Processing - waa ... processing RNA (beddelid RNA post-transcriptional)

Waxay kala marxaladan hirgelinta macluumaad hidde in unugyada sida eukaryotes iyo prokaryotes jira.

Fasiraadda arinkii

In English, ereyga macnihiisu waa "daaweynta, warshadaynta." Processing - waa formation of taagoo RNA baaluq ka pre-RNA. In si kale loo dhigo, set this of dareen diidmo oo keeni in isbadal ah ee wax soo saarka qoraal hoose (pre-RNAs of noocyo kala duwan) ee Britain ayaa horay-shaqeeya.

Iyadoo la tixgelinayo in howsha p- iyo tRNA, waxaa inta badan hoos u imanayaa inuu darafyadiisa oo ka mid ah u taagoo of jajabkii dheeraad ah ka gooyay. Haddii aan ka hadlo mRNA ah, waxaa halkan in la ogaadaa laga yaabaa in eukaryotes, geeddi-socodka meel dhowr marxaladood.

Sidaas, ka dib markii aan ka baranay in howsha - waa u badalka ah ee qoraalka koowaad galay Britain ayaa ku RNA baaluq, waa in tixgelin of qaababka ay.

Muuqaaladan ugu weyn ee fikradda

Tani waxay ka mid noqon kara kuwa soo socda:

• baddalista labada daraf oo ku Britain iyo RNA, in koorsada ay ku biiray by xigxig nucleotide gaar ah u muujiyaan meel laga bilaabo (dhamaadka) daayey;
• splicing - lafdheerta isku xigxigta, acid ribonucleic uninformative oo u dhigma introns DNA.

Sida prokaryotes, iyagu ma ay ku xiran yihiin processing mRNA ah. Waxay leedahay awood u leh inay ka dhamaadka ereygu wuxuu ka shaqeeyaan.

Halkee soo baxa habka su'aasha?

Kasta processing RNA shaqeeyo meel xuduntii. Waxaa lagu fuliyay by ensaymes gaar ah (group) kasta oo u taagoo nooca shaqsiga. Waxa kale oo laga yaabaa in baaraandegi loo soo bandhigin waxyaabaha turjumaad sida polypeptides kaas oo si toos ah u akhri ka mRNA ah. Isbeddelladan waxaa waajib ah in wax-u taagoo maamaan ah borotiinada ugu - collagen, unugyada, ensaymes dheefshiidka, hormoonnada qaar ka mid ah, ka dibna uu bilaabo hawlaha dhabta ah ee jirka.

Dhab ahaan baan u bartay in processing - waa formation of RNA baaluq ka pre-RNA. Haddaba waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in la dhexgalin dabiiciga ah ee inta badan ribonucleic acid.

RNA: nooca kiimikada

Tani waa acid ah ribonucleic, taas oo acetate ah pyrimidine iyo purine ribonukleitidov oo ku xiran yihiin midba midka kale, sida kaliya ee DNA 3 '- buundooyinka 5'-phosphodiester.

In kasta oo xaqiiqda ah in labadan nooc ee u taagoo la mid yihiin, waxay ku kala duwan dhowr arimood.

Sifooyinka RNA iyo DNA

Waa midda koowaade, ribonucleic acid waa la joogo in ka hadhay carbon kaas oo kalama pyrimidine iyo purine saldhigyada, koox phosphate ah - ribose, in DNA isku mid ah - 2'-deoxyribose.

Second, qaybaha iyo pyrimidine kala duwan. qaybaha la mid ah waa nucleotides adenayn, saytosayn, gu'anayn. In RNA, uracil joogo halkii thaymiin.

Saddexaad, RNA 1 leeyahay qaab-dhismeedka silsilad, iyo DNA - Britain ayaa 2-xidhan. Laakiin strand acid ribonucleic qaybo joogo of polarity soo horjeeda (xigxiga oo dhammeystira) by taas oo ay noqon karto mid silsilad hal iyo xinjir si ay u sameeyaan "hairpin" - dhismeedka, cilmiga la siiyey sifooyin oo ka mid ah muquuninta-2 (sida kor ku qoran).

Tan afraad, maxaa yeelay, RNA ah - hal silsilad, taas oo dhamaystiraya strand a DNA marka hore, gu'anayn u baahan tahay ma noqon dhexdeeda jooga content la mid ah sida ay saytosayn oo adenayn - uracil jeclaan.

