Nobel Prize in Physics: liiska. physicists Ruush - Nobel Prize

Prize Nobel waxaa la guddoonsiiyey markii ugu horeysay ee 1901. Tan iyo bilowgii Commission qarnigii sannad walba doorta takhasuska ugu fiican, ayaa laga helay muhiim ah ama been abuurtay abuuray in isaga maamuusaan abaalmarin sharafeedka. List of Laureates Nobel waa wax yar ka badan tirada sano xafladda, sida mararka qaarkood ayaa astaan u tahay iskujir ah laba ama saddex qof. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, qaar ka mid xusid mudan si gooni gooni ah.

Igor Tamm

jirka Ruush iyo Nobel, ku dhashay magaalada Vladivostok oo qoyska ka mid ah injineer madani ah. In 1901 qoyska u dhaqaaqay Ukraine, halkaas Igor Evgenevich Tamm qalin jebin dugsiga sare, ka dibna u tageen inay bartaan Edinburgh. In 1918 uu helay shahaado oo ka mid ah Kuliyadda Physics ee Moscow State University.

Ka dib markii in, wuxuu bilaabay inuu wax baro, marka hore in Simferopol, markaas in Odessa, ka dibna Moscow. In 1934 wuxuu ahaa loogu gudbiyo madaxa physics akhriska ee qaybta machadka Lebedev, halkaas oo uu ka shaqeeyay ilaa uu dhintay. Igor Evgenevich Tamm bartay electrodynamics ee adkaha ah, iyo sidoo kale guryaha indhaha kiristaalo ah. In shuqulladiisa, isagoo ah kii kowaad ka muujiyay fikradda ah quanta of mowjado dhawaaq. Farsamoyaqaan Relativistic wakhtigaas ahaa mid aad u deg-deg ah, iyo Tamm ahaa awoodaan in ay experimentally jidka loo xaqiijiyo fikrado ah in aan la xaqiijiyay ka hor. daahfurtay in uu ahaayeen kuwo aad u weyn. In 1958, shaqada ayaa la aqoonsan yahay heer caalami ah, si wadajir ah ula asxaabta Cherenkov, iyo Frank, in uu helay abaalmarinta Nobel Prize.

Otto Stern

Waxaa xusid mudan theorist kale, ayaa muujiyay kartida aan caadi ahayn iyo in ay tijaabiyaan. jirka dadka American-Jarmal, guusha ee Otto Nobel Prize ee darantahay waxa uu ku dhashay February 1888 in Sora (hadda magaalada Polish ah Dawn). Darantahay ka qalin jebin dugsiga ee Breslau, ka dibna qaatay dhowr sano ee cilmiga dabiiciga ah ee jaamacadaha Jarmal. In 1912 wuxuu difaacay sida uu u sha phD, madaxa ee uu shaqada ka qalin ahaa Einstein.

Intii lagu guda jiray Otto World koowaad ee darantahay uu qoray ciidanka, laakiin waxaa sii cilmi teori berrinkii aragti galmada. Laga soo bilaabo 1914 in 1921 uu ka shaqeeyay at University Frankfurt, halkaas oo uu ka bartay xaqiijin tijaabo ah mooshin kelli. Waxay ahayd markaa in uu ahaa awoodaan si ay u horumariyaan hab ka mid ah alwaaxdii saqafka haysay qaaradda, wax-u-aragnimo darantahay. In 1923 waxaa loo magacaabay professor of the University of Hamburg. In 1933, uu ka hadlay dhanka ah anti-Nacayb, oo waxaa lagu qasbay in ay ka guuraan Germany Mareykanka, halkaas oo uu ka helay dhalashada. In 1943 uu ku biiray liiska Laureates Nobel waayo kaalin weyn horumarinta habka ray kelli iyo helitaanka xilligan magnetic of proton ah. Tan iyo 1945 - xubin ka mid ah Academy Qaranka ee Sciences. Tan iyo 1946, wuxuu ku noolaa Berkeley, halkaas oo uu maalmo uu dhamaaday 1969.

