Naqshadaha style Byzantine ee Russia

muhiimadda taariikhda iyo dhaqanka ee Byzantium lama quudhsan karin. The dhaxal ahaan Byzantine Ruush waxaa laga heli karaa labadaba dhinacyada ruuxiga ah iyo waxyaabaha nolosha. The dhexgalka dhaqamada ka badbaaday dhowr marxaladood, iyo xitaa in dhaqanka casriga ah iyo naqshadaha leedahay calaamadaha saamaynta this. In la eego caalamka, dhaqanka Ruush ahaa bedelka ugu muhiimsan iyo continuer of caadooyinka iyo Buzadag ruuxiga ah ee Empire Byzantine ah.

The asal ahaan of style Byzantine

Burburkii of Boqortooyada Roomaanka ee 395 AD keentay in soo bixitaanka of Empire cusub, ka dib yeedhay Byzantium. Waxaa la arkaa in ay bedeli ee qadiimiga caadooyinka, dhaqanka iyo xigmad. style Byzantine baxdo iyadoo ay sabab u fiirsashada oo ka mid ah farsamooyinka naqshad jira. The injineero ee gobolka cusub si degdeg ah isu soo hawsha ku garaacday guulaha Roman. Sidaa darteed, si dabiici ah u nuugo oo dhan ugu fiican in la soo hindiseen ka Romans iyo Gariigba lahaa, ay u abuuraan masterpieces cusub, qaadan caqabad ku ah wakhtiyada iyo ka heli naqshado cusub iyo xalal qorshaynta.

Formation of dhaqanka Byzantine dhacay oo keliya ma aha on dhalmo iyo horumar oo waayo aragnimo ah dunidii Giriigga iyo Roomaanka ee qadiimiga ah, laakiin sidoo kale ay sabab u tahay saamaynta bariga xoog leh, taasoo ku muuqata in rabitaanka raaxada, miisaanka, farjiyadooda.

Sababo la xaqiiqada ah in Constantinople, degtaa laan bari ee diinta kiristaanka, dalka ay u baahan doonaan kaniisadaha cusub. Waayo, fikirka cusub ayaa sidoo kale u baahan yahay ku hareereysan u gaar ah. Dhibaatooyinkaas waxaa xalin by ah fanaaniinta ugu wanaagsan dunida, kuwaas oo ido in Constantinople iyo in la abuuro shuqullada gaar ah, taas oo waxa ay noqonayaan diinta, dhaqanka, dadweynaha iyo naqshadda xeerkoodu cusub.

Features of style ee Byzantine

The injineero of Constantinople lahaa si ay u xaliyaan dhibaatooyinka dhowr dhisme ah oo muhiim ah, kuwaas oo inta badan u muuqday naqshadaha kaniisadda. Cathedral Kiniisada Orthodox Church ee ahaa in la sameeyo aragti waarta on daawadayaasha la baaxadda iyo haybad, macbudka ayaa lala xiriiriyay boqortooyada Ilaah iyo, Sidaa darteed, injineero loo baahan yahay hab cusub ah ee ra'yi dhiibashada, search for waxay ku hawlan. Waayo, ku salaysan qorshe kaniisad Byzantine ma aha cathedral Greek waa la qaatay, oo Roman Basilica ee. derbiyada la dhisay of layers leben xal lagala kulmo waaweyn. Tani waxay keentay in formation of sifooyinka kala duwan ee dhismayaasha Byzantine - jeeda leben ama dhagax dhismaha midabka madow iyo Nuur. Qiyaastii Aamino inta badan ku yaaliin Arcade of columns dambiisha-caasimadaha.

style The Byzantine waxa uu la xidhiidhaa nooca cathedral cross-domed. Naqshadle u suurtagashay in ay xal u sahlan in ay xarunta of Xamar ku wareegsan oo salka square heli, sidaas darteed waxaa jiray "dhoofnay", kaas oo abuuray dareen wanaag habboonaanta. Cidhiidhi ah uu furmo suuqa la top a fekrado, kaalinta on labada ama saddexda soo socota - sidoo kale waa calaamad muhiim ah oo dhismayaasha Byzantine.

dhismayaasha processing Dibadda ayaa had iyo jeer ahaa kaagana badan gudaha - taasi waa feature kale oo ka mid ah dhismayaasha Byzantine. The mabaadiida design gudaha ahaayeen Hadba, qaninimo iyo xarrago, waxay waxaa loo isticmaalaa aad u qaali ah, qalab cajiib ah in lagu sameeyo aragti xooggan oo ku saabsan dadka.

saamaynta Byzantine on naqshadaha Dr Makumbe

In qarniyadii dhexe saameynta ay Byzantium oo idil ku faafay dalalka Yurub si ay, waxay ahayd siyaasadda, dhaqaalaha iyo xagga ruuxa. style The Byzantine ee naqshadda dhismaha ee qarniyadii dhexe soo baxday in khayraadka mid awood leh updates. Italy loo arkaa tabo cusub naqshadaha Byzantine: nooc cusub oo ah farsamooyinka kaniisadda iyo humaag. Sayidka, kiniisadaha Dr Makumbe of Ravenna, jasiiradda of Torcello, Palermo noqday Aayaadka saamayn Byzantine.

