Expansion ee caalamka: xawaaraha geedi socodka

caalamka ma aha ma guurto ah. Tani waxaa xaqiijiyay astronomer cilmi Edwin Hubble 1929, ku dhowaad 90 sano ka hor. At this u maleeyeen indhaynta falagyada uu hanuunin dhaqdhaqaaqa. daahfurka kale oo cilmiga felegga ee dhamaadka qarnigii labaatanaad ahaa xisaabinta ballaarinta Caalamka la dardargelinta.

Sida waxa loo yaqaan fidinta koonka

Qaar ka mid ah waxaa la yaabay, inay maqlaan, sida saynisyahano ah wac ballaarinta caalamka. Magaca Tani waxay la xidhiidhaa inta badan dhaqaalaha, la filayo xun.

Sicir - waa hab ka mid ah ballaarinta caalamka isla markiiba ka dib markii ay dhacdo, la dardargelinta af badan. In English erayga "sicir bararka" - "bamka", "ka badbadinin".

shaki cusub oo ku saabsan jiritaanka tamarta madow sida qodob ka mid ah aragtida caalamka ee sicir bararka isticmaalaan aragti ballaarinta cadowga.

Markaas culumadu soo jeediyay map ka mid ah godadka madow. Xogta Bilowga waxaa laga kuwii laga helay marxalad soo daahay oo kala duwan:

1. Lixdan kun oo godad madow leh meel fog ka dhexeeya in ka badan kow iyo toban milyan oo sano iftiin ugu fog fog iska - a xogta afar-sano jir ah.
2. Mid ka mid ah boqol iyo siddeetan kun oo falagyada rito madow leh ka kaxayntu ay of saddex iyo toban milyan oo sano oo iftiin ah. Xogta laga heli by saynisyahano, oo ay ku jiraan physicists nuclear Ruush bilowga ah ee 2017.

Macluumaadkan, odhan cilmiga felegga ee ha ka gees model ah classical caalamka oo dhan.

Heerka fidinta koonka - dhibaato cosmologists

Heerka ballaarinta runtii waa dhibaato waayo cosmologists iyo cirbixiyeyaasha. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xaqiiqda ah in heerka of ballaarinta caalamka ma aha doorasho joogto ah, cosmologists Ha ka Doodin isdhaaf ah oo dheeraad ah si diyaarad kale maray - marka ballaarinta bilaabay inuu dardar. Data on nomadism in spectrum ee falagyada supernovae aad u fog oo ah nooca ugu horeysay ku doodaya in dheeraad ah - tani ma aha degdeg bay u iman on geedi socodka.

Qubarada badankooda ayaa aaminsan in shan billion sano ee ugu horeeya caalamka waxaa sii yaraanaya.

Saamaynta ugu horeysay ee Bang Big ah, marka hore ka xanaajisay ballaarinta xooggan oo markaas foosha bilaabay. Laakiin tamarta madow ayaa weli saamayn ku koritaanka caalamka. Iyo xawaaraha.

cilmibaadhe oo Maraykan ah ayaa bilaabay in la dhiso size ee khariidadaha caalamka, waayo, xilliyo kala duwan, si aad u ogaato marka dardargelinta bilaabay. Kuurgalo qarax supernovaer ah, iyo sidoo kale jihada fiirsashada of arrinta madow ee falagyada qadiimiga ah, cosmologists ogaaday muuqaalada dardargelinta.

Maxaad caalamka waa "firdhiyey"

Markii hore, waxaa la fahamsan yahay in Uruurinta xajmiga oo ka mid ah qiyamka dardargelinta Caalamka ma yihiin toosan, iyo la ruxruxo Culumida jeestay. Waxaa loo yaqaan "ruxruxo ee caalamka."

Caalamka Wave sheegay in dardargelinta ma at xawaare joogto ah, oo waa la yareeyey, ka dibna la dedejiyey. Oo dhowr jeer. Qubarada badankooda ayaa aaminsan waxay ahaayeen toddoba of hawlgaladaa ee 13,81 bilyan oo sano ka dib Bang Big ah.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, cosmologists weli uma uu jawaabi karo su'aasha ah waxa go'aamisa dardargelinta-deceleration. Fikrado la yareeyo si fikradda ah in beerta tamarta, taas oo u billaabay tamarta madow, koonka ku xiran yahay inuu ruxruxaa. Oo laga soo gudbo hal meel si kale, caalamka oo dhan ayaa waxaa loo kordhiyay dardargelinta, hakintu.

Inkastoo doodaha lagu qanci karo, waxay weli ilaa aragtida ah. Felegga ee rajaynaynaa in macluumaadka Space xoqad "isagga" ayuu xaqiijiyay jiritaanka hirarka caalamka.

Markii aan helay tamarta madow

Waayo, markii ugu horraysay ee dadku ay kuwada hadlaan oo ku saabsan in sagaashankii ah ay sabab u tahay qarax supernovaer. dabiiciga ah ee tamarta madow yahay oo aan la garaneyn. Inkastoo ay weli waa Albert Einstein aqoonsaday joogto cosmological in uu aragti of relativity.

