Life iyo shaqada Goncharova. shaqeeya Goncharova

By ay dabiicadda, Ivan Aleksandrovich ahaa mid aad uga duwan inta badan ee aqoon yahanno, ku dhashay xilligii of 60, firfircoon oo firfircoon. Noloshiisu waxay ahayd badan oo aan caadi ahayn markii ugu, sida haddii dedaaladii dhaqdhaqaaqa dadweynaha, iyo 60 isbedel kala duwan waxaa la taaban. Fiirsashada, xiisad, sifo laablakac oo ka mid ah qorayaasha of Zaman this, Ivan Alexandrovich bedelay steadiness, digtoon, halleeyo lillaahinimada. Life iyo hal-abuur Goncharova waxaa si kooban u sharaxay qoraalkan.

miiska taariikh nolosha

sano Hore

miiska taariikh Goncharov Ivan Alexandrovich furay 1812. Oo sannaddaas, in Simbirsk, ayuu waxa uu ku dhashay. Ivan Aleksandrovich iska baayacmushtariyaasha in halka intelligentsia ahaa marka laga reebo dhif ah, sida caadiga ah waxaa wakiil abtirsan. Oo colal ku qoraa, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa jiray yar tahay baayacmushtari dhabta ah, dhexdhexaad ah tani waa ku dhawaad saameyn ah kuma laha mid ka mid ah uu barbaarinta iyo waxbarashada, ama deegaanka ku xeeran. Aabbaha Ivan Alexandrovich, hore dhintay, waxay ahayd mid aad u qani ah, taas oo loo ogol yahay Goncharov isma badbaadin on kharashka oo ku nool arrin hodanka ah.

Simbirsk wakhtigaas ahaa a collection of inta badan ka samaysan alwaax, guryaha jir ah iyo dhismayaasha, laakiin dadka magaalada ma ahayn fara badan. In meeshan waxay ahaayeen toban sano ee hore ee nolosha qoraaga. formation hore ee Ivan Goncharov, kuwaas oo Biography iyo shaqada yihiin si dhow ula xiriira, waxay ahayd in guryo la seexdo gaarka ah ee magaalada, iyo sidoo kale wadaadkii maxaliga ah, oo ay ku jiraan dugsiyada hoyga ah ee carruurta qoysaska sharaf leh. Oo gurigan aad u marti Ivan Aleksandrovich helay maktabadda yar iyo jeclaadeen inay waqtigooda ku qaataan khayaali reading qorayaasha Ruush ah iyo kuwa shisheeye.

Wax ka barashada Moscow

In 1822, at da'da toban sano, si ay u sii wataan waxbarashadooda, waxaa la geeyay xarun sare Moscow for abtirsan. Sidaas daraaddeed nolosha iyo shaqada dhaqaaqo Goncharov ayaa galay marxalad cusub oo nool oo madax banaan oo aan waalidka. Waxa uu guriga yimid oo keliya xagaaga, faqri wakhtiga idiin hadhay ee Moscow. Halkan Ivan Aleksandrovich, iyo waxyaabo kale, ayaa noqday ogyahay shuqullada qorayaasha Faransiis, iyo mid ka mid ah Ezhena Romanov ee Sue xitaa lagu turjumay Ruush. hoostana aad ka turjumidda waxaa la daabacay joornaalka "xoqad" sanadka 1832.

Siddeed sano oo tababar ah si dhakhso ah maray, oo aan keeno guud ahaan, ma faa'iidooyinka gaar ah ama magdhow ah.

jaamacad

In 1830, 18 sano jir, Goncharov hore u diyaarinaya jaamacad, laakiin bilowgii daacuunka, iyo waxa la xiray, sidaas u yeelaan inay Ivanu Aleksandrovichu ahayd oo kaliya in ay soo socda, ee 1831. By waqtiga uu hore u ogaa luqado badan: Faransiis, Jarmal, Ingiriis iyo Laatiin.

