Formation, Waxbarashada dugsiga sare iyo dugsiyada
Halogens: guryaha jireed, guryaha kiimikada. Isticmaalka xeryahooda ee halogens iyo
The halogens in miiska wareegsan bidixda ka mid ah gaasaska sharaf leh. Kuwani shanta waxyaabood ee macdan ah sun ka mid ahaa in kooxda 7 of Table ka wakhtiyeysan. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine iyo astatine. Inkasta oo kaliya a isotopes-gaaban astatine shucaaca oo uu leeyahay, ay u dhaqmo sida iodine oo waxaa badanaa loo arkaa in ay halogens. Sida xubno halogeen waa toddoba electrons valence, waxa loo baahan yahay kaliya hal electron dheeraad ah si ay u sameeyaan octet dhamaystiran. dabeecad Taas ayaa ka dhigaysa kuwo firfircoon ka badan kooxaha kale ee non-birta.
sifooyinka Guud
Halogens sameeyaan Britain a diatomic (X 2 nooca meesha X waa halogeen a) - halogens jiritaanka qaab-deggan unugyada sida free. Contact ee u taagoo diatomic waa nonpolar, iyo covalent hal. The guryaha kiimikada ee halogens oggolaan inay si fudud u sameeyaan xeryahooda waxyaabaha ugu, si ay marna waxaa laga helaa qaab furan ee dabiiciga ah. Fluoro - halogeen ugu firfircoon iyo astatine - yar.
All group halogens waxaan u sameeyaan cusbada leh guryaha la mid ah. In xeryahooda kuwan, halides joogaan sidii anion halide ay la socoto lacag ah -1 (tus, cl -, br -) a. Dhamaystiri -id ayaa muujinaya joogitaanka anions halide; tus cl - yaqaan "chloride".
Intaas waxaa sii dheer, guryaha kiimikada ee halogens oggolaan inay u dhaqmaan sida wakiilada oksidheeyeyaal - Biraha oxidized. Diidmooyinka intooda badani kiimikada ku lug halogens - redox in xal aqueous. Halogens sameeyaan bonds keli ah carbon ama nitrogen in xeryahooda organic, halkaas oo heerka uu qayilo (CO) waa loo siman yahay si -1. Marka la bedelay by eb halogeen covalently ku xidhay la eb hydrogen a ee xarunta ah organic, horgale HALO loo isticmaali karaa macne guud, ama horgalayaasha fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, iodo- - halogens gaar ah. xubno halogeen laga yaabaa in bond crisscross si ay u sameeyaan u taagoo diatomic la bonds hal covalent horjeeda a.
Koloriin (cl 2) ahaa HALO ugu horeysay, furay 1774, ka dibna la furay iodine (I 2), bromine (br 2), fluorine (F 2), iyo astatine (At, helay soo dhaafay ee 1940). Magaca "halogeen" waxaa laga hal- Giriigga xididka ( «cusbo») iyo -gen ( «foomka"). Si wadajir ah, macnaha erayadaan "cusbo-sameynta", adkaynaya xaqiiqda ah in halogeenka oo diida la Biraha si ay u sameeyaan cusbada. Halite - magaca cusbo leh dhagaxayga weyn, macdanta dabiiciga ah oo ka kooban chloride sodium (NaCl). Ugu dambeyntii, halogeen loo isticmaalo guriga - waxaa ku jira fluoride in lagu cadaydo, chloro jeermiska cabbo biyaha, iodine iyo kor u qaadida horumarka hormoonnada thyroid.
xubno ka kiimikada
Fluoro - element tirada qaaradda 9, waxaa muujinaysaa by fluorine aasaaska F. markii ugu horaysay la helay 1886-g by waxaa la takooro ka acid ee hydrofluoric.. In gobolka free waxaa jirta qaab taagoo diatomic fluoro (F 2) iyo waa halogeen ugu badan, in qolof ah. Fluoro - element ugu electronegative miiska wareegsan. Heerkulka qolka, gaas midab jaalle midab. Fluorine sidoo kale waxa uu gacan ka yar qaaradda. Its CO - -1 gobolka diatomic aasaaska mooyee, taas oo gobolka lagu qayilo ay tahay eber. Fluoro aad u kiimikaad ahaan firfircoon oo si toos ah ula dhaqmo dhammaan qaybaha helium (Wuxuu), iyakana (Ne) iyo argon (Ar) mooyee. H xal 2 O The, hydrofluoric acid (HF) waa acid daciif ah. Inkastoo fluoro aadka electronegative, ay electronegativity aan ogaado ashitada; HF waa acid daciif ah ay sabab u tahay xaqiiqada ah in ra'iyi ee fluoride waa aasaasiga ah (pH> 7). Intaas waxaa sii dheer, fluoro saarta oxidants aad u awood badan. Tusaale ahaan, fluorine dhici karta inay xenon gaaska inert iyo foomamka ah difluoride xenon oxidant xoog (XeF 2). In codsiyada badan oo fluoride.