O. Chamberlain

jirka American Ouen Chemberlen ku dhashay July 10, 1920 magaalada San Francisco. Wada jir ah ula Emilio Segre, waxa uu ka shaqeeyay beerta physics galmada. Shaqaalaheenna ayaa guul muhiim ah oo ka dhigi daahfurka ah, waxay heleen antiprotons. In 1959 ay arkeen heerka caalamiga ah, oo la siiyay sida ku guuleystay abaalmarinta Nobel Prize in physics. Tan iyo 1960-kii, Chamberlain ayaa la dhigay Academy Qaranka ee Sciences of United States of America. maalmood ayuu shaqayn Jaamacadda Harvard sida professor a, ku dhamaatay Berkeley bishii February 2006.

Niels Bohr

Dhowr Nobel Prize in physics iyo sidoo kale loo yaqaan cilmiga deenishka. In dareen waxaa la odhan karaa waa aasaasihii ee sayniska casriga ah. Intaa waxaa dheer, Niels Bohr aasaasay Institute of Physics akhriska ee Kobanheegan. Wuxuu iska leh aragtida la eb ka, oo ku salaysan qaabka Planetary, iyo postulates. Waxay la abuuray by shaqada ugu muhiimsan ee ku saabsan aragtida ah xuduntii qaaradda iyo jawaab nuclear, in falsafadda ah sayniska. Inkastoo ay xiiseyneyso in qaab-dhismeedka walxaha, ka soo horjeeda ay u isticmaalaan ujeedooyin milatari. Waxbarashada jirka mustaqbalka helay dugsiga naxwaha, halkaas oo uu ku caan noqday sida ciyaaryahanka kubadda cagta u xiiseeya. Sumcad cilmibaare hibada jiray saddex iyo labaatan sano ka dib ka qalin jaamacadda Kobanheegan. Isaga oo mashruuca sha la gudoonsiiyey bilad dahab ah. Niels Bohr soo jeediyey si loo ogaado xiisadda dusha sare ee biyaha on vibrations jet. Laga soo bilaabo 1908 in 1911 waxa uu ka shaqeeyay jaamacada guriga. Markaasuu wuxuu u dhaqaaqay England, halkaas oo uu ka soo shaqeeyay Joseph John Thomson, ka dibna la Ernest Rutherford. Waxa uu ku qaatay waayo aragnimo uu ugu muhiimsan, taas oo keentay in uu helo abaal marinta ee 1922. Ka dib markii uu si Copenhagen, halkaas oo uu ku noolaa ilaa dhimashadiisii 1962 laabtay.

Lev Landau

jirka Soviet iyo Nobel, ku dhashay 1908. Landau abuuray shaqo cajiib ah in meelo badan: wuxuu bartay magnetism, superconductivity, nuclei qaaradda, Qurub hoose, electrodynamics, iyo in ka badan. Wada jir ah ula Evgeniem Lifshitsem ayaa abuuray koorso classic of physics afka baarkiisa. Uu Biography xiiso leh horumarinta caadi ahayn oo degdeg ah, hore u galay Jaamacadda Landau iyo toban sannadood. Waayo, halka uu bartay chemistry, laakiin goor dambe go'aansaday inuu ka baran physics. Tan iyo 1927, wuxuu ahaa arday ka qalin at Ioffe Leningrad Machadka ah. Saffarro xusuusto sida xamaasad leh, nin af badan, u nugul qiyaasaha muhiim ah. anshaxa ayaa loo ogol yahay adag Landau guulaystaan. Wuxuu ka shaqeeyey on formula ah wax badan oo uu iyaga arkay xitaa hurdadii habeenkii. Xoog u saamayn isaga, iyo safarada dibadda sayniska. Gaar ahaan muhiim ah ahayd booqashadii u Institute of Physics afka baarkiisa, Niels Bohr, marka cilmiga ahaa awoodaan in ay wada hadlaan arrimo dan isaga u heerka ugu sareeya. Landau qudhiisu xer u ah Dane caanka ah tixgeliyo.