Nolosha jaamacadda iyo shaqada Goncharova, eegno deg deg ah ee la siiyaa in this article, galaan marxalad cusub. Waxa uu ka qayb galay muxaadarooyin Kachenovsky, Shevyreva, Nadezhdin Pogodin, Davydov iyo kuwo kale oo markii dambe iyaga waxaa la jiray mahadnaq xusuustay. Goncharov ahaa arday Xanuujin. Waxa uu soo booqday dhowaad dhammaan Muxadaradka aad u diiwaan macalimiinta, aad sameyso shaqada guriga. Ivan Aleksandrovich ka fogaada wareegyada. Jaamacadda halka waxbarashada Herzen iyo Ogarev, laakiin aan si kale wax uusan la kulmay, waxana uu la kulmay Lermontov kaliya dhagaystayaasha.

miiska taariikh Goncharov Ivan Alexandrovich sii taariikhda soo socda, June 1834, markii uu si guul leh u soo gudbay imtixaanka kama dambaysta ah oo tegey walaalkiis guriga si Simbirsk. Life iyo shaqada qoraaga dhallinyarada bilaabmaa dalkiisa.

guriga

Goncharov Ivan Aleksandrovich qoray: "Waxaan la qabtay sida uumi, pampering guriga." In this "cute Oblomovka" qabtay iyo sidoo kale-ku quudin jiray, nolosha ku faraxsan yahay, maalmaha ayaa waxaa maalmo iyo sannado, sanadihii la soo dhaafay, waxaa jiray wax badalina uma dareemi. Simbirsk gobolka si dhib dareemay jawi adag ee taliskii Nicholas ee. Goncharov sannad dhan kaliya nasta, waxba gaar ahaan samaynayaan. Kubadaha iyo dhacdooyinka bulshada midba midka kale daba socday. Marka ninkii dhallinyarada ahaa oo mararka qaarkood u maleeyay oo ku saabsan mustaqbalka, waxa ay u muuqatay inuu adeeg, laakiin waxa ay weli u muuqday mid aad u fog, oo kaliya in ay dhacdo arrinta la dedejiyey, kuwaas oo saaxiibtinimo ah in bilaabay Goncharov (biography iyo hal-abuur oo ka mid ah sano ee qoraaga hoos lagu qeexay) la taliyaha Uglich, u yeedhay isaga si uu u noqdo karaaniga a in uu xafiiska.

Laga bilaabo halkan on for Ivan Alexandrovich bilaabay joogtada ah ee caadiga maamul, kaas oo aan halkaas joogay mid aad u wacan, laakiin waayo-aragnimo waxtar leh iyo xusuus oo la xiriira saraakiisha laaluushka iyo mada kale. Photo Goncharova hoos lagu soo bandhigay.

Petersburg. The shaqo ugu horeysay suugaanta

Marxaladaha nolosha iyo shaqada sii muddo Goncharova Petersburg. On qof denunciation ee 1835 Uglich ayaa dib loogu yeeray ka hooyo Simbirsk oo u tegey St. Petersburg, oo waxaa isaga la tegey oo Ivan Aleksandrovich. Halkan uu ku soo biiray Wasaaradda Maaliyadda adeega, waaxda ganacsiga shisheeye, marka hore sida turjumaan ka dibna-hayaha madaxa. Isaga oo siman, qof xasilloon Dirk adeegan, iyo jawi qiyaasay HK aan la miisaamay hoos by Ivan Alexandrovich.

In ka sano ee ugu horeeya ka dib markii uu yimid in Petersburg ee uu waqtiga firaaqada ah uu turjumay Schiller, Winckelmann, Goethe, iyo sidoo kale novelists English-pisataley. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, uu shaqo u gaar ah inta lagu jiro waqtigan Goncharov Ivan Aleksandrovich Uma aan malaynayn ku saabsan. Kaliya ee afartameeyaha hore u muuqday oo shuqulladaadii hore madax banaan uu. Hoos photo Goncharov.

"Caadiga Story"

In 1847, ee bogagga "Casriga" daabacay sheeko ugu horeysay qoraaga dhallinyarada ah, "Caadiga Story". Waqtigaa qoraa ay horey u ahayd 35 sano jir, nolosha iyo shaqada Goncharova soo galay waji ee maturity.

