah, iyo sidaas ka qayb formation of kasta iyo dhammaan noocyada ka mid ah nolosha dhulka. Nitrogen nuugo by dhirta iyo xoolaha ee foomka of udhigo: ammonium, amooniyam iyo ra'iyi nitrite. Geedaha keentay qaab photosynthesis ma glucose oo keliya, laakiin sidoo kale acids amino, glycerol, acids dufan ka. Dhammaan oo ka mid ah kiimiko ku xusan yihiin wax soo saarka dareen diidmo ka dhaca wareegga Calvin ah. The saynisyahan Ruush fiican K. Timiryazev, ka hadlay doorka runtan dhirta cagaaran, innagoo maskaxda, gaar ahaan, iyo awoodda ay u leeyihiin in synthesize borotiinada.

Geedo daaq yihiin peptides cuntooyinka dhirta, iyo carnivores - hadhuudhka ah oo ah dhibanayaasha. Isla mar sarkhaansan yihiin bakteeriyada ciidda saprotrophic qurmay hadhaagii dhirta iyo xayawaanka waxaa jira geeddi socodka noolaha iyo kiimikada adag. Sidaas darteed ay nitrogen ka xeryahooda organic baxa foomka imanba (ammonia sameeyay, nitrogen free, Nitrate iyo nitrites). Ku soo noqoshada jawiga iyo ciidda, walxaha oo dhan u nuugo by dhirta mar kale. Nitrogen galo maqaarka dhex tubooyinka ee caleemaha, iyo xal of acid nitric iyo nitrus acid iyo cusbada oo dhanba waxaa lagu nuugo timaha xidid iyo xididdadiisa geedka ka. wareegga diinta nitrogen xiran yahay in ay mar kale ku celiyo. nuxurka geedi socodka kiimikada loo qaadan meel la xeryahooda nitrogen ee dabiiciga ah ayaa la bartay in si faahfaahsan ee bilowgii qarnigii 20aad by saynisyahan Ruush DN Pryanishnikov.

metallurgy budada

hababka kiimikada casriga ah iyo teknoolajiyada sameynayaan gacan weyn ka abuurista waxyaabaha la guryaha jireed iyo kiimikada gaar ah. Tani waxay si gaar ah muhiim, gaar ahaan qalabka iyo qalabka of sifeeya saliidda, shirkadaha soo saara imanba acids, formaldehyde, rinjiga, bacyaal. In ay soo saaridda exchangers kulaylka waxaa loo isticmaalaa, qalab xiriir, column Avv, dhuumaha. dusha qalabka waa in xiriir la warbaahinta dagaal cadaadis sare. Waxaa intaa dheer, geeddi-soo-saarka ku dhowaad dhammaan kiimikada lagu sameeyo hoos heerkulka sare. Jirka la mariyo waxaa loo helo qalabka la guryaha iska caabin ah kaamerada iyo acid sare, anti-daxalka.

metallurgy Powder ka mid ah geeddi-soo saarka ee budo biraha, iyo sintering hordhaca ah ee ka Alloys casriga ah loo isticmaalo in dareen diidmo oo la walxaha kiimikaad dagaal badan.

Darka iyo tilmaamo

Ka mid ah farsamooyinka casriga ah, habka kiimikaad ee ugu muhiimsan yihiin wax soo saarka dareen-celinta qalabka farcan ah. Waxaa ka mid ah xumbo, cermets norpapalsty. Sida furta oo loo isticmaalo wax soo saarka ee biraha iyo Alloys, dhoobada, bacyaal. Sida excipients isticmaalo silicate calcium, dhoobo cad, strontium Ferriday iyo barium. Dhammaan oo ka mid ah walxaha kor ku siiyo qalabka farcan iska caabin saamaynta, kulaylka iyo iska caabin ah ay xirtaan.

Waa maxay technology kiimikada

saliidda, gaaska dabiiciga ah, dhuxusha, macdanta, loo yaqaan technology kiimikada: Warshadaha, sayniska la daraasadda of habka iyo hababka loo isticmaalay dareenka of alaabta ceeriin processing ka qabashada. In si kale loo dhigo, sayniska ee hababka kiimikada dhaca sabab u ah dhaqdhaqaaqa aadanaha. All of salkeeda teori ilaa xisaabta, cybernetics, chemistry jirka, dhaqaalaha warshadaha. Waxba ma ahan wixii habka kiimikada ku lug technology (qaata daatay amooniyam acid shamiindo, ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee balaastigga phenol-formaldehyde) - xaaladaha hadda waa wax aan macquul aheyn oo aan Hab kontaroolo iswada si loo fududeeyo waxqabadka aadanaha, marka laga reebo wasakhda ah iyo in la hubiyo technology joogto ah oo aan qashin saarka kiimikada.

In daraasaddan, waxaan baaray tusaalooyinka ah hababka kiimikada, labada ee dabiiciga ah (photosynthesis, dissimilation, wareegga nitrogen) iyo in industry ee.