Naqshadaha Soviet: description, taariikhda iyo xaqiiqada oo xiiso leh

dhismaha bulshada cusub waa in ay ka muuqataa dhaqanka ee dalka guud ahaan iyo gaar ahaan naqshadaha. naqshadaha Soviet soo martay dhowr ah heerarka kala duwan ee horumarka, iyadu ogaa taxne kore iyo hoose, laakiin ay dhacdo in kasta oo waxa ay noqotay dhacdo gaar ah naqshadaha caalamka. In USSR ah, waxaa jiray dhowr injineero heerka ugu sarreeya, oo maanta meel ugu badan post-Soviet, waxaad ka arki kartaa dhowr masterpieces ee heerka dunida. Waxaan ku tilmaami style sida fartaan ee naqshadaha Soviet, iyo sida uu u qoondeeyey.

Features iyo Waajibaadka naqshadaha Soviet

Ka dib markii October Revolution ee 1917, dawladda cusub waxaa si firfircoon uga bilowday isbedel dhammaan dhinacyada nolosha. Waayo, wax in muddo ah waxa aan ahaa ilaa iyo Architecture, laakiin waxa ay ugu dhakhsaha badan caddaatay in ay, sidoo kale, waa in u qabtaan shaqo ah fikirka, sida dadka kale ee farshaxanka oo dhan. In 20 sano ka hor injineero ah ayaa si toos ah ma gelin hawsha la xirrira meel cusub, laakiin abuuray waxay isku xoog ah u dareemeen in ay ahayd waqti noocyo cusub oo bilaabay in ay raadiso qeexidda fikradaha isbedelka. Laakiin ka dib naqshadaha Soviet waxaa loogu tala galay inay u adeegaan fikradaha hantiwadaagga. All tahay in Midowga Soofiyeeti uu ahaa si ay u caddeeyaan sida kaliya ee saxda ah ee horumarinta - hantiwadaagga ah. Tani waxay keentay in sifooyinka ugu muhiimsan ee naqshadaha Soviet, taas oo had iyo jeer ahayd in ay noqdaan ugu horrayn fikirka, laakiin ugu dambeeyey - qurux badan. Haddii ay marka hore, abuuray u suurtagashay in ay isu geeyo weli naxa fikradda quruxda ka dibna si tartiib tartiib ah u dhiibay si ay sharraxaadda ee loo adeegayaa ah, tanina waxay keentay in hoos u dhac ku iman kara ee naqshadda dhismaha weyn.

sawir taariikhi ah

Horumarinta ee naqshadaha Soviet ayaa maray marxalado dhowr ah. asalka ah ee this ifafaale waxaa la xidhiidha muddada 20 - bilowga ah ee 30-ka, marka ay jiraan raadinta firfircoon noocyada cusub, qaabaynaya farsamooyinka classic of naqshadaha. Wakhtigan la aasaasay laba qaybood oo waaweyn ee Architecture-wax-uqabso Soviet: constructivism iyo rationalism. Dhammaadka 30-ka waxa uu noqonayaa mid iska cad in ay wax-uqabso ma aha jidka ku dhaqanka fikirka ah Soviet. Waxa uu bilaabo inuu dhiso naqshadaha cusub, kaas oo ujeedadiisu tahay inay soo dhawraan weynaantaada iyo guulaha fikradda hantiwadaagga. Hirgelinta fikradaha muddada hortagi War World Labaad, ka dib markii taas oo muddo cusub naqshadaha. Waxaa la xiriira ma aha oo kaliya dib u soo celinta magaalooyinka baabbi'iyey, laakiin sidoo kale abuurista meel cusub in nin taageeri lahaa dareen sharaf ah in dalkooda. Waa on this saleysan dhinaca fikirka waxaa la aasaasay by boqortooyadiisa Stalin ee, ay ka dhaxleen for qiyaasta. Bilowgii 60 ka sii dartay dhibaatada naqshadaha la deggan yahay. Dadka ku noolaa xaaladaha subhuman, iyo this laga yaabaa in aan loo aaneeyey inay u dhiska post-dagaal. Waxaa lagama maarmaan ah si ay u xaliyaan dhibaatada of dhismaha guryaha mass. dhibaatada waxaa loo xalin by kororsadaan mashaariic ka jaban. Waxay ahayd musiibo ah naqshadda dhismaha ee Soviet. taas oo aan doortay sida ugu wanaagsan ee horumarka iyo ka dib Faransiis galay noocyada ay ka dhex faltamaan dhismaha.