Waxa ay aheyd sheeko ah niyad jab, burburkii rajada ardayda yar yar ee kala duwan Oblomovok ah kuwaas oo tagay magaalada la xusuus ka marwada ee wadnaha iyo mugga yar oo Schiller in uu jeebka, funny, koolkoolin, iyo sidoo kale-ku quudin jiray. Petersburg si deg deg ah iyaga ka khayaal oo dhan iyo reverie samatabbixi, oo burburiyey ku rajaynaynay oo dhan, sidaa darteed sheekadan waxaa loogu yeedhi karo oo ah "musiibo caadi ah."

In novel ah, si cad u dareemay element a taariikh nololeedkooda. Sida by qoraaga qudhiisa qiray, shaqo this ka muuqataa inuu khibrad nolosha, muddada markii uu ku riyooda ee hindiga gelin rasmi ah qabow iyo meherad aad u soo jeestay. Ivan Goncharov, kuwaas oo Biography waxaa la siiyaa inaad fiiro, soo martay Isbadal la mid ah ka mid ah in uu dareensan yahay ninkii.

Alexander Aduev, dreamy taataabtay ee gobolka, dhacsan ee Schiller, ka Faydno waxa rumeeyaan saaxiibtinimo weligeed ah iyo jacaylka, u yimid inuu magaalada, afartameeyaha St. Petersburg, daryeelka ee hooyadeed devotedly jecel. Waxa uu dhaco jacayl, laakiin jacaylka gacangelin lahaa isaga, isbedelka iyo saaxiibtinimo. From in Alexander waa kuwo Quusan. Waxa uu gobolka ku soo laabtay, uu ka illoobayo ku saabsan oo dhan hadafka iyo hadafyada iyo naftiisa dhammaanaysaa aroosadda hodan ah, paunch mudan oo mushahar fiican.

"Caadiga Story" waxaa qori saddex jeer, oo ay qoraa abuurka qaatay oo ku saabsan 5-6 sano ka hor shaqada waxaa la daabacay. Waxaa isla markiiba soo jiidatay dareenka, iyo Goncharov aqoonsi ka helay sida qoraa. Waxaan ajiibay novel iyo naqdiya caanka dhakhso Belinsky, kuwaas oo soo dhaweeyay qoraaga tayo cusub oo saadaaliyay in guusha.

In 1846, Ivan Aleksandrovich shakhsi ogyahay Belinsky, laakiin aan la xiro isaga ama xubnaha kale ee goobada suugaaneed oo aan isugu yimaadeen in ay. Markaas bakeerigaagu this iska Nekrasov, Pan, Turgenev, Botkin, Granovsky, Herzen iyo kuwa kale.

"Frigate" Pallada "

In 1852, Ivan Aleksandrovich booska uu ka Admiral Xoghayaha Putiatina tegey on duulaan si ay hanti Ruush ee America. Ujeedada booqashadani ay ahayd in la diyaarin heshiis ganacsi la Japan, dal ee hore waqtiga shay aysan aqoon in reer Yurub ah. Qoraaga Safarka waxaa la siiyey waqti adag ah, gaar ahaan bilaha ugu of navigation ugu horeysay, - ayuu afeeyey neuralgia weeraro la madax xanuun, iyo in qol inta badan qabow. Kaliya si tartiib tartiib ah, on markii uu yimid in England, Ivanu Aleksandrovichu awooday inuu la qabsado nolosha badda ay dalkaUganda, qabow iyo ceeryaamo iyo dareento guriga. Waxa intaa dheer in statements rasmi ah iyo warar sheegaya, warqad, oo lagu daabacay "ururinta Badda", kuwaas oo ku tilmaamay dareenkaa ayuu qoray. Later, warqado, kuwaas oo u yimid description shiraaca loo yaqaan "Markabka" Pallada ", oo lagu daabacay laba Muga.

