Graphene iyo codsiga. helitaanka graphene. Nanotechnology ee wakhtigan casriga ah

Xad dhawaan ee Sayniska iyo Technology waa aag cusub, loo yaqaan nanotechnology. Rajada laga qabo anshaxa tani ma aha oo kaliya badan. Waxay yihiin hami. walxaha, loo yaqaan "Nano" waa qiimo u siman yihiin in mid ka mid miljaardeed of tiro yar oo qiimo kasta. tirada waxaa kaliya la barbar dhigi karaa tirada atamka iyo taagoo. Tusaale ahaan, nanometer ah waxaa loo yaqaan-miljaardeed mid ka mid ah mitir.

jihada ugu weyn ee beerta cusub ee sayniska

Nanotechnology loo yaqaan kuwa isku dubaridi arrinta ku saabsan heerka taagoo iyo atamka. Sidaa darteed, arrintan sayniska waxaa kaloo loo yaqaan technology kelli. Maxay ahayd wadadii uu dhinaca horumarinta? Nanotechnology ee wakhtigan casriga ah ayaa u muuqday mahad Muxadaradka Richarda Feynmana. In waxa saynisyahan ayaa cadeeyay in aysan jirin caqabado abuurka wax si toos ah uga atamka ka.

Waxaa loola jeedaa for khalkhalgelinta ku ool ah oo qayb ka yar oo lagu magacaabo ururiyaha. nanomachine kelli Tani, taas oo loo isticmaali karaa si ay u dhisaan qaab-dhismeedka kasta. Tusaale ahaan, ururiyaha ah oo la odhan karaa ribosome dabiiciga ah synthesizing protein ah ee noolaha.

Nanotechnology ee dunida casriga ah ma aha oo keliya meel keliya oo khibrad. Waxay u taagan yihiin baaxadda balaadhan oo ah cilmi-baarista si toos ah oo la xidhiidha cilmiga badan aasaasiga ah. ka mid ah physics, chemistry iyo biology. Sida laga soo xigtay saynisyahano, cilmiga waxay leeyihiin doonaa wadadii uu ugu awooda badan horumarka la tixraacayo kacaanka nanotech soo socda.

gudbikaraa codsiga

Liiska kuqor Dhammaan dhexgalaan dhaqdhaqaaqa aadanaha, halkaas oo nanotechnology waxaa loo isticmaalaa maanta, waa mid aan macquul sababta oo ah liis aad u cajiib ah. Sidaas, iyadoo la kaashanayo duurka this of science waxaa soo saaray:

- qalab wax lagu qoro superdense macluumaad kasta;
- qalabka kala duwan;
- dareemayaal, unugyada tamarta qoraxda, transistors Semiconductor;
- macluumaad, Kombuyuutarada iyo tiknoolajiyadda macluumaadka,
- nanoimprint iyo nanolithography;
- aaladaha kaydinta tamarta, iyo unugyada shidaalka,
- difaaca, boos iyo duulista codsiyada;
- bioinstrumentary.

On beerta this sayniska ee nanotechnology ee Russia, USA, Japan iyo dalal badan oo Yurub ah la dhaqaale dheeraad ah waxaa loo qoondeeyay sannad kasta. Tan waxa u sabab ah rajada ballaaran ee horumarka ah ee ka howgala this cilmi.

Nanotechnology waxaa soo koraya ee Russia sida uu barnaamijka diirada Federaalka, kaas oo bixiya kharashka dhaqaale oo keliya ma aha weyn, laakiin waxay sidoo kale siday xaddi weyn oo design iyo cilmi shuqullada. Si loo gaaro himilooyinka socday mideeyo cudada nidaamyada sayniska iyo farsamada kala duwan ee heerka of shirkadaha qaran iyo caalami.

wax cusub

Nanotechnology awood saynisyahano in ay soo saaraan saxan carbon ah mid dhib badan diamond kuwaas oo dhumucdiisuna waa la eb ka mid ah oo kaliya. Waxay ka kooban tahay graphene. Waa wax thinnest iyo awooda badan ee caalamka, taas oo gudbiya korontada aad uga wanaagsan chips computer Silicon.

helitaanka graphene waa dhacdo dhab ah kacaan, oo isbedel badan nolosheena u ogolaan doonaa. Qoraalkan waa guryaha jireed si gaar ah in aasaas ahaan waa isbeddelaa dabeecadda aadanaha ee wax iyo walxaha.