All isku dayo hal abuur ah injineero aqoonsan yahay xad-dhaaf ah iyo waxyeelada leh. Maxaa ka abuuray in ay galaan "naqshadaha warqad", ie. E. In la abuuro mashaariic la aan rajo lahayn ee xaqiijinta. In 80s ee, injineero Soviet ba'ani ka warqabaan dhibaatooyinka soo aaddan. Wakhtigan, waxaa laga heleyaa mashruuca caadiga ah, u huraan. Architecture bedelay ka farshaxan si a xirfadaha sawir fudud. Waxay si tartiib ah u bilaabay in ay kasoo baxdo dhibaatada ilaa iyo dhamaadka 90s ah, laakiin waa in muddada post-Soviet.

wax-uqabso Soviet

Dhammaadkii Dagaalkii Sokeeye, waxaa jiray su'aal ah oo ku saabsan dib u soo celinta ee Moscow. Waqtigaa naqshadaha ee dalka ayaa soo saartay laba jiho cusub: constructivism iyo rationalism. Waxay la abuuray by injineero u fiican in muuqday gudahood dhaqanka Ruush iyo Yurub, laakiin waxay arkeen baahida loo qabo in la abuuro naqshadda dhismaha cusub oo la kulmi doono xaqiiqooyinka cusub. Iyadoo abuuray ayaa kaabayaasha dhaqaale fikradda ah abuuraya bulshada cusub iyo formation of a, aadanaha habboonaanta cusub.

Constructivists hogaaminayo walaalaha Vesnin, Konstantin Melnikov, Moisei Ginzburg rumeysan yahay in Halabuurka ee dhismaha, waa in ay buuxiyaan shaqo. Waxay diiday in ay sii wado taariikhi ah, doorka ugu weyn siiyey design fudud oo ugu yaraan ah decoration. Thanks iyaga naqshadaha wax-uqabso ee Soviet waa hodan by goobaha sida guriga K. Melnikov ee Moscow, dhismaha wargeyska "Izvestia", ee Palace ee Dhaqanka ZIL, iyo kuwo kale oo badan. jihada ayaa waxaa aad u wanaagsan ka helay by injineero iyo laamaheeda ku jiray Leningrad, Kharkov, Gorky, Sverdlovsk. Magaalooyinka qaar badan oo USSR hore iyo maanta waxaan kahelaa karaa dhismayaasha constructivist.

The jihada labaad, rationalism wax-uqabso, hogaaminayo N. Ladovsky iyo B. Krinsky, helay fulinta a yar constructivism. Waxaa inta badan lagu arkaa shaqada dhismaha xisaabta cilmi nafsiga ee nin garashada. In hore 30-mada ay ku wax-uqabso ayaa loo aqoonsan yahay fikrad shisheeye in ay tahay Soviet oo si deg deg ah iska daayeen inay ka jiraan. rationalism Later ahaa "dayactirey" iyo fikradaha uu si weyn loo isticmaalaa in naqshadda dhismaha ee 60 ka.