shaqada waxaa lagu xusay mid ka mid ah ugu wanaagsan suugaanta Ruush shuqullada sharaxaad. Waxa uu akhriyi kari waayeen dadka waaweyn iyo carruurta, aqoon iyo wax baran. Buuggu wuxuu sharaxayaa nooca ka mid ah dalalka kala duwan qalaad booqday by markabka, barbardhigay ajaanibta anshaxa la dadkii dalkiisa, waxaa kale oo jira dhacdooyin kaftan ah. Waxa uu ku aamaanay in quruxda dabiiciga ah ee degaanka, laakiin weli wax fiican ah in qalbigiisa ku jiray Bbc hooyo, kaas oo Goncharov, kuwaas oo buugaag ku hadlaan, waayo, qoraa isugu, mar walba soo xusuusto jacaylka.

IA Goncharov, "Oblomov"

Tixaha Goncharova sii "Oblomov". Fikradda waxaa isagii u yimid qoraaga dib afartameeyaha ah. Oo noocooda ah ee ili Ilicha si xoog leh u qabtay intii lagu jiray howlgalka kor ku xusan. Qaado tusaale ahaan cutubka koowaad ee buugga ugu horeysay ee "Frigate" Pallada ". Waxaa la soo horjeeda mashquul, mashquul, mudane Ruush England dhaqsaday, xasilloon oo caajis ah. Mudane Life Description aad uula mid tahay sharaxaad ka mid ah Oblomov.

"Oblomov" - waa marxalad cusub, kaas oo soo galay noloshii iyo shaqadii of Goncharova. SHAXDA uu Biography iyo hal-abuur ma aha dhamaystiran oo aan Xusuuso a of 1857. Tani waxay sanad inta lagu guda jiro fasaxa biyihii shaqada this on ahayd in lagu daro in Kissingen, dib u uuraysatay afartameeyaha ah.

Life iyo hal-abuur Goncharova la sii daayo sheeko this furmay marxalad cusub. Isla markii daabaco shaqada jiray dareen ah, waxa la hadlay oo ku saabsan iyo dooday in xerooyinka oo dhan ayaa. Laba ka mid ah dhaleecayn ugu fiican - Dobrolyubov iyo Pisarev - ka go'an "Oblomov" uu sii hufto oo digtoonaan. Qodobka Dobrolyubova "Maxaa Oblomovism?" Oblomov saaray par a la geesiyaal ugu caansan ee ka dambeeya waqtiga - Pechorin, Onegin, Beltov, Rudin. "Oblomovka leenahay hooyo si toos ah" - qoray DOB, taas oo u dhigantaa in maqaal oo dhan intelligentsia Ruush nooca Oblomov ah. Waayo, Nicholas Alexandrovich Oblomovism - ugu horayn waa debecsanaanta, caajisnimada subag dhiirrigelinayeen addoommo badan. Dabcan, DOB ma muujiyeen naxariis ugu yar midkood qof weyn ama Oblomovism ah guud ahaan.

Pisarev in uu article, fiiro badan oo dheeraad ah waxaa la siiyaa sifooyinka nafsi ah, annaga oo ogaaney saameynta xun ee arxandarro maskaxda, sababa kala duwan awgood. Sam Goncharov xusay in Qodobka Pisarev - sida ugu fiican ee wax kasta oo loo qoray ku saabsan sheeko, sida uu ku tilmaamay kakanaanta of this muuqda hoose nooca Oblomovka. Ka dib oo dhan, geesiga, waxaa soo baxday, wuxuu ahaa nin buka, sida Goncharov yiri. Oblomov ma rabaa in aan ka shaqeeyo, iyo shaqada waa ka cabsadeen, maxaa yeelay, waxaa isaga ku siinayaa dhibaato jireed. Oo weliba mararka qaar uu yahay in ay si firfircoon uga awoodaan, in kastoo sarkhaansan shisheeye. Olga u suurtagashay in ay isaga u abaari waxqabadka, xirfadaha kala duwan.