Later, isbeddel ku faafay dalalka kale. Sidaas daraaddeed, cathedral ee Aachen ee Germany ayaa tusaale u ah saamaynta Byzantine iftiinka ee sayid Talyaani. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, saamaynta ugu awooda badan ee Byzantium lahaa dalalka qaatay Asalraacnimadu kuwa: Bulgaria, Serbia, Armenia iyo Baydka Russia. Halkan waxaa jira a wadahadal dhab ah dhaqanka iyo is-dhaafsiga, taas oo keenta in casriyeynta weyn oo ka mid ah dhaqanka naqshadda jira.

saamaynta Byzantine on naqshadaha ee qadiimiga Russia

Qof walba waa ogyahay sheekada ku saabsan sida wafdiga Ruush inay soo booqdaan Rome iyo Constantinople in search of diinta ku haboon ayaa la yaabay quruxda Hagia Sophia, iyo in go'aansaday natiijada kiiska. Tan iyo waqti in dhaqanka beddelka awood badan, qoraalka, Umaad on dalka Ruushka. arrin muhiim u ah geedi socodkan waxa weeye naqshadaha kaniisadda, kaas oo si firfircoon uga bilaabay si ay u horumariyaan qaab cusub. style Byzantine naqshadaha ee macbudyo muuqday ay sabab u tahay xaqiiqada ah in sayid kooxda oo dhan la yimaado si Baydka Russia si ay u dhisaan cathedrals, xirfadaha kala iibsiga iyo in la dhiso image cusub ee dalka. Sidoo kale wax badan oo injineero booqday Constantinople, barashada khiyaamooyinka iyo tabaha dhismaha.

sayid Ruush ka qarnigii 10aad, ma aha oo kaliya in ay qaataan dhaqanka Byzantine, laakiin sidoo kale ka Hodmin, dhameystir xal iyo meelaha loo baahan yahay ee kaniisadda maxalliga ah. macbudka Byzantine cross-domed dhaqanka rus keensataa macbudka dheeraad ah iyo balbalooyinkii mugga weyn. In la abuuro a dhismayaasha style cusub muuqan meelaha la xiriira farsamada: saarka lebenkii, dawanno ridaya, walxood - oo dhan of this leeyahay xididada Byzantine, laakiin baaraandegi by saanacyadii Ruush ruuxa tahay qaranka. Tusaale A Ra'iisul processing sida waa Wisdom Cathedral Ilaah ee Kiev, halkaas oo qaab Byzantine macbudka noqdo meelo badan iyo shan badda dhisayo ilaa iyo shan madax oo 12 waxaa kaabaya domes kale oo yaryar.

model macbudka Byzantine

style The Byzantine ee naqshadda dhismaha, gaar ahaan in aan ku fekereyno, wuxuu ku salaysan yahay qaabka cusub macbudka. dabeecadihiisa waxaa u dhashay ka baahida Gaarna loo adeegayaa: kordhiyo meel macbudka, xiriir fudud oo ka mid ah Xamar iyo saldhig, oo iftiin ku filan. Waxaas oo dhan ayaa keentay in waxa la aasaasay nooc gaar ah ee dhismaha, taas oo markii dambe bedelay Architecture macbudka oo dhan ee dunida. macbudka Byzantine dhaqanka leeyahay qaab-dhismeedka cross-qubbad saldhig square ama qaab a. Waayo, qaybta dhexe ee apse iyo gallery ku xiga. Kororka mugga ayaa keentay in soo bixitaanka in taageero dheeraad ah ee foomka of columns, waxay la kala qaybiyey saddex birahooda cathedral. Inta badan, macbudka a classic uu leeyahay mid ka mid madaxa, wax badan oo ka yar 5 Windows la archways isku daro 2-3 hoos xafiiltamaan caadi ah.