History of daahfurka

Graphene waa crystal laba dhinac-cabbir ah. Its qaab-dhismeedka waa daaqaddii hexagonal ka kooban atamka carbon. waxbarashada afka baarkiisa ah graphene dheer bilowday kahor intuuna uu naqshado dhabta ah, tan iyo markii uu wax this waa aasaas u ah dhismaha crystal ah graphite saddex dhinac-cabbir ah.

Xitaa 1947 G. P. Volles wuxuu leeyahay sifooyin qaar ka mid ah graphene, caddaynaya in ay qaab-dhismeedka waa biraha la mid ah, iyo qaar ka mid ah sifooyinka la mid yihiin kuwa ka qayb aalladda relativistic, neutrinos iyo photons massless. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, wax cusub, waxaa jira farqi weyn oo gaar ah ka dhigaya mid gaar ah oo ay dabeecadda. Laakiin xaqiijinta natiijooyinka kuwaas oo helay oo kaliya 2004, markii Konstantin Novoselov iyo Andrey Geim markii ugu horaysay la helay carbon ee gobolka free. walax cusub Tan waxaa lagu magacaabaa graphene, oo ahaa saynisyahano waaweyn daahfurka. Raadi this item noqon karaa qalin. Ushaada graphite Its wuxuu ka kooban yahay heerarka kala duwan ee graphene. Sidee qalin baxo ganaya on warqada? Xaqiiqdu waxay tahay in, inkastoo ay xoog ka mid ah qaybaha ugu muhiimsan ee layers ah, waxaa jira xiriir aad u daciif u dhaxeeya. Waxay yihiin aad u fudud in dhici xiriir la warqada, ka tago raad ah oo qoraal ah.

Isticmaalka waxyaabaha cusub

Sida laga soo xigtay saynisyahano, dareemayaal in ku salaysan yihiin graphene, ay awoodaan si ay u falanqeeyaan, xoog iyo xaalad ka mid ah diyaaradaha, iyo sidoo kale in la saadaaliyo dhulgariir. Laakiin keliya marka wax la guryaha sida ka tagi doono laboratories derbiga cajiib ah caddaatay codsiga wax ku ool ah loo horumariyo doonaa in jihada oo ah walaxda. At la joogo maalintii, farmashiye, physicists iyo injineerada korontada horeba ku mashquulsan yihiin awoodaha gaarka ah ee graphene. Ka dib markii dhawr grams oo ah walaxda laga dabooli karaa dhulka, loo siman yahay garoonka kubadda cagta ah.

Graphene iyo codsiga kara loo arkaa in saara satalayt miisaanka yar oo diyaaradaha. In deegaanka this, wax cusub bedeli kartaa fiiloyin carbon ee qalabka kooban. Nanomaterials loo isticmaali karaa halkii transistors Silicon iyo hirgelintiisa in caag siin conductivity korontada.

Graphene iyo isticmaalkeeda waxaa loo arkaa in soo saaridda arrimaha shidma. Qalabka Kuwan waxaa la aasaasay oo ku saleysan waxyaabaha ugu dambeeyay ee ay awoodaan in ay ogaan Britain ayaa ugu khatar ku noqon doonaa. Laakiin isticmaalka Nano-budo in wax soo saarka ee batariyo korontada waqtiyada ay u kordhin lahaayeen waxtarka.

Graphene iyo codsiga waxaa looga hadlay optoelectronics. Of wax cusub ka soo jeedin doonaa caag ah mid aad u fudud oo raagaya ka kaas oo weelasha ogolaan doono isbuucyo yar si ay u sii cusub cuntada.

Isticmaalka graphene waxaana la filayaa inuu sameeyo daahan a hufan tabinta looga baahan yahay kormeerayaasha, cadceedda iyo xoog iyo ka badan oo adkaysi u saamayn farsamo tamarta dabaysha.

nanomaterial ku salaysan yeelan doonaan qalabka ciyaaraha wanaagsan, implants caafimaad iyo supercapacitors.

Sidoo kale, graphene iyo codsi la xiriira:

- qalabka elektarooniga ah ee hirka sare-awood sare;
- xuub macmal ah laba dareere ah ee taangiga;
- hagaajinta guryaha conductivity qalabka kala duwan ah;
- abuuro qaab on nuurka organic emitting diode;
- degdegsiimada horumarinta tabaha cusub ee horumarintooda DNA;
- horumarinta qaab dareere madarad oo kale;
- transistors ballistic.

