Fosfooraska, iyo xeryahooda ay. isticmaalka la taaban karo xeryahooda fosfooraska

Ka mid ah nafaqooyinka uu lagama maarmaan ah in loo qoondeeyo meel gaarka ah waa fosfooraska. Sababta oo ah waxa ma jiri karo oo aan xeryahooda muhiim ah sida, sida ATP ama phospholipids iyo sidoo kale kale oo badan oo walxaha organic. Sidee ka imanba iyo element this waa mid aad u hodan ku taagoo kala duwan. Fosfooraska, iyo xeryahooda ay si ballaaran loo adeegsado warshadaha, waa daneeyayaasha muhiimka ah ee bayoolajiga, waxaa loo isticmaalaa in beeraha kala duwan ee dhaqdhaqaaqa aadanaha. Sidaa darteed, waxaanu ka fiirsan waxa element ah, waxa ay walax fudud iyo xeryahooda ugu muhiimsan.

Fosfooraska, sharaxaad guud ee element ah

Sida Wacan ee nidaamka wareegsan lagu tilmaami karaa weedho yar.

1. koox shanaad, kooxda ugu weyn.
2. A muddo yar saddexaad.
3. Tirada Serial - 15.
4. mass Atoomikada - 30,974.
5. E qaabeynta eb 1s ² 2s ² 2p ⁶ 3 3p ^{2 3.}
6. gobolka qayilo suurtogalka ah ee -3 si +5.
7. Astaanta kiimikada - P in qaaciidooyinka dhawaaq "pe" ah. Magaca element ah - fosfooraska. magaca Laatiin ah ee fosfooraska.

History of daahfurka eb leeyahay xididdadiisa qarnigii fog XII. Xataa in diiwaanka alchemists kulmeen macluumaad, hadalka ku saabsan helitaanka aan la garanayn arrinta ah "iska Ifto Yuuna". Si kastaba ha ahaatee, taariikhda rasmiga ah ee laga helay iyo Avv of fosfooraska bilaabay 1669. Musallif baayacmushtariga Brand shopping in search of dhagax Faylasuuf ee aan kala sooc lahayn ku dhexsameeysmo walaxda, taas oo dhaadheer kartaa siyasad dhalaalaysa iyo gubi tiray olol. Oo isna wuxuu sameeyey this by noqnoqda calcination kaadida aadanaha.

Ka dib markii ay u madax bannaan oo ku saabsan siyaabo isku mid element kale firfircoon ayaa la helay:

• J. Kunkel;
• R. Boyle,
• A. Marggraf;
• K. Scheele;
• Lavoisier.

Maanta, mid ka mid ah hababka ugu caansan ee Avv oo ah walaxda - dib u soo celinta oo ka mid ah macdanta fosfooraska-ka kooban baahisey at heerkulka sare sarkhaansan carbon dioxide iyo silica. Geedi socodka waa la fuliyay in foornooyinkaaga gaar ah. Fosfooraska, iyo xeryahooda ay yihiin walxaha aad u muhiim u ah uxuu sidoo kale noocyo kala duwan oo syntheses in industry kiimikada nool. Sidaa darteed waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in la tixgeliyo waxa element firfircoon sida walax fudud iyo meesha ee dabiiciga ah ku jira.

fosfooraska Simple walax

Way adag tahay in magacaabi xiriir gaar ah, in ay dhacdo fosfooraska. Tan waxa u sabab tiro badan oo ah beddelka allotropic in ay leeyihiin element this. Waxaa jira afar nooc oo waaweyn oo walxaha fudud ee fosfooraska.