Koloriin - element tirada qaaradda 17 iyo astaanta kiimikada cl. Helay in 1774 by g. Waxaa la kala saaro Aashito. In ay dawladda aasaaska u yeela Britain a diatomic cl 2. Koloriin ayaa dhowr SB -1, 1, 3, 5 iyo 7. Marka heerkulka qolka waa gaaska cagaar khafiif ah. Tan iyo debaajiga oo la sameeyay inta u dhexeysa labada atamka chlorine, waa mid daciif ah, cl 2 Britain leeyahay awood aad u dheer si ay u galaan xidhiidhka ka. Koloriin sameynayso la Biraha si ay u sameeyaan cusbada, kuwaas oo loo yaqaan chlorides. udhigo Chloride waa udhigo ugu badan ku jira loogu aaso. Koloriin sidoo kale waxay leedahay laba isotopes: 35 cl iyo 37 cl. chloride sodium waa xidhiidhka ka ugu badan ee chlorides oo dhan.
Bromine - element ah kiimikada la qaaradda lambarka 35 iyo calaamadda br ah. Waxaa markii hore laga helay 1826 oo ah qaab bromine hoose waa Britain diatomic, br 2. Heerkulka qolka, waa dareere guduudan oo brown. Its CO - -1, + 1, 3, 4 iyo 5. Bromo more firfircoon ka badan iodine, laakiin waa firfircoon ka yar chlorine. Intaas waxaa sii dheer, isotope bromo leedahay laba 79 br iyo 81 br. Bromine dhacdaa qaab cusbada bromide, kala diri ee biyaha badda. Sanadihii la soo dhaafay, wax soo saarka ee bromide dunida oo dhan ayaa kordhay sababta oo ah helitaanka, iyo cimri dheer. Sida halogens kale bromine iyo oxidant ah waa mid aad u sun ah.
Iodine - element kiimikada tirada qaaradda 53 iyo I. astaanta lagu qayilo iodine waxay leedahay: -1, +1, +5 iyo +7. Waxaa jira qaab Britain a diatomic, waxaan 2. Heerkulka qolka walaxda adag waa guduud. Iodine ayaa mid ka mid isotope deggan - 127 I. First helay 1811, iyadoo la kaashanayo algae iyo sulfuric acid. Currently, udhigo iodine la takooro karaa biyaha badda. In kasta oo xaqiiqda ah in iodine ma aha mid aad L. biyo, ay milmi lagu kordhin karaa marka la isticmaalayo iodides oo kala duwan. Iodine kaalin muhiim ah ee jirka ku, ku foogan wax soo saarka ee hormoonnada thyroid.
Astatine - element a radioactive tirada qaaradda 85 iyo calaamadda At. Its qayilo suurto gal dhigayaa -1, 1, 3, 5 iyo 7. halogeen kaliya ee ma aha Britain a diatomic. Under xaaladaha caadiga ah, macdan adag wax madow. Astatine waa element aad dhif u ah, si yar loo yaqaan isaga ku saabsan. Intaa waxaa dheer, astatine leeyahay bar-nolosha aad u gaaban, mar dambe ka badan dhowr saacadood. Helay in 1940 ay sabab u tahay Avv. Waxaa la rumeysan yahay in astatine la mid ah iodine. Lagu gartaa guryaha macdan ah.
Shaxda hoose waxay muujinaysaa qaab dhismeedka atamka halogeen ah, qaab dhismeedka of lakabka sare ee electrons.
halogeen | qaabeynta of electron ah |
fluorine | 1s 2 2s 2 2p 5 |
chlorine | 2 3 3p 5 |
bromine | 3D 10 4s 2 4p 5 |
iodine | 4D 2 10 5s 5p 5 |
astatine | 4f 14 5d 10 6s 2 6p 5 |
Qaab dhismeedka noocan oo kale ah waxay keentaa in lakabka sare ee electrons in guryaha jireed iyo kiimikada la mid ah halogens ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, marka la barbar kuwaas oo xubno ka ah iyo farqiga u arkay.
guryaha wakhtiyeysan group halogeen
guryaha jirka ah ee walxaha fudud ee halogeen bedelay la sii kordhaya tirada horsanaanta ee element ah. Wixii nuugista wanaagsan iyo Hufnaan weyn, waxaanu kuu soo bandhigi a loox yar.