30-40s Architecture

In bartamihii 30meeyada-naqshadaha Soviet waxaa soo galaya xilli cusub. Awoodda cusub ku bislaadaa baahida loo qabo in dib u dhis weyn ee la deggan yahay iyo dhismayaasha dawladda, dhismaha nooc cusub oo ah goobaha, sida site a for bandhig beereed. Safka hore ee farsamooyinka hab-dhaqameedka. At madaxa naqshadeeyaha ugu traditionalist helo dugsi aad u fiican oo jir Neoclassicist I. Zholtovsky. Retrospektivist in aragtidooda, wuxuu ku noqdaa jacaylka dhaqanka qaranka ee columns, pilasters, meelaha dedan, iwm Muddadan, dheeraad ah si xoog leh u saameeyay constructivism, laakiin dhaadhaca Classics ah ayaa noqonaya mid aad si cad u. Ka hor inta dagaalkii adduunka ee labaad ee dalka, gaar ahaan Moscow, waxaa jira kaca dhismaha ah. ENEA muuqan adag, Library Gobolka. Lenin, dhisay dhowr ka mid ah saldhigyada metro Moscow. In Kharkov, taagay galidoonaan Dzerzhinsky Square. In Yerevan, waxaa jira Dowladda House. On map ee USSR ah, magaalada cusub, taas oo la qorsheyay in gudashada fikradda ah naqshadaha cusub. Kuwani waa Komsomolsk-on-Amur ah, Magnitogorsk, Khabarovsk. Ka hor dagaalka, ku saabsan 170 milyan oo la dhisay in square dalka. mitir ee guryaha. Tartiib tartiib sameeyay a, style cusub Imperial ee Midowga Soofiyeeti.

Stalin ee boqortooyadiisa

Ka dib markii taariikhda dagaalkii labaad ee dunida ee naqshadaha Soviet galay marxalad cusub. Waxay qaadatay badan oo khayraadka si dib loogu dhiso tuulooyinka baabbi'iyey. In bartamihii 40eeyaha ee Midowga Soofiyeeti sameeyay labaad ka dib markii constructivism "style weyn" naqshadaha - boqortooyadiisa Stalin ee. Waxa uu isku daro dhowr jiho: Classicism, Baroque, Art Deco Empire. Waxaa lagu gartaa baaxadda, quruxda nolosah dhaw, waynaanta. Dhismayaasha in style this ayaa loogu talagalay in lagu muujiyo heerka guusha Soviet iyo guusha. Astaanta of style this noqday caan Moscow "Dhismaha": Moscow State University, hotel "Ukraine" ka, Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda iyo kuwo kale. boqortooyadiisa Stalin ee noqday qaab xukuma for 150 sano, waxa uu ku bedelay wejiga dalka. naqshadaha: Stalin ayaa u muuqday in ku dhow magaalooyinka oo dhan ee dalka.

naqshadaha Mass la deggan yahay

In muddo guudahaan waa dhibaato guryaha ba'an. Laakiin 50-ka sano ah ee ay hoggaanka aan go'aan ka gaari waayay, sidaa darteed waxaa lagama maarmaan ahayd in la soo celiyo kaabayaasha wax soo saarka. Laakiin 60 ee in dib loo dhigo go'aanka hawshan waxay ahayd wax aan macquul aheyn. Just waqtigan in la joojiyo Zaman ee Stalin oo Khrushchev ku baaqay in ugu badnaan la yareeyo kharashka ku baxa dhismaha la deggan yimid. Waxa uu sidoo kale bilaabay halganka ka dhanka ah "ayuu Xadgudba of art", model ah ayaa lagu talinayaa in ay qaataan functionalism Faransiis Guryaha ah. Sidaas waxaa jiray Cheryomushki caanka ah, sida tusaale u ah bey'ad nololeed cusub. Saddexdii bilood ee ugu horeeyay ee aan si ahaan waxyaabaha kaabayaasha bulshada iyo dhismayaasha waa inay bixiyaan meel ugu yaraan halkii degan.

60-80s Architecture

Tan iyo dabayaaqadii 60-mada bilaabmaa socodka-line guryaha caadiga ah dhismaha weyn. In magaalooyinka iyo tuulooyinka ee Midowga Soofiyeeti oo dhan waxaa jira guryo ka faahfaahinta la taaban karo isku dhafan. Construction waa si degdeg ah, dadka aad u hesho guri. Laakiin si ay u isticmaalaan erayga "naqshadaha" dhismaha waa ay adag tahay, tan iyo dhismaha uu gabi featureless iyo uniform. Sidaas naqshadaha ee degmada Soofiyeeti ee design caadiga ah ee magaalada kasta oo la mid ahaa laba digir in xilkii guddoomiyenimo la mid ah degsiimooyinka kale. Taasi oo ku saabsan waxa oo qoslay agaasimaha film Eldar Ryazanov in filimka "Kajan of Masiirka." dhismaha weyn oo dagaalka ka dhanka ah extravagances naqshadda keentay in xaqiiqda ah in sanad ah ifafaale ee naqshadaha Soofiyeeti 80 th galay waxba soo jeestay. Dabcan, waxaa jiray qaar ka mid ah abuuray iyo dhismayaasha istaahila in dareenka, laakiin naqshadda dhismaha guud ee dhibaatooyinka qoto dheer. Waxa xiiso leh, ku nool-abuurka ah naqshadda halka ka taaj oo gobolladii oo Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka dhaqaaqin.