1. White. Xarunta Tani kuwaas oo formula R _4. Waxaa caddaan ah, walax kacsan isagoo ur af xun oo toon ah. Waxaa ignites degna hawada at heerkulka caadiga ah. Shidaba cagaaran cirro leh u Yeelaa Eebe. Aad sun ah oo khatar ku ah nolosha. falcelin aad u sarayso, sidaas darteed waxaa loo diyaariyey iyo ku kaydsan hoos lakabka ah ee biyaha la safeeyey. Tani waa suurto gal ah ay sabab u milmi saboolka ah ee qase kala horjeeda. Waxaa ugu fiican waayo disulfide haboon this fosfooraska cad iyo arrinta organic. Marka kulul, waxaa loo gudbin karaa foomamka allotropic socda - fosfooraska cas. Marka qaboojinta iyo isu keenida uumiga waa inay awoodaan si ay u sameeyaan layers. At taabashada dufan, jilicsan, mindi goynta fudud, oo cad (wax yar ka hurdi ah). barta barafku ka mid ah 44 ⁰ C. Maaddaama ay falcelin waxaa loo isticmaalaa in ereygu wuxuu. Laakiin sababta oo ah sumoobo uu leeyahay codsiga warshadaha ballaaran.
2. Yellow. Tani waa qaab la Daahiriyey xun ee fosfooraska cad. Xitaa waa wax sun ah, sida urta xun oo toon ah. Ignites iyo gubasho Cagaar olol dhalaalaya dhuxul ah. Kuwani kiristaalo huruud ah ama maariin ah ma baabbi'isaa biyo si buuxda, kooxaha qayilo dhamaystiran dhaadheer P Halabuurka qiiq cad ₄ O _10.
3. fosfooraska Red iyo xeryahooda ay yihiin kuwa ugu badan oo inta badan la isticmaalo in industry ee bedelayaan wakiilka. mass bardho Red, taas oo ah at cadaadis ah kacsantahay gudbin karaan qaab kiristaalo buluug waa kiimikaad firfircoonayn. polymer Tani waa awood u kala diridda kaliya ee Biraha qaar ka mid ah iyo in ka badan wax. At heerkul ah 250 ⁰ C waxaa sublimated maraya beddelid cad. Non-sun ah sida ugu badan ee foomka hore. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, la-gaadhista dheer oo jidhka ah sun. Waxa loo isticmaalaa si aad u dalbato daahan a on taraq wuxuu ka suuroggalaan ah. Tan waxa u sabab xaqiiqda ah in aysan iskooda u guban kara, laakiin markii denotation iyo qaraxday khilaaf (shiday).
4. Black. Sida laga soo xigtay xogta dibadda waa mid aad la mid ah graphite, sidoo kale waa taabasho geesi. Semiconductor Tani waxay hadda korontada. kiristaalo Dark, dhaldhalaalaan, ma aha in la kala diri ee qase haba yaraatee awood. Taasi waxay kor u iftiimiyo, waxaad u baahan tahay heerkulka aad u sarreeya iyo raskalivanie pre.

sidaas oo kale ma ku mashquulsan yihiin foomka dheer-furan of fosfooraska - biraha. Waa kaari ah oo uu leeyahay daaqaddii crystal cubic.

kiimikaad

guryaha Chemical of fosfooraska, waxay ku xiran tahay qaab kuwaas oo waxaa ku yaalla. Sida kor ku xusan, ka beddelid jaalaha ah iyo caddaan ugu firfircoon. Guud ahaan, fosfooraska ah oo awood u leh ficil leh:

• Biraha la xirrira phosphides iyo ku simaha sida oxidant ah;
• non-birta, ku simaha sida wakiilka ah yaraynta iyo foomka xeryahooda kacsan iyo non-kacsan oo cayn oo kala duwan;
• oxidants xoog marayay galay phosphoric acid ,
• la alkali dhamayta xoog by nooca disproportionation;
• biyo heerkulka aad u sarreeya;
• la ogsijiin si ay u sameeyaan oxides kala duwan.

guryaha Chemical of fosfooraska la mid yihiin kuwa nitrogen. maxaa yeelay, isagu waa qayb ka mid ah pniktogenov koox. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxqabadka of dhowr amarada baaxaddeeda sare, si kala duwan ee beddelka allotropic mahad.