Barafku iyo karaya dhibcood group korodhka la sii kordhaya size of Britain ee (F Shaxda 1. halogens The. guryaha Physical: barafku iyo dhibic karaya halogeen Barafku T (c) Kulayl T (c) fluorine -220 -188 chlorine -101 -35 bromine -7,2 58.8 iodine 114 184 astatine 302 337 yaruna size kordhay (F Shaxda 2: halogeen. guryaha Physical: Fatuuq qaaradda halogeen gacan The covalent (pm) Ion (X -) kala duwan (pm) fluorine 71 133 chlorine 99 181 bromine 114 196 iodine 133 220 astatine 150 Haddii electrons valence dibadda aan ku oolin meel u dhow xuduntii, ay ka saarida oo aan u baahnayn tamar badan ka. Sayidka, tamarta looga baahan yahay ejection of electron dibadda ma aha sidaas sare in qaybta hoose ee koox ka mid ah xubno ka, tan iyo markii ay jirto heer tamar badan. Intaa waxaa dheer, ionization tamar sare sababa element ah si ay u muujiyaan tayo non-macdan ah. guryaha macdan ah, maxaa yeelay, tamarta ionization waa la dhimay (At
Table 3. halogens. guryaha jirka ah: tamar ionisation halogeen tamarta ionization The (KJ / mol) fluorine 1681 chlorine 1251 bromine 1140 iodine 1008 astatine 890 ± 40 Tirada electrons valence in la eb korodhka la kordhinaayo heerka tamarta heer isa soo taraysa hoose. Electrons isa soo taraysa ka fog xudunta u yihiin; Sayidka, ka xuduntii iyo electrons aan sida soo jiitay in kasta oo kale. Kororka baaritaanka waxaa. Sidaa darteed Electronegativity hoos ula sii kordhaya muddo (At
Shaxda 4. halogens. guryaha Physical: electronegativity halogeen electronegativity fluorine 4.0 chlorine 3.0 bromine 2.8 iodine 2.5 astatine 2.2 Tan iyo markii size ee la eb koror ah waqti, xidhiidh buuna electron waxaa guud ahaan hoos u dhacay (B
Shaxda 5. buuna electron halogeen halogeen Electron buuna (KJ / mol) fluorine -328,0 chlorine -349,0 bromine -324,6 iodine -295,2 astatine -270,1 Falcelin ah halogeen hoos ula sii kordhaya muddo (At
Halide sameeyay markii halogeen waxaa ka jawaabay kale, element ka yar electronegative si ay u sameeyaan xarunta a binary. Hydrogen sameynayso la halogens si ay u sameeyaan halides nooca HX: halides hydrogen waxaa si fudud kala diri ee biyaha si ay u sameeyaan a hydrohalic (hydrofluoric, Hydrochloric, hydrobromic, hydroiodic acid). The sifooyinka acids ayaa hoostan lagugu siiyey. The acids sameeyey by falcelinta soo socda: HX (AQ) + H 2 O (l) → X - (AQ) + H 3 O + (AQ). All halide hydrogen si ay u sameeyaan xoog acid, marka laga reebo HF. Aysidhka kordhay acids hydrohalic: HF Hydrofluoric acid etch kartaa dhalooyinka iyo fluorides imanba qaarkood muddo dheer. Waa laga yaabaa in caqli gal HF waa hydrohalic acid liita, tan iyo fluorine laftiisa ayaa electronegativity sare. Si kastaba ha ahaatee H-F bond waa mid aad u xoog badan, taasoo keentay in acid aad u daciif ah. Xiriirka A xoog leh waxaa lagu qeexaa by dherer ah bond gaaban iyo tamarta ah dissociation waaweyn. Oo dhan halides hydrogen HF ayaa dhererkiisu wuxuu xiriir gaaban iyo tamarta ugu weyn dissociation bond. acids oxo halogeen yihiin acids la atamka hydrogen, oxygen iyo halogeen. Ay aysidhka la go'aamin karaa by lafa dhismeedka. oxoacids halogeen hoos lagu soo bandhigay, In kasta oo ka mid ah acids proton xidhxidhan eb oxygen ah, si isbarbardhigga bond dhererada protons yihiin waxtar lahayn. Doorka xukuma waxaa halkan ciyaaray by electronegativity. Aysidhka