In soddon jirka saynisyahan dabayaaqadii wajahay cadaadis Stalin. Physics lahaa fursad ay ka Kharkov, halkaas oo uu kula noolaa qoyskiisa baxsadaan. Waxaa ma caawin, oo isna waxaa la xiray 1938. saynisyahano hormoodka dunida ah ayaa la soo Stalin, iyo in 1939, Landau ayaa la sii daayay. Ka dib markii in, sanado badan ayuu ahaa ku hawlan in shaqada sayniska. In 1962, uu qirtay inuu abaalmarinta Nobel Prize in Physics. Guddiga soo xulay ay hab cusub oo baadhitaan ah ee arrinta waxaysidoo, gaar ahaan helium dareere ah. In isla sanadkaas soo gaaray shil naxdin leh, isku dhaceen gaari xamuul ah. Ka dib markii in, uu ku noolaa muddo lix sano ah. physicists Ruush, guuleysatay Nobel Prize dhif aqoonsi sida, taas oo ahayd Lev Landau. Inkastoo qaddar adag, ayuu soo bixitaankii oo dhan riyooyinkiinna aad iyo sameeyey hab cusub in sayniska.

max dhashay

jirka Jarmal iyo Nobel, theorist iyo aasaasaha Farsamoyaqaan galmada waxa uu ku dhashay 1882. Qoraaga mustaqbalka xagga shuqullada muhiim ah oo ku saabsan aragtida ah ee relativity, electrodynamics, su'aalo falsafada, ka kinetics dadka kale ee dareeraha ah iyo qaar badan oo ka shaqeeyey in Britain iyo guriga. tababarka kowaad wuxuu ahaa in dugsiga sare la eexda luqad. dugsiga sare ka dib, wuxuu galay jaamacadda Breslau. In geeddi-socodka ah ee waxbarashada ka qeyb galay muxaadarooyin by xisaabyahannada caanka ah ee wakhtiga - Feliksa Kleyna, David Hilbert iyo Germana Minkovskogo. In 1912, kii ayaa loo meel ku xigeenka professor Göttingen, iyo in 1914 tageen inay Berlin. Tan iyo 1919, waxa uu ka shaqeeyay Frankfurt sida professor. Ka mid ah asxaabta uu ahaa Otto darantahay, a guusha Nobel Prize mustaqbalka, taas oo aynu hore loo sheegay. In shuqulladiisa, Bourne tilmaamay cunnooyinka adkaha ah iyo aragti galmada. Waxaan u imid inaan u baahan tahay fasiraad gaar ah oo nooca la ruxruxo-qayb ka mid ah arrinta. Waxa uu cadeeyay in sharciyada physics ee microworld ah oo la odhan karaa tirakoobka iyo in shaqada la ruxruxo waa in la fasiro sida tirada adag. Ka dib markii socda si ay awood, naasiga oo u dhaqaaqay Cambridge. Isagu wuxuu u Germany ku soo laabtay oo kaliya sanadkii 1953, oo helay Nobel Prize ee 1954. Waxaan weligiisba joogi doonaa taariikhda physics sida mid ka mid ah aragtiyaha ugu saameynta badan ee qarnigii labaatanaad.