Ahaanshaha ee dabiiciga ah

Sida nafaqooyinka, fosfooraska, waa mid aad u caadi ah. Its boqolkiiba waa 0,09% in qolof ah. Tani waa tirada a caddaalad ah oo waaweyn. Halkee laga helaa eb this ee dabiiciga ah? Waxaa jira dhowr goobood oo muhiim ah:

• cagaaran ee dhirta, miraha iyo miraha ay,
• unugyada xayawaanka (muruqa, lafaha, dhaldhalaalka iliga, xeryahooda badan oo muhiim ah organic);
• qolof dhulka;
• ciidda;
• dhagaxyada iyo macdan,
• biyaha badda.

Xaaladdan oo aan hadli karin oo keliya ku saabsan foomamka la xiriira, laakiin ma aha arrin fudud. Ka dib oo dhan, oo uu aad u firfircoon, iyo waxa aanu u ogolaan isaga u noqon lacag la'aan ah. Waxaa ka mid ah macdanta qanisan fosfooraska waa:

• Inglish;
• ftorapaptit;
• svanbergite;
• fosfooraska, iyo kuwa kale.

Muhiimadda noolaha ee this item aan la overemphasized karo. Ka dib oo dhan, isagu waa qayb ka mid ah xeryahooda sida:

• borotiin,
• phospholipids;
• DNA;
• RNA;
• fosfoproteidy;
• ensaymes.

Taasi waa, kuwa oo dhan kuwaas oo muhiim ah oo dhista in on jirka oo dhan oo dhan. caadi Daily dadka waaweyn ee caadiga ah aadanaha oo ku saabsan 2 garaam.

Fosfooraska, iyo xeryahooda ay

Sida aad u firfircoon, element firfircoon foomamka hannaanka ka mid ah walxaha kala duwan. Ka dib markii dhammaan foomamka iyo phosphide u, iyo nafteeda u dhaqmo sida wakiilka ah yaraynta. Sababta oo ah waxa dhif la odhan karaa waa element ah in uu noqon doono inert wajigooda ayaa waxa ay si. Oo sidaas daraaddeed ku xeryahooda of fosfooraska formula aad u kala duwan. Mid ka mid ah tixraacaan kartaa tiro ka mid ah fasalada walxaha in formation of taas oo uu yahay ka qaybgalayaasha firfircoon.

1. xeryahooda Binary - oxides, phosphides, hydrogen xarunta kacsan, tayadda, nitride, iyo kuwa kale. Tusaale ahaan: P ₂ O _5, PCL _3, P ₂ S _3, PH _3, iyo kuwa kale.
2. walxaha Complex: cusbada ah ee dhammaan noocyada (celcelis ahaan, acidic, aasaasiga ah, double, adag), acids. Tusaale: H ₃ PO _4, Na ₃ PO _4, H ₄ P ₂ O _6, Ca (H ₂ PO _{4) 2,} (NH _{4) 2} HPO ₄ iyo kuwo kale.
3. Ogsijiin-ka kooban xeryahooda organic: brotiin, phospholipids, ATP, DNA, RNA, iyo kuwa kale.

Noocyada ugu badan ee walxaha aqoonsaday waa muhiimadda warshadaha iyo noolaha muhiim ah. Isticmaalka fosfooraska, iyo xeryahooda iyo suurto gal ujeedooyin caafimaadka iyo wax soo saarka ee qalabka guriga aad ee caadiga ah.

Xeryahooda la Biraha

xeryahooda Binary of fosfooraska la Biraha iyo nonmetals yar phosphides horyaalka electronegative. walxaha cusbo-sidan oo hantidaan xasilooni xad dhaaf ah markii loo feydo wakiilada kala duwan. daatay Rapid (hydrolysis) natiijooyinka in xitaa biyaha caadiga ah.