kordhay iyadoo tirada atamka oxygen addoonsi in la eb dhexe. The guryaha aasaasiga ah jirka ah ee halogens la si kooban u sheegi karaa in miiska soo socda. xaalad Maandooriyaha (heerkulka qolka) halogeen muuqaalka shirkadda iodine iyo guduud astatine madow dareere bromine russet gaseous fluorine cirro huruud ah-brown chlorine cagaaran cirro Color waa sabab u ah halogens nuugista iftiinka arki karo by taagoo keenaya electrons faraxsan. Fluoro nuuga iftiin buluug, oo sidaas awgeed uu u muuqdo midab jaalle midab. Iodine, in la barbardhigo, nuuga iftiin huruud ah iyo waxa ay u muuqataa guduud (huruud iyo guduud - midabada dhammaystir). midabka halogeen noqdo madow leh muddo sii kordhaya. The weelasha shaabadeeyey bromine dareere ah iyo iodine adag tahay in hoganaya ay uumiga, taas oo laga dheehan karo sida gaas midab. Inkasta oo aan la garanayn astatine midabka, waxaa la rumeysan yahay in loo yeelo iodine a madow (t. E. Black) iyadoo la raacayo hannaanka arkay. Haddaba, haddii la weydiiyey in aad: "Qeex guryaha jirka ah ee halogens," waxaad odhan doontaan. Degree ee lagu qayilo waxaa badanaa loo isticmaalaa halkii "valence of halogens." Caadi ahaan, gobolka qayilo ka siman yihiin in ay -1. Laakiin haddii halogeen waxaa lala oxygen ama halogeen kale, waxay qaadan kartaa wadamada kale: oxygen -2 SB leeyahay mudnaanta. In case of laba atamka halogeen kala duwan soo wada addoonsi eb electronegative more rajaxayo iyo qaadataa CO -1. Tusaale ahaan, in chloride iodine ah (ICl) waa chloro CO -1, +1 iyo iodine. Koloriin badan yahay electronegative badan iodine, sidaas daraaddeed CO waa loo siman yahay si -1. The bromic acid (HBrO 4) oxygen ayaa CO a -8 (-2 x 4 = -8 eb). Hydrogen leeyahay total tiro qayilo +1. Intaa waxaa dheer oo ka mid ah laba qiimeeyo siinayaa CO -7. Tan iyo markii xarunta final SB waa in ay eber, CO waa toddoba bromine. marka laga reebo Kii saddexaadna wuxuu u sharcigaan waa heerka uu qayilo ee halogeen ee foomka aasaaska (X 2), halkaas oo ay CO uyeelaysaan kuwo eber. halogeen In ka xeryahooda of CO ee fluorine -1 chlorine -1, +1, +3, +5, +7 bromine -1, +1, +3, +4, +5 iodine -1, +1, +5, +7 astatine -1, +1, +3, +5, +7 Electronegativity kordhiyaa waqti. Sidaa darteed, fluorine leeyahay electronegativity ugu sareeya ee xubno ka oo dhan, sida laga arday ay booska in miiska wareegsan. Its qaabeynta electronic 1s 2 2s 2 2p 5. Haddii fluoride helo electron kale, p ba'an orbitals waxaa gebi ahaanba ka buuxsantay oo ah foomka octet dhamaystiran. Maxaa yeelay, fluorine ayaa electronegativity sare, waxaa si fudud u dooran kartaa electron ka atamka dariska ah. Fluoride kiiskan isoelectronic gaaska inert (sideed electrons valence) iyo dhammaan orbitals dibadda ay ka buuxiyeen. In gobolka this, fluorine wax badan oo xasiloon. In dabiiciga ah, halogens yihiin anion ah, si halogeen xorta ah waxaa soo saaray lagu qayilo by electrolysis ama by oxidants. Tusaale ahaan, chlorine ahbaa by hydrolysis of xal sodium chloride. Isticmaalka halogens iyo xeryahooda ay kala duwan. chemistry imanba. Hydrogen + halogens
oxoacids halogeen
The muuqaalka gobolka iyo xaalka
muuqaalka Sharaxaada
Degree ee lagu qayilo ee halogens in xeryahooda
Waa maxay sababta la fluorine waxaa had iyo -1?
The diyaarinta iyo isticmaalka halogens
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