"Paper" naqshadaha

In the 80s, markii naqshadaha rasmiga ah ee muddada Soviet galay dhibaatada, waxaa jira ifafaale this aan caadi ahayn. injineero Young wakhtigaas kuma xisaabtami karin oo keliya ma aha on hirgelinta fikradahooda, laakiin xitaa ay aqoonsi. Sidaa darteed, waxay ku abuureen mashaariicda ee warqada, waxaa inta badan u soo diray tartamada oo shisheeye oo kala duwan oo ku guuleysto abaal-marinno. In deegaanka this yeesho fac dhan oo injineero wanaagsan. Ma aasaasayaasha dhaqdhaqaaqa A. Brodsky, I. milaayiin dolar, Mikhail Belov, Yu AVVAKUMOV, M. Kharitonov. injineero horumartay ay style u gaar ah oo soo bandhiga fikrado. Tan iyo markii ay ahaayeen kalsooni ku qaba in mashaariic aan la ogaaday doonaa, waxay diiradda lagu soo bandhigidda muuqaalka of fikradda. Inta badan injineero ka mid ah ayaa u waxyoonay by fikradaha of Qarniyadii hore, inkastoo marar badan la abuuro naqshado higayaa.

The injineero ugu fiican ee USSR

naqshadaha Soviet in qeybtii hore ee ay taariikhda horumariyo mahad-abuurka ah ee injineero bartay iyo u sameeyaan xitaa jeer Imperial. Marka qarnigan dhammaatay, waxaa jira yimaado muddo kooban oo deji. Laakiin ugu dhakhsaha badan ku koraa koox cusub oo injineero keeni fikrado cusub iyo caqabadaha cusub. Qaar ka mid ah injineero ugu fiican oo ka mid ah khubarada USSR yeelaan K. Melnikova, V. Tatlin, A. Shchusev. constructivists ah ay yihiin kibirka dhab ah dalkeena naqshadaha caalamka. Waxa kale oo ka mid ah ugu wanaagsan ee naqshadaha guryaha waa waa N. Ladovsky, Rerberg, Vesnin walaalo ah, Alexander Krasovsky. kaalin weyn in ay formation of image ah magaalooyin badan Soviet leeyihiin I. Zholtovsky, VN Semenov, AN Dokuchaev lofan B., B. Krinsky. In times Soofiyeeti, waxaan ku sameeyey muhandas lahaa fursad inay u beddesho meesha bannaan ee post-Soviet ka dib u habeyn ku. iyaga ka mid ah waxaa xusid mudan milaayiin dolar, A. Brodsky, Yuri Grigoryan.

xaqiiqooyinka oo xiiso leh

naqshadaha Soviet-ka qabno waxaa ka buuxa shay oo xiiso leh iyo xaqiiqooyinka. Sidaas daraaddeed, oo daarta hareereheeda oo K. Melnikov waa mid ka mid ah ugu wanaagsan ee taxadiri Constructivist dunida. naqshada caalamka Heer Le Korbyuze booqday Moscow saddex jeer, si loo Waxyoodo ahayn fikradaha cusub. In 30-ka mashruuca weyn ee naqshadaha Soviet waxaa la abuuray - the Palace ee Soofiyeedku, oo dhererkiisuna wuxuu ahaa in uu noqdo 400 mitir, 100 dabaq. Si aad u fuliyo, waxa ay kor u la afuufi by Masiix Cathedral oo Badbaadiyeheenna ah, laakiin ogaaday qorshaha ma ahaa.