Intaas waxaa sii dheer, ka yar tallaabada of unconcentrated acid dhacdaa sida wakiilka burbur ku saabsan waxyaabaha u dhigma. Tusaale ahaan, haddii aan ka hadlo hydrolysis ee phosphide calcium, waxyaabaha noqon doonaa hydroxide biraha iyo phosphine:

Ca ₃ P ₂ + 6 saac ₂ O = 3Ca (OH) ₂ + ₃ 2PH ↑

phosphide A tiriska degradable hoos tallaabada of acid macdanta ah, waxaan ka heli cusbadu u dhiganta iyo phosphine ah:

Ca ₃ P ₂ + 6HCL = 3CaCL ₂ + ₃ 2PH ↑

Guud ahaan, qiimaha xeryahooda ku xiran sida wakhtigii hydrogen sameeyay iyada oo sababtu tahay xarunta fosfooraska ah, kuwaas oo guryaha ayaa hoos looga hadlay.

Volatiles fosfooraska-ku saleysan

Waxaa jira Laba waa ka ugu weyn,

• fosfooraska cad;
• phosphine.

On dhulka aynu hore u kor ku xusan, iyo sifooyinka of drive ah. Waxay sheegay in ay tahay qiiq qaro weyn oo cad, aad u sunta ah, urayaan iyo is-ayagoo shiday ku hoos jira xaalad caadi ah.

Laakiin waa maxay phosphine? Tani waa shay kacsan ugu baahsan oo la yaqaan, oo ay ku jiraan element hoostiisa tixgelin. Waa binary, iyo xubin labaad - hydrogen. Formula xeryahooda fosfooraska hydrogen - PH _3, magaca phosphine ah.

The guryaha ee wax this lagu tilmaami karaa sida soo socota.

1. Dayuurada gaaska Biyuhu.
2. Aad sun.
3. Waxay leedahay urta kalluunka qurmay.
4. Tan iyo biyaha ma fal aad u liidata L. waxa ku jira. Waa L. in chemistry organic.
5. Under xaaladaha caadiga ah, kiimikaad ahaan aad u firfircoon.
6. Waxaa ignites degna hawada.
7. Waxa asaasay by daatay ee phosphide biraha.

magac kale - PHOSPHAN. Waxaa la xidhiidha taariikhda ugu qadiimiga ah. dhibic oo dhan "dababka wareegaysa" in mararka qaar dadka arkay oo bal fiiriya qabuuraha, meelaheeda dhoobada. nalalka goobaabin ama svechepodobnye in halkan iyo halkaas ka muuqan, abuuro aragti ah dhaqdhaqaaqa, tixgeliyaa ku Baasaysanay, oo aad bay u baqeen dadka khuraafaad ah. Sababta tani ifafaale, sida laga soo xigtay views xaadirka ah aqoonyahaniinta qaar ka mid ah, la oran karo waa is-suuroggalaan of phosphine kaas oo si dabiici ah soo saaray daatay ee ku harta organic, dhirta iyo xayawaanka labadaba. gaaska ka soo bixi oo kaalay xiriir la oxygen, iftiinka. The midabka iyo size of olol baa la kala duwanaayeen karo. Inta badan, this nalalka cagaaran dhalaalaya.

Sida iska cad, xarunta kacsan fosfooraska oo dhan - walxaha sunta ah, kuwaas oo si fudud u ogaan by a ur xun af badan. feature Tani waxay ka caawisaa looga hortago sumowga iyo cawaaqibka xun.

The xeryahooda la non-birta

Haddii fosfooraska u dhaqmo sida wakiilka ah yaraynta, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in ay ka hadlaan xeryahooda binary la non-birta. Inta badan, waxay u badan electronegative. Sidaas, waxaa jira dhawr nooc oo ah qalabka noocan ah:

• fosfooraska, iyo baaruud xarunta - sulphide ee P fosfooraska ₂ S _3;
• fosfooraska chloride III, V,
• oxides iyo anhydride;
• bromide iyo iodide, iyo kuwa kale.

chemistry of fosfooraska, iyo xeryahooda ay kala duwanaayeen, sidaa darteed way adag tahay in la ogaado kuwa ugu muhiimsan. Isagoo ka hadlayay cad ee walxaha la aasaasay of fosfooraska, iyo non-birta, waxa ugu muhiimsan waa oxides iyo chlorides of darey kala duwan. Waxay waxaa loo isticmaalaa in ereygu kiimikada sida wakiilka ah dehydrating, sida Xoojiya, iyo si bixi.