Fifth, RNA la hydrolyzed laga yaabaa in la alkali 2 ', 3'-diesters of mononucleotides xilliile ah. Doorka hydrolysis dhexe ciyaaraa 2 ', 3', 5-triester, awoodin in ay sameeyaan inta lagu guda jiro geeddi-socodka la mid ah DNA ay sabab u tahay maqnaanshaha iyada kooxaha 2'-hydroxyl. By la barbardhigo lability xumadoodu DNA ee ribonucleic acid waa hanti waxtar leh ujeeddooyin ogaanshaha, iyo falanqaynta.

macluumaadka ku jira RNA 1-xayiran waxaa guud ahaan la fuliyo sida isku xigxiga oo ka mid ah purine iyo pyrimidine saldhigyada, in uu yahay, a dhismeedka silsilad polymer hoose.

xigxiga Tani waa hiddo-kaabaha silsilad (habaynteeda), oo RNA ah "oo gaabnaa." Sababo la xiriira hanti ah ee Britain acid ribonucleic si gaar ah u xidhi karaa si silsilad koodh ah, laakiin ma aha waxan yeeli karo la non-sireed strand DNA. xigxiga RNA, marka laga reebo bedelay T U, oo lamid ah kii ay la xidhiidho non-sireed hiddo-silsilad.

noocyada RNA

Ku dhowaad dhammaan iyaga ka mid ah ay lug ku leeyihiin geeddi-socodka sida biosynthesis protein. noocyada loo yaqaan of RNA:

1. Matrix (mRNA). Tani cytoplasmic taagoo acid ribonucleic in shaqaynayaan sida matrices Avv borotiinka.
2. Ribosomal (rRNA). Tani Britain RNA cytoplasmic, adeegaya sida qaybaha dhismaha sida ribosomes (organelles ku lug Avv protein).
3. Gaadiidka (tRNA). gaadiidka taagoo Tani ee acids ribonucleic oo ay ku lug leeyihiin macluumaad turjumaad (turjumaad) mRNA galay isku xigxiga ee acids amino in borotiinada horeba.

qayb ku ool ah oo RNA ee dhibcaha ugu horeysay ee la soo saaro unugyada eukaryotic, oo ay ku jiraan unugyada mammalian, qaawan ee geedi socodka xuduntii nabaad-ka, iyo ciyaara macluumaadka ku jira cytoplasm ama doorka dhismaha.

In unugyada aadanaha (cultured) helay fasal ee acids ribonucleic nuclear yar waxaa si toos ah oo aan ku lug Avv borotiinka, laakiin saameeya processing RNA, iyo sidoo kale guud ahaan gacanta "naqshadaha." tirada ay kala duwan yihiin, waxay ka kooban yihiin 90 - 300 nucleotides.

acid Ribonucleic - waxyaabaha aasaasiga ah hidde ka tiro ka mid ah fayrasyada ee dhirta iyo xayawaanka. Fayrasyada qaarkood ayaa ka kooban RNA, marnaba noqotay talaabo sida qoraalka dambe ee RNA galay DNA. Weli for fayrusyada xoolaha badan, tusaale ahaan retroviruses, lagu gartaa turjumaad dambe ee RNA hiddawadayaasha faray RNA ku tiirsan qoraal dambe (DNA polymerase) si ay u sameeyaan nuqul DNA 2-helical. Xaaladaha intooda badan muuqashada qoraalka DNA 2-helical la soo bandhigay galay hiddawadayaasha sii bixinaya hadal ah hiddo-viral iyo waqtiga hawlgalka ka mid ah genomes RNA nuqul ugu dambeeyey (iyo viral) ah.

beddelka Post-transcriptional of RNA

taagoo ay ku dhexsameeysmo jirka la polymerases RNA ah, had iyo jeer barametereka qoral aan firfircooneyn inay wax ka qabtaan, kuwaas oo pre-RNA. Waxaa loo beddelaa Britain ayaa horay baaluq oo kaliya ka dib markii ay noqotay beddelka ku habboon post-transcriptional of RNA - marxaladaha ay koriinkedu.

Aasaasidda baaluq mRNA akhriyey inta lagu guda jiro ereygu iyo RNA polymerase II ee muruqa tallaabo. By 5'end ee si tartiib ah u sii kordhaya RNA strand GTP 5'end ku lifaaqan, ka dibna ku dhegay orthophosphate. Dheeraad ah, la dhalashada of aalkolada gu'anayn 7-methyl-GTP. Kooxdani waxa ay si gaar ah, kaas oo ah in qayb ka mid ah mRNA ah, loo yaqaan "safashada badan" (hat ama cap).

Iyada oo ku xidhan RNA noocyada (ribosomal iyo gaadiidka, shaxda, iwm) barametereka la kulantay beddelka isku xigta kala duwan. Tusaale ahaan, barametereka waxaa spliced mRNA, methylation, ku furtay, polyadenylation, iyo mararka qaarkood tafatir.

Eukaryotes: dulmar guud

cell eukaryotic u dhaqmo sida domain ee noolaha, iyo waxa ku jira yaruna ah. Waxa intaa dheer in bakteeriyada, archaea, oo dhan noolaha waa nuclear. Geedaha, fangaska, xoolaha, oo ay ku jirto koox ka mid ah noolaha, loo yaqaan protists - oo dhan u dhaqmaan noolaha eukaryotic. Waxay yihiin labada 1-cell iyo multicellular, laakiin dhan ee qorshaha guud ee qaab-dhismeedka gacanta. Waxaa la rumeysan yahay in ay kuwani yihiin noolaha si kala duwan waxay leeyihiin asal ahaan isku mid ah, sida natiijo ah, koox ka mid ah nuclear arko taxon a monophyletic of darajadana ku xiga.