Enrico Fermi

Kooxda ku guuleysatay ma badan oo Nobel Prize in physics ka Italy yimid. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, tani waa meesha dhashay Enrico Fermi, khabiir ugu muhiimsan ee qarnigii labaatanaad. Wuxuu ahaa Abuuraha reer physics nuclear iyo neutron, aasaasay dugsiyada sayniska dhowr oo ahaa xubin ka mid ah Academy of Sciences Midowga Soofiyeeti. Intaa waxaa dheer, Fermi iska leh xaddi weyn oo shaqo teori berrinkii Qurub hoose. In 1938, uu u wareegay dalka Maraykanka, halkaas oo uu ka helay shucaaca macmal ah, oo halkaasuu ka dhisay ugu horeysay ee taariikhda aadanaha by nuclear-ka nuclear. Isla sanadkaas ayuu waxaa la guddoonsiiyey abaalmarinta Nobel Prize. Waxa xiiso leh, beeraha Xusuus cajiib ah, mahad oo uu ahaa cajiib ah ma aha oo kaliya jirka awood, laakiin sidoo kale si deg deg ah ka bartay luqadaha ajnabiga iyadoo la kaashanayo is-waxbarasho, kuwaas oo u yimid in dishibiliin ah, sida uu sheegay ay nidaam u gaar ah. Kuwani waa awood u sii daayo xitaa jaamacadda.

Isla markii tababarka, wuxuu bilaabay inuu Waanininaa on aragti galmada, kaas oo wakhtigaas ee Italy waxaa ku dhowaad ma bartay. Waxa uu cilmi baaris ugu horeysay ee electrodynamics sidoo kale mudan yihiin dareenka. On jidka loo maro guusha ku Fermi xusid mudan Professor Mario Corbijn, qiimaynaya talantigii ka mid ah cilmiga iyo noqotay sokoeye at the University of Rome, siinta dhalinyarada mustaqbalkiisa ciyaareed cajiib ah. Ka dib markii uu u dhaqaaqo United States uu ka shaqeeyay Las Alamos iyo Chicago, halkaas oo uu ku dhintay 1954.

Erwin Schrödinger

jirka Austria teori oo ku dhashay 1887 in Vienna, qoyska industrialist. aabbihiis A hodanka ahaa madaxweyne ku xigeenka ee bulshada botanical iyo Buslhada deegaanka iyo ka da'da hore Ruhbaaniyad danta wiilkiisa sayniska. Si kow iyo toban sannadood Erwin bartay guriga, iyo in 1898 uu soo galay dugsiga tacliinta. Xaliyay u dhammeeyey, oo wuxuu galay jaamacadda Vienna. In kasta oo xaqiiqda ah in qaaska ah u doortay waxay ahayd jirka, Schrodinger tusay oo talanti aadanaha, isaga qudhiisu waa yiqiin lix luqadaha ajnabiga, ku qoray gabayo iyo yaqaanna suugaanta ku. Guulaha ee cilmiga saxda ah ayaa u waxyoonay by Fritz Gazenrolem, macalin tayo Erwin. Waxa uu ahaa kii ardayda ka caawiyay in ay fahmaan physics in uu yahay inuu xiiseynayo inuu ugu weyn. Waayo, sha phD Schrödinger doortay shaqada tijaabo ah, oo uu ahaa awoodaan in ay xaliyay difaacaan. Work bilaabay jaamacadda, kaas oo cilmiga ku hawlan korontada atmosfeerta, optics, codka, aragti midabka iyo physics galmada. Horeba 1914 waxaa qaatay professor ah kaaliyaha, oo waxay isagii u sahlay in ay Waanininaa. Dagaalka ka dib, ee 1918, wuxuu bilaabay inuu ka shaqeeyo ee Institute of Physics of Jena, halkaas oo uu ka soo shaqeeyay Max Planck iyo Einstein. In 1921 wuxuu bilaabay inuu wax ku barayay at Stuttgart, laakiin ka dib markii mid ka mid ah simistarka uu u dhaqaaqay Breslau. Muddo ka dib, waxaan helay martiqaad ka Polytechnic ee Zurich. In muddo ah ka 1925 in 1926 uu ka soo qaadeen dhawr tijaabo kacaan, daabacay warqad la yiraahdo "quantization dhibaato qiimaha iyaga u gaar ah." Waxay abuurtaa isla'egta muhiim u ah cilmiga hadda oo casri ah. In 1933 wuxuu helay abaalmarinta Nobel Prize, ka dibna lagu qasbay in ay ka baxaan dalka, naasiga in ay awood u yimid. dagaalka ka dib markii uu in Austria, halkaas oo uu ku noolaa sano uu ka harsan oo dhan oo ku dhintay 1961-ku ka soo jeedo Vienna soo laabtay.