Sidaas darteed, mid ka mid ah hab dehumidifying ugu awooda badan ka sareeyo xabagta fosfooraska - P O _{2 5.} Waxa uu si adag u soo jiidata biyo si marka ay xiriir toos ah la jiro cadaanyo rabshad la raacidda buuq xoog leh. In laftiisa, maalkiisu waa mass baraf sida cad ah, ee gobolka wadar ahaan labada lug ku dhow yahay inuu qaab ma lahayn.

Oxygenated xeryahooda organic la fosfooraska

Waxaa la og yahay in chemistry organic tirada xeryahooda waa fog ka xoogbadan in imanba. Arrintan waxa lagu sharaxay by awooda isomerism, iyo atamka carbon si ay u sameeyaan atamka dhismeedka silsilad kala duwan oo ay ku egtahay mid kale. Dabcan, waxaa jira si gaar ah, kala soocidda ie, taasoo ku xiran yahay dhammaan chemistry ah organic. fasalada kala duwan ee xeryahooda, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaan xiiso u gaar ah mid ka mid ah, si toos ah oo la xidhiidha element ee su'aasha. oxygen-ka kooban Tani xeryahooda iyo fosfooraska. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah:

• coenzymes - NADP, ATP, FMN, phosphate pyridoxal, iyo kuwa kale;
• borotiin,
• acids nucleic, sida ka hadhayna acid phosphoric waa qayb ka mid ah nucleotide ah;
• phospholipids iyo fosfoproteidy;
• falgalka iyo Xoojiya.

Vid Iona, taas oo u taagoo fosfooraska ku lug leh dhismaha xeryahooda, kuwaas oo ah, soo socda - PO ₄ ^3-, ie waa ka hadhay acid of phosphoric acid. Dhismaha borotiinada qaar ka mid ah soo galo la eb a free ama ra'iyi fudud.

Waayo, nolosha caadiga ah ee element kasta firfircoon ee u shaqeeyo nool iyo xeryahooda organic sameeyay iyaga by waa mid aad u muhiim ah oo loo baahan yahay. Waa wax aan macquul in la dhiso mid ka mid ah qaybaha dhismaha ee jirka aan u taagoo protein. DNA A iyo RNA - ka sidayaal ugu weyn iyo war laliska ee macluumaad hidde. Guud ahaan, xidhiidhada oo dhan waa inay joogaan iyadoo aan lagu guuldaraysan.

Isticmaalka fosfooraska in industry ee

Isticmaalka fosfooraska, iyo xeryahooda ay in industry ee la garan karo in dhowr dhibcood.

1. Loo isticmaalaa in soo saaridda of kulan, xeryahooda qarxa, bambooyin qarxa, shidaalka qaar ka mid ah, saliidaha.
2. Sida gaasas gabacsatada iyo sidoo kale in soo saaridda ee laambadihii incandescent.
3. Si loo ilaaliyo biraha ka dhanka ah daxalka.
4. In beeraha sida bacriminta ciidda ah.
5. Iyada oo loo adeegsanayo waayo sareyso meletariga biyaha.
6. In syntheses kiimikada ee wax soo saarka ee walxaha kala duwan.

Doorka in noolaha waa la dhimay si ay uga qayb-galo hawlaha formation of dhaldhalaalka ilkaha iyo lafaha. Ka qayb qaadashada reactions le'eg oo iyo catabolism, iyo sidoo kale dayactirka ah ee deegaanka gudaha unugyada naqdida iyo dheecaanka nafleyda. Waxaa aasaas u ah ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee DNA, RNA, phospholipids.