Iyada oo ku saleysan la xiqiijiyay in caanka ah, eukaryotes baxday 1.5 - 2 billion sano ka hor .. doorka muhiimka ah ee ay horumar la siiyo symbiogenesis - unugyada eukaryotic khaasatan, kaas oo lahaa xudunta u ah oo awood u phagocytosis, iyo bakteeriyada, liqnay - progenitor of plastids iyo mitochondria.

Prokaryotes: sifooyinka guud

Tani noolaha 1-cell aan lahayn xuduntii (diiwaangelinta), inta kale ee organelles xuub (gudaha). Britain kaliya ee weyn ee annular 2-silsilad DNA kooban qaybta weyn ee wax hidaha ee gacanta waa mid ka mid oo aan u sameeyaan adag la borotiinada histone ah.

Waayo, prokaryotes ka mid ah archaea iyo bakteeriyada, oo ay ku jiraan cyanobacteria. Faracoodii enucleated unugyada - organelles eukaryotic - plastids, mitochondria. Waxay kala qaybsan yihiin 2 taxa gudahood darajo domain ah: Archaea iyo Bakteeriyada.

unugyadan aan haysan baqshadda nuclear, baakadaha DNA ee qaadataa meel aan ku lug of histones. Osmotrofny nooca cuntada iyo waxa ku jira waxyaabaha la dhaxlo ee hal Britain DNA taas oo loo xiray in giraan ah, oo waxaa jira oo kaliya hal replicon. In prokaryotes waa organelles in ay yihiin qaab-dhismeedka xuub.

Si ka duwan eukaryotes ka prokaryotes

feature The asaasiga ah ee unugyada eukaryotic waa la xiriira in natiijada iyaga in hay'adaha hidaha, oo ku yaalla xuduntii, halkaas oo la ilaaliyo by qolof ah. Ay DNA toosan ee la xidhiidha histones borotiinada, borotiinada kale ee koromosoom, kuwaas oo ah idinka maqan yahay bakteeriyada. Sida caadiga ah, in ay wareegga nolosha bandhigaan nuclear 2 wajiga. Mid ka mid ah waxay leedahay a haploid ee koromosoom, oo markii danbe ku biirtay, 2 unugyada haploid sameeyaan diploid ah, kuwaas oo horey u ka kooban yahay set labaad ee koromosoomyada. Waxaa sidoo kale ay dhacdo in marka xigta gacanta mar kale qaybiyaa noqdo haploid. Noocan ah wareegga nolosha, iyo sidoo kale diploidy guud ahaan, ma ah mid caan ku for prokaryotes.

The farqiga ugu xiisaha badan waa in joogitaanka organelles gaar ah eukaryotes, kaas oo ay leeyihiin oo ay hay'adaha hidde u gaar ah oo u tarantaan oo ay kala qeybinta. dhismayaasha Kuwan waxaa ku hareereysan xuub. organelles Kuwanu waa mitochondria iyo plastids. Sida laga soo xigtay qaabka nolosha iyo waxay la yaab leh la mid yihiin kuwa bakteeriyada yihiin. xaalad Tani waxay keentay saynisyahano in aad ka fikirto xaqiiqda ah in ay - Wiilashii noolaha bakteeriya ayaa galay khaasatan la eukaryotes.

In prokaryotes, waxaa jira tiro yar oo ah organelles, mid ka mid ahaa oo la hareereeyey by xuub labaad. Waxay ka maqan reticulum ku endoplasmic, qalab Golgi ah, lysosomes ah.

Arin kale oo muhiim ah 1 ka prokaryotes eukaryotes - joogitaanka ifafaale endocytosis in eukaryotes, oo ay ku jiraan phagocytosis kooxaha ugu badan. ee la soo dhaafay waa mid awood u leh inay qabsadaan by galaya xuub xumbo a, ka dibna dheefshiido qayb adag oo kala duwan. Marxaladani waxay bixisaa shaqo difaaca muhiim ah ee jirka. dhacdo ee phagocytosis, ineey sabab u tahay xaqiiqda ah in unugyada ay leeyihiin size celcelis ahaan. organisms Prokaryotic waa incomparably yar, sida natiijo ah, inta lagu guda jiro horumar ah ee eukaryotes, waxaa jiray shuruud la xidhiidha bixinta ee unugyada qadar weyn oo cunto ah. Sidaas darteed, soo bahal ugu horeysay dhaqaajin karo iyaga dhex muuqday.

Processing sida mid ka mid ah heerarka kala duwan ee biosynthesis protein

wajiga labaad, taas oo ka bilaabanayso ka dib qoraal. Processing borotiinada dhacdaa kaliya in eukaryotes. Tani koriinkedu of mRNA ah. Si aad u noqoto dhabta ah, waa ka saarida ee dalka oo aan code for protein, oo ay gacanta ku soo biiray.

gunaanad

In this article waxaa la tilmaamay in ay ka dhigan tahay processing (biology). Sidoo kale wuxuu sheegay in RNA this taxan noocyada iyo badalaada post-transcriptional. Waxaa loo tixgeliyaa qaababka kala duwan ee eukaryotes iyo prokaryotes.

Ugu dambeyntii waxaa haboon in ay xasuusiso in processing - waa formation of RNA baaluq ka pre-RNA.