Isticmaalka suuqa baabuurta

Sida baadhayaashu, tamarta gaar ah soo dhawaado graphene 65 kWh / kg ah. tiradaasi waa 47 jeer ka badan mid ka mid ah in si caadi ah waa maalmahan batariyada lithium-ra'iyi. Dhab ahaantii Tani, saynisyahano ayaa loo isticmaalaa in la abuuro jiil cusub oo saxan batteriga.

batari polymer Graphene - qalabka by hab waxtar leh kuwaas oo awoodda ugu badan ee korontada la hadhay. Currently, shaqada waxa ku saabsan waxaa lagu fuliyaa by cilmi dalal badan. Horumar la taaban karo lagu gaari saynisyahano Spanish xaalkan. batari Graphene-polymer, kolkaasay iyagu abuurmaan uu leeyahay isticmaalka tamarta, boqolaal jeer ka badan tiradaasi la mid ah baytariyada jira weyn. Waxay u isticmaali qalabeeyaan baabuurta korontada. Mashiinka, kaas oo la geliyo batari graphene, safri kartaa oo aan istaagin kun oo kiiloomitir. Si aad u nasto il tamarta korontada marka daal mar dambe ma u baahan doontaa ka badan 8 daqiiqo.

Touchscreens

Seynisyahanno ku sii si ay u sahamiyaan graphene, abuuraya a wax cusub iyo wax laga qabanin. Sayidka, nanomaterial carbon uu helay codsiga in soo-saarka in ay soo saartaa screens xiriiri screen ballaaran. Ereyga u muuqan kara iyo qalab dabacsan noocan ah.

Seynisyahanno helay xaashi graphene waa qaab qaab oo waxay u leexatay galay koronto ah oo hufan. Waxa uu sidoo kale ka qayb qaatay shaqada ee shaashadda taabto, aad bay u yaraynta cimri dherer, hufnaan, dabacsanaan, saaxiibnimo ah deegaanka iyo qiime jaban.

graphene helitaanka

Tan iyo 2004, markii la furay nanomaterials cusub, saynisyahano baasana tiro ka mid ah hababka diyaarintiisa. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ugu aasaasiga ah ee siyaabahan waxaa loo tixgeliyaa:

- exfoliation farsamo;
- koritaanka epitaxial in vacuum;
- qaboojinta kiimikada perofaznogo (CVD-geedi socodka).

The ugu horeysay oo ka mid ah saddex dariiqo oo waa ugu fudud. wax soo saarka graphene la exfoliation farsamo waa codsi gaar ah graphite in ay dusha sare koolo of sharooto. Ka dib markii aasaaska, sida warqad, bilaabaan in la leexiyo iyo unbend, kala waxyaabaha la doonayo. Marka aad codsanayso graphene habkan hesho ugu tayada sareeya. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, falalka noocaas ah ma ku haboon yihiin wax soo saarka mass of nanomaterials.

Marka la isticmaalayo habka koritaanka epitaxial of canjeero Silicon khafiif ah waxaa loo isticmaalaa, lakabka dusha sare kaas oo carbide Silicon ah. Dheeraad ah, wax this la kululeeyo heerkulka aad u sarreeya oo ah (1000 K). Sidaas darteed of falgalka kiimikada laga soocay atamka Silicon ee atamka carbon, kuwii hore ka mid ah oo vaporize. Sidaas darteed, rikoorka weli graphene saafi ah. Faa'iida ee habkan waa loo baahan yahay ee isticmaalaya heerkulka aad u sarreeya, taas oo ku dhici kara inta lagu guda jiro soo sari ee atamka carbon.

Habka ugu kalsoonaan karo oo fudud ayaa loo isticmaalo wax soo saarka mass of graphene, a CVD-geedi socodka. Waa hab kaas oo falcelinta kiimikada dhexeeya Hannaan iyo shidaalka gaasaska bir-dahaarka leh.

Oo soo saarta graphene?

Si aad u taariikhda, shirkadda ugu weyn, soo saarta nanomaterial cusub waxa uu ku yaalaa ee Shiinaha. Magaca saaraha - Ningbo Morsh Technology. wax soo saarka graphene ay bilaabeen in 2012.

macaamiisha ugu weyn ee nanomaterial waa shirkad Chongqing Morsh Technology. Graphene u isticmaasho wax soo saarka ee filimada hufan tabinta, kuwaas oo la geliyo bandhigay touchscreen ah.