Hero macno fig leh oo dhan Goncharova shuqullada, marka laga reebo, laga yaabee, ugu dambeeyey ee bogagga ay. Waxa uu ka cabsada oo dhan, qoyaan, dhaqdhaqaaqa, iyada oo dabayl ah, jacaylka, hufnaan, erayada cod weyn. Oo cabsi this - calaamad caan ku atrophy dad doonistiis, jirada dhimirka.

Intaa waxaa dheer, Oblomov had iyo jeer waa u dhaxaysa laba isku lidka ah: uu ku soo barbaaray style jir Ruush, iyo jawiga, caadaysteen in ay ficil iyo raaxo kulmi hawada iyaga u gaar ah. Waxa uu ku qaatay inuu carruurnimada hoos hagar, kormeerka ee axmaqnimada ah ee qaraabada, sida daalid iyo dadban sida uu yahay.

Waxaa ka dheregtay oo koolkoolin, isku dayayaan in ay jebin ah falalkooda ee dhaqdhaqaaqa iyo playfulness, dabiiciga ah ee da 'yar, iyo sidoo kale fikir iyo xiise wax alla wixii. Midhaha ugu of waxbarasho sida lagu yaqaan - caajisnimada, qaatay qaabka xad-dhaaf ah, iyo sidoo kale cabsida wixii isbeddel ah iyo baahida nolosha.

Cudurkaan, sida ay Goncharov, habaysan oo dhan nolosha Ruush iyo taariikhda. Dareenkan, Oblomov ahaa muuqashadii dhabta ah ee waqti pre-habaynta Ruush ah laandheere. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaan u qaadan karnaa in ka dib markii la baabiiyo of serfdom, xaaladda ayaa isbedelay sidaa si weyn? Waxaan ahay dhintay Ilya Ilyich?

No, ma dhiman karaan. Taasi waa sababta sheeko this hadda, sida had iyo jeer, ayaa weli ku haboon.

"Oblomov", fahamsan yahay sida sheeko ku muujinta Hardy gentility iyo caajisnimada Ruush, wuxuu ahaa maktabad guul weyn. Goncharova xitaa la Gogol marka la barbar dhigo.

ka soo laabtay safar adduunka oo dhan, Ivan Aleksandrovich adeegga dadweynaha uu ku soo laabtay, ka shaqeeya waaxda la mid ah ganacsiga shisheeye ee-Tababaraha post. Laakiin ugu dhakhsaha badan, ee 1858, wuxuu iska diiwaangeliso waaxda Faafreebka ee Wasaaradda Waxbarashada. In 1862 wuxuu noqday editor fiiriyey markaas "North Mail", wargeys-ka rasmiga ah. Goncharov u adeegi jireen iyagoo niyad fiican oo uu guulo badan ee adeegga: waxaa la kiciyey dhowr jeer xafiiska - ka faaf in xubinta ay gacanta ugu weyn ee Saxaafadda.

IA Goncharov novel "Daqsintiina"

Tixaha daabacaadan Goncharova ah "Oblomov" ma waxaa loo soo afjaro. In 1868 majaladda "Herald of Europe" yimid socda ka dib markii "Oblomov" sheeko - "Open". Waxaa lagu uuraysan ku dhowaad isku mar la "Oblomov", laakiin in ay qoraan gabal this Goncharov qaaday in ka badan 20 sano! Intii lagu guda jiray sannadahan, waxaa lagu badalay jiil dhan, marxalad oo dhan. muddo Dark oo boqornimadii Nicholas I, Russia u dhaqaaqay ka soo kabashada iyo dib u cusboonaysiinta. Laakiin waxaan eegi Goncharova weli isha ku heysa inay la soo dhaafay, wuxuu ka kaas oo seefqaad ah images iyo jilayaal uu. Naqdiga ma mahad sheeko this, laga yaabee in this qayb qaatay la hubin waqtiga markii uu muuqday. In muddo this waxaa la xiray majaladaha "Casriga" iyo "erayga Ruush", iyo dhaleeceyn ayaa laga badiyay wakiilada ay ugu fiican, oo ay ku jiraan Pisarev. "Notes of Fatherland ah" ayaa weli cagaha ay ka heli. In saxaafadda waxaa heysatay by wareer in maskaxda iyo dabeecadaha. Oo si lama filaan ah, in marar naxaysaan dhashay shuqul xaladii la aragti ah oo ku saabsan nolosha, oo la odhan karaa in ay eegaan rajo ... Goncharov aqoonsan oo dhan jir ah oo xoog leh, caafimaad iyo wanaag, inuu rajeynayo inuu heshiisiiyo jir ah ula cusub. Dabcan, halka booska noocan oo kale ah ma yeelan karto taageerayaashiisa.