Vilgelm Konrad Rentgen

jirka dadka caanka Jarmal tijaabo ku dhashay Lennep, in ku dhow Dusseldorf, in 1845. Ka dib markii waxbarashada Polytechnic Zurich ee, uu qorsheeyay in uu noqdo injineer, laakiin waxa uu ogaa in uu xiiso u physics afka baarkiisa. Waxa uu noqday kaaliyaha ah waaxda ee jaamacadda guriga, ka dibna u dhaqaaqay Giessen. Laga soo bilaabo 1871 in 1873 waxa uu ka shaqeeyay Würzburg. In 1895 wuxuu helay X-rays iyo si taxadar leh bartay xoolahooda. Waxa uu ahaa qoraaga shuqullada muhiim ah oo ku saabsan guryaha pyroelectric iyo piezoelectric kiristaalo iyo magnetism. marka hore Nobel Prize dunida ee physics, waxaa helay 1901 ku muteystay inuu qeyb sayniska. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxa uu ka shaqeeyay in dugsiga Kundt X-ray ah, uu noqday nooc ka mid ah aasaasaha ee a-rogga sayniska, la saffarro uu shaqeeyo - Helmholtz Kirhgofomom Lorenzo. In kasta oo ammaanta experimenter guul, uu sameeyay nolosha cadaalad ah muuqdo oo si gaar ah ula hadlay caawiyeyaasha. Sidaa darteed, saamaynta fikradaha uu on physics ee aan xertiisii, ma waxay ahayd mid aad u muhiim ah. saynisyahan suubban diiday in ay rays magaca uu sharaf, Meyeydaan iyaga oo wacaya X-rays. Dakhligooda, wuxuu siiyey gobolka oo ku noolaa xaalado aad u cidhiidhiyin. Isagu wuxuu u dhintay Wilhelm Roentgen February 10, 1923 in Munich.

Albert Einstein

jirka dadka ugu caansan dunida ee The, waxa uu ku dhashay Germany. Wuxuu ahaa Abuuraha reer aragtida of relativity qoray shuqullada muhiim ah oo ku saabsan aragtida galmada, wuxuu ahaa xubin ka mid ah ajnabiga ah Academy Ruush ee Sciences. Tan iyo 1893 wuxuu ku noolaa Switzerland, iyo in 1933 u guuray dalka Mareykanka. Einstein soo bandhigay fikradda ah photon ah, aasaasay sharciyada saamaynta photoelectric oo saadaaliyay in helitaanka warshadu hawada u shidan yihiin. Waxa uu horumariyo aragtida ah ee mooshinka Brownian iyo isbedbedelka, iyo sidoo kale abuuray a statistics galmada. Waxa aan ka shaqeeyey on dhibaatooyinka cosmology. In 1921 wuxuu helay Nobel Prize ee uu daahfurka ee saamaynta photoelectric sharciyada. Intaa waxaa dheer, Albert Einstein waa mid ka mid ah fikrada ugu weyn ee aasaasay reer binu Israa'iil. In soddon jirka ah, wuxuu ka hadlay kana soo horjeestay Nazi Germany iyo isku dayeen in ay sii siyaasiyiinta ka talaabo taxadar la'aan. Fekerkiisa ku saabsan dhibaatada nuclear aan la maqlay, in ay ahayd masiibo ugu weyn ee nolosha cilmiga ee. In 1955, uu u dhintay at Princeton ka aneurysm aortic.