Xad dhawaan, shirkad si fiican u yaqaan Nokia ayaa soo saaray patent ku shidma image ah. Iyada oo qayb ka this aadka loogu baahan yahay waa ka yar layers of graphene element qalab indhaha. waxyaabaha noocan oo kale ah loo isticmaalo ee dareemayaal kaamirooyinka si weyn u kordhiyaa ay dareen (ilaa 1000 jeer). Isla mar ahaantaana lagu arkay hoos u isticmaalka korontada. camera Good for casriga ah ayaa sidoo kale ku jiri doona graphene.

Diyaarinta jawi qoyska,

waxaa suurtagal ah in ay soo saaraan graphene guriga? Waxaa soo baxday, haa! kaliya waxaad u baahan tahay in ay qaataan awood days jikada oo aan ka yarayn 400 W, oo raac habka ee ay soo physicists Irish.

Sidee soo saaro graphene guriga? Ujeedada this koob days la shubay 500 ml oo biyo ah ay ku daray 10-25 ml of oomo kasta oo dareere ah iyo 20-50 garaam oo Baladweyne la jajabiyey. Dheeraad ah qalabka waa in la ordi ka 10 daqiiqo oo nus saac ah, ilaa muuqaalka kore ee slurry a of jajabi oo graphene. Qoraalkani wuxuu ku keentay yeelan doonaan conductivity sare oo u oggolaan lahaa in ay la isticmaalo ee electrodes unugyada tamarta qoraxda. Graphene kale oo ay hagaajin kartaa hantida of caag ah soo saaray in deegaanka gudaha.

nanomaterial xabagta

Seynisyahanno si firfircoon cilmi iyo qaab-dhismeedka graphene sida in gudaha ama on cidhifyada mesh carbon waxaa ku lifaaqan ama kooxo functional oxygen-ka kooban (s) of Britain ee. Tani adag Nano-xabagta ah taas oo ah sawirada laba dhinac-cabbir ugu horeeyay, taas oo ka gaadhay heerka ugu wax soo saarka ganacsiga. From nano- iyo microparticles dhismaha this saynisyahano centimitir baarka soo saaray.

Sayidka, xabagta graphene isku dhafan oo diofilizirovannym carbon ah ayaa dhawaan helay by saynisyahano Shiinaha. Tani waa saaraayo centimitir aad u fudud wax oo la qabto on the Tent of ubax yar yar. Laakiin tani walax cusub, kaas oo xabagta graphene waa mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu adag dunida oo dhan.

codsiyada Biomedical

xabagta Graphene leeyahay hanti gaar ah selectivity. Tani waxay u ogolaaneysaa walax si aad u hesho codsi Biomedical. Sidaas daraaddeed, shuqullada saynisyahano mahad suurto gal ahayd in ay isticmaalaan xabagta graphene for cudurka kansarka. Ogaado kansarka marxalad hore ee ay horumarinta u ogolaan guryaha indhaha iyo korontada gaarka ah ee nanomaterial ah.

Sidoo kale xabagta graphene ogolaanaya bixinta la doonayey daroogada iyo Baadhista. On ku salaysan ee wax this yihiin biosensors sorption, fiiqaya in ay Britain DNA ah.

codsiyada warshadaha

sorbents kala duwan oo ku salaysan xabagta graphene waxaa laga yaabaa in la mariyo waxyaalaha dabiiciga ah iyo kuwa dad-sameega dezaktsivatsii cudurka. cut A of nanomaterial firfircoon ku shaqeyn karin dhulka iyo biyaha oogada, ciidda iyo iyaga nadiifinta ka radionuclide ah.

Filtarrada ka xabagta graphene siin karaan dhismaha superchistotoy, oo soo saarta qaybaha electronic ee codsiyada gaar ah. The guryaha gaarka ah ee wax this gelin doonaa technology wanaagsan gudbikaraa kiimikada. Gaar ahaan, waxaase laga yaabaa in soo saarista biraha filiqsanaa iyo dhif shucaaca. Sidaas darteed, isticmaalka xabagta graphene u ogolaanaya in ay soo saaro dahab ka senti-fasalka hooseeyo.