Aan niraahno dhawr eray oo ku saabsan labadii tirooyinka dhexe ee novel ah - Eden iyo ayeeydeed. Jannada dagaalamayaan si jir ah, danqasho, laakiin hurdo ah oo sariir raaxo leh, iyo ma naftaada u diidi wax, xataa oggolaanshaha Egorka in uu iska saaro kabaha iyada. Waxa uu ku nool yahay weli in Zaman ee serfdom, oo waxaa ku dagaalama oo kaliya in loo dhigo oo kaliya, ma ay taageerto kiiska: si fudud u kala taliya uu set ayeeyo oo lacag la'aan ah serfs ah, laakiin ay dhacdo in this ma doonayo in ay soo fara, inkasta oo ay iska leh isaga. libiqsanayn Tani waa arrin caadi ah, dabeecad, waayo, bulshada oo dhan Ruush waqti adag, sida muddo kasta oo KMG ah.

Ayeeyo waa badan da'duudu uu awow. Waxaa ku hadla luqadda ay awowayaashood, erayada, maahmaahyo, xigmadda qadiimiga ah. Iyada oo xigmad this huriye iyadu ay u arkaan dareen ka sii badan intii ku Jannada. Waxa ay ahayd meel u dhow ah, adag, naag fiican ku jiray, ma jecel in la siiyo, in kastoo wadnaha iyo fahamka inta badan in xuquuqda Jannada. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, inkasta oo ay kalsooni iyo aaminsan in ay xaq yihiin, weli waa diidmo lahayn fogaynayso cusub. Si fudud, waa arrin jir iyo cabsi cusub, laakiin liita inuu u baahan yahay.

Sidaas marayo sheeko oo dhan qaadataa meel mawduuca: halganka noqon huriye leh cusub. Goncharov ma kici difaaca ee mid ka mid ah labada dhinac, waxaa doonayaa oo kaliya in ay dib u heshiisiinta iyo ururka.

sano ee la soo dhaafay ee uu noloshiisa

Ivan Aleksandrovich, dabcan, waxaa ka xumaadeen, waxaa qaaday sida sheeko a. By markii uu ku dhawaad 60 sano jir ah, oo ka danbeeya ahaayeen weyn oo guul suugaanta. Ka dib markii la sii daayo "Daqsintiina" Goncharov aad dhif u muujisay dadweynaha iyo in yar oo waxa ku qoran. Ka mid ah shuqulladiisa ugu dambeeyay waxaa ka mid ah "Suugaanta Evening", "Cadaab zillion", "Notes on aqoonsiga Belinsky," "daahay ka fiican yahay marna", "addoomadayda", "Xusuusaha".

ilmahaagu jecel yahay gaabinta, xanuunka iyo soo socdo isaga oo da 'keeni Walbahaar iyo hilowga. In 1873, darajo ee guud, Goncharov fariistay oo si dhib leh u adkaysan ka badan intii afartan sannadood ah adeegga ugu yaraan hal xasuusta fiican. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, in ka dib markii la Qaddarray Ivanu Aleksandrovichu noolaa muddo ku dhow 20 sano. Friends uu kaga tegey yar meel aad u dhow, si dhif ah uu ka helay kooxda martida ah oo ay sheekaysanayeen ayaa bartey diidan. Sanadihii la soo dhaafay, Ivan Alexandrovich dhibayay leh dhibaatooyin caafimaad, iyo Goncharov dhintay pneumonia on 15 September 1891 sano.