Features ee style Byzantine naqshadaha kiniisadda Ruush

The dhismayaasha ugu horeysay oo ka mid ah kuwo macbudyo dhaca cusub ee Church waxay ku jireen xeerkii Ruush, Gariigta ah aan iyaga saameyn ku yeelan kartaa, tan iyo kuwo macbudyo dhaca ay iyagu macbudkii way dhiseen oo ah leben iyo dhagax ah. Sidaa darteed, hal-abuurnimo ugu horeysay - a badan-madax, kaas oo lagu firfircoon uga hirgeliyo xal naqshadda. The kaniisad dhagax ugu horeysay ee Russia u muuqataa dhamaadka qarnigii 9aad iyo waxay leedahay qaab-dhismeedka cross-domed. Ilaa maantadan la joogo macbudka ma badbaadaan, sidaas si la hadasho oo ay cayimayo suurto gal. Waayo, kaniisadaha ku yaalla Russia ahayd qadar aad u muhiim ah, sidaas darteed xataa injineero ugu horeysay lagu qasbay inay la dhibaatada sii kordhaysa bannaan ee gudaha macbudka, dhismaha daro hayirin dheeraad ah iyo meelo ka qabtaan.

Maanta qaabka Byzantine ee Russia, photos of dhismayaasha taas oo loo arki karaa in DKMG badan, waxaa wakiil gobollada dhowr waaweyn. Waxaa la dhisay Kiev, Chernigov, gobolka Novgorod, Pechora, Vladimir, Pskov. Waxaa jira kuwo macbudyo badan in ay leeyihiin sifooyinka Byzantine cad, laakiin waxay yihiin dhismayaasha gooni ah xal naqshadda gaarka ah. The ugu caansan waxaa ka mid ah Saint Sophia Cathedral ee Novgorod isbeddelid Cathedral ee Chernigov, Nereditsa Church, Trinity Church ee keniisad Pechersk.

style Byzantine naqshadaha Yurub

State Byzantium jiray in ka badan 10 qarniyo, inaanay ka baaqan karo inuu ka tago ay calaamaddu ee taariikhda dunida. In Architecture-of Europe oo maanta aan arki karnaa sifooyinka la arki karo ee dhaxalkooda Byzantine. Inta badan ay hodan ku borrowings iyo sii inta lagu guda jiro qarniyadii dhexe, marka injineero ku dhaqmayaan fikrado cusub asxaabteena iyo in la dhiso macbudyo, tusaale ahaan, in Italy, taas oo ahayd ugu soo dhaweeyo in ay saameyn ku Byzantine. Saamaynta ay ku awood Jamhuuriyadda uguurtay ku lahaa fannaaniinta ka Byzantium yimid, iyo tirada ugu badan ee artifacts, halkan ka dib qabashada Constantinople keenay. Xitaa cathedral ee San Marco in Venice ka mid ah yabban badan Byzantine iyo maadooyinka.

No door ka yar muhiim ah ka ciyaaray by naqshadaha Byzantine iyo Renaissance ah. Nooca talada haya xarunta-domed ee dhismaha, kuwaas oo ka yimid dalka this, helo baahsan. Features of kaniisadaha Byzantine waxaa laga heli karaa oo keliya ma aha ee dhismayaasha diinta, laakiin sidoo kale dhismayaasha cilmaani ah. Horseedayaashii ka Brunelleschi in Bramante iyo Andrea Palladio. Mid ka mid ah si cad u arki kartaa waxyaalaha aasaaska oo Byzantines xal wax dhisid ah dhismayaasha caan ah sida Basilica St. Peter ee Rome, St. Paul ee London, Pantheon ee Paris.

style Byzantine naqshadaha Yurub sida ma aysan shaqeynin, haddii aadan inay tixgeliyaan asal raaca ah ee dalka, laakiin xubno ka mid ah naqshadda dhismaha ee habka weli waa la arki karo, waxay reinterpreted iyo casriyeeyey, laakiin waa saldhigga on kaas oo naqshadda dhismaha ee Yurub uu korayo. Byzantium noqday meel ilaalinta ee dhaqanka qadiimiga ah, kuwaas oo markaas ku soo laabtay Europe oo bilaabay inuu la gartay iyada by sida xidido taariikheed.

Formation of style ee Ruush-Byzantine

style Byzantine naqshadaha Ruush waxaa la aasaasay iyada oo sababtu tahay qarniyo ah ee uu colka iyo hagaajinaayo fikradaha of injineero ka Constantinople. Waxa asaasay style ah oo horay u dhigmaa saanqaadi fikrado bariga iyo Ruush in bartamihii qarnigii 19aad. Waxay ka dibna uu bilaabo ubax ee naqshadda dhismaha, taas oo ah guulaha injineero Byzantine-abuur su'alaha, balaariyay oo codsatay in habab cusub. Sidaa darteed, style Ruushka Byzantine in qarnigii 19 - waxa aan la koobi guulaha Constantinople, iyo abuurista "ee ku saleysan" dhismayaasha, iyadoo mid noqoshada badan oo fikrado dhabta Ruush.

Periodization of style Ruushka Byzantine naqshadaha

Maxaa loo gudbiyo in aragtida ah ee u naqshadaha sida "style Byzantine", aasaasay in qarnigii 19-ka. Its ideologists iyo ducaadda ahaa naqshadeeyaha ugu ka Ton. Harbingers of style u muuqdaan in ay 20 ee qarnigii 19aad, iyagu waa la arki karo in dhismayaasha sida Church of meeltobnaadyada ee Kiev, kaniisadda Aleksandra Nevskogo aabbo.

Laakiin xilliga ugu horreeya ee formation of style uu hoos u dhaco on sano ee 40aad iyo 50aad, waxaa si gaar ah dareemi dhismayaasha AV Gornostaeva iyo D. Grimm. muddo Second - 60meeyadii, markii ruuxa eclecticism yihiin dhismayaasha xukuma si nabad ah isku daraan muuqaalada Byzantine iyo Ruush. Muddadan, style gaar ah la arki karo in dhismayaasha G. G. Gagarina, VA Kosyakova iyo EA Borisova.

70-90 sano - kakanaanta waqti of style, injineero u muuqdaan in ay decoration dheeraad ah, samaynta faahfaahin raznostilevyh ee dhismaha. At Warega ee qarnigii 19aad iyo 20aad iyo 20aad ee qarnigii style Byzantine ee Russia bilaabaa inuu la micneeyey si xor ah oo dheeraad ah, wada socda in ruux ka mid ah Art lacagta badan leh qaababka kale. In 90-sano ee qarnigii 20aad muuqataa style dacayadeed-Byzantine, taasi oo markii dambe loo arki karaa accretions, laakiin sifooyin ay isirka u qiyaasay.

Milicsi of style ee Byzantine in gudaha

style Constantinople si gaar ah u muujin in design ah ee decoration gudaha dhismayaasha. Waayo, gudaha ee qaab Byzantine waxa lagu gartaa decoration hodan ah, isticmaalka qalabka qaali weeyaan: dahab, oo naxaas ah, oo lacag ah, iyo dhagaxyo qaali ah, alwaax qaali ah. calaamad Bright arrimaha gudaha ee style this yihiin mosaics on darbiyada iyo dabaqa.

Milicsi of style ee Byzantine naqshadaha Ruush ee qarnigii 19aad

Muddada ifka naqshadaha, oo ku salaysan dhaqanka of Constantinople, waa in bartamihii qarnigii 19aad. Wakhtigan Architecture-style Byzantine ee St. Petersburg noqdo sayidkii. Tusaalaha ugu cad ee dhismayaasha style this waa Church of Hooyada Naxariista Ilaah ee Harbor huuriyo ah (Kosyakova iyo Prussians), kaniisadda Greek Dmitriya Solunskogo (R. I. Kuzmina), Trading House Stoll iyo Schmidt (W. Schroeter). In Moscow, waxaa la, dabcan, dhisay Ton: Masiix oo Badbaadiyeheenna ah Cathedral ah, Grand ee Kremlin Palace.

yabban Byzantine naqshadaha ee qarniga 20aad

muddada post-Soviet, waxa ay dib u soo celinta ee galku keentay in xaqiiqda ah in qaabka Byzantine naqshadaha ee Russia mar kale noqday khuseeya. Waxaa jira dhisay qaab Ruush Byzantine magaalooyin badan Ruush. Tusaale ahaan A duwanyihiin waa Church oo ku saabsan dhiig Honor of All Saints yaa iftiimisay bixi Land Ruushka ee Yekaterinburg by Carlo Efrayim.

At Warega of 20-21 qarniyo la aasaasay ee loo yaqaan "style labaad Ruush-Byzantine," taas oo u muuqata in dhismaha kaniisadda cusub. Wuxuu ayaa loo saarin karaa cathedrals sida kaniisad Panteleimon ee Izhevsk, Church of dhalatay ee Omsk, Church of dhalatay ee Moscow iyo dhismayaal badan oo dalka oo dhan. Tani waxay soo jeedinaysaa in fikradda ah Byzantium qoto dheer daalaeday dhaqanka Ruush iyo maanta lagama sooci karo ka.

dhismayaasha casriga ah ee qaab Byzantine

injineero Modern, gaar ahaan naqshadaha kaniisadda, iyo mar kale ku soo laabto dhaqanka of Constantinople sida il of xal dhaqanka. waay reinvented lagu xalin iyada oo la tixgelinayo tiknolojiyada cusub, laakiinse Ruuxa of Byzantium ay dareemeen. Waa ammaan in la yidhaahdo maanta waa nool yahay naqshadda dhismaha style Byzantine ee Russia. Tusaale ahaan waxaa laga heli karaa in magaalooyin badan oo dalka ah, ee Church of the Women Quduuska ah malmal-saarista ee St. Petersburg, St. Nicholas Church ee Nadym, seraafiim Church ee Moore iyo kuwa kale.