In 1916, a boqol oo sano ka hor, duniyooyinka lagu wali loo arko iska beddelin. Laakiin ciidamada jiidashada interposed: tacsida runtan had iyo jeer ku dhuftay lahaa midba midka kale, haddii caalamka ahaayeen Qunyar. Einstein dhawaaqay cuf ay sabab u tahay ciidamada runtan of repulsion.

Zhorzh Lemetr qiil dhex physics ah. Vacuum ku jira tamar. Sababtoo ah oscillations ay, waxay keeni in muuqaalka kore ee qayb ka ah oo ay tamar burburinta sii noqdo ciidan dheguhu diidayaan.

Marka Hubble cadaato ballaarinta caalamka, Einstein loo yaqaan macno darro ah cosmological joogto ah.

Saamaynta tamarta madow

Abuurista dhaqaajin marka laga reebo at xawaare joogto ah. In 1998, dunida soo bandhigay falanqaynta xogta nooca ugu horeysay ee qaraxyo supernovaer ah. Waxaa la cadeeyay in caalamka oo dhan waxaa si dhakhso ah iyo si degdeg ah u koraya.

Tani waxay dhacdaa sababtoo ah walaxda la garanayn, waxa la odhan jiray "tamarta mugdi ah." Waxaa soo baxday in waxa ay qaadataa ku dhawaad 70% ka mid ah meel bannaan oo caalamka oo dhan. Nuxurka guryaha iyo nooca tamarta mugdi ah aan la fahamsan yahay, laakiin saynisyahano ay isku dayayaan in ay ku ogaado in ay lahayd in falagyada kale.

In 2016, waxaan xisaabiyaa heerka saxda ah ee ballaarinta mustaqbalka dhow, laakiin waxaa jiray jaanqaadayn ah: Caalamka ayaa waxaa loo kordhiyay heerka dhaqso badan jaamacadaha UCLA hore la wareegay. Ka mid ah cilmibaadhe oo dhalisay muran ku saabsan jiritaanka tamarta mugdi ah oo ay saamayn on heerka of ballaarinta xadka caalamka.

Caalamka ballaarinta jirto tamarta madow

Fikradda ah madax-bannaanida ballaarinta nidaamka tamarta mugdi ah koonkan hormartay saynisyahano horraantii 2017. Ballaarinta ay sharxi isbedelka ku dhacay qaab-dhismeedka caalamka oo dhan.

Seynisyahanno ka University Budapest ee Hawaii iyo in go'aan ay ka yimaadeen in farqi u dhexeeya lacagta dhabta ah iyo heerka of ballaarinta la xidhiidha isbeddellada ku dhacay guryaha of space. mid ka mid No qaaday tixgeliyaan in uu jiro nooc ka mid ah caalamka oo dhan la ballaariyo.

Shaki jiritaanka tamarta madow, saynisyahano sharaxo, ee xoogga ugu weyn macno ah in caalamka oo dhan saamayn ku ballaarinta. In content this kale waxaa loo qeybiyaa isku. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xaqiiqda ah ay weli la la'yahay.

Si ay u muujiyaan ansaxnimada fikrado ay, saynisyahano ayaa soo jeediyay ah model mini-koonkan. Waxay u soo bandhigay qaab goobooyin oo waxay bilaabeen inay dhigay xuduudaheedu haya'ad koritaanka xumbo kasta ayaa maraysa heerkii u gaar ah, iyada oo ku xiran ay mass.

Tani jilitaanka ah saynisyahano caalamka tusay in la beddeli karin oo aan qaadashada tamar account. Oo haddii "admixed" tamarta madow, model aysan waxba ka beddelin, saynisyahano odhan.

Guud ahaan, doodda ayaa weli socda. Taageerayaasha odhan tamarta madow, waxay saamayn ku ballaarinta xuduudaha caalamka, soo horjeeda on isaga u gaar ah taagan, ku dooday in qiimaha waa fiirsashada ee arrinta.

Heerka ballaarinta caalamka uu haatan yahay

Qubarada badankooda ayaa aaminsan caalamka bilaabeen inay soo baxaan ka dib markii Bang Big ah. Markaasuu ku dhawaad afar iyo toban billion sano ka hor, waxaa la ogaaday in heerka of ballaarinta caalamka ka dhaqso badan iftiinka. Oo waxay sii wadaan in ay koraan.

In buugga by Stephen Hawking iyo Leonard Mlodinova "A History of Time Briefer," baaqaday in heerka of ballaarinta xuduudaha kama badan karto 10% of a billion sano.

Si loo go'aamiyo waxa heerka of ballaarinta caalamka, xagaagii 2016, Adam Riess guulaystay Nobel Prize xisaabiyaa fogaanshaha in Cepheids ku gaba gaboowday in falagyada u dhow midba midka kale. Xogtan ayaa inoo ogolaatay si ay u xisaabiso heerka. Waxa la ogaaday in Galaxy ee ka fog oo aan ka yarayn saddex milyan oo sano iftiin iska guurayso iska xawaare ka mid ah ku dhowaad 73 km / s.

Natiijadan ayaa waxa ay ahayd la yaab leh, oo telescopes orbital, isla "isagga", hadlay oo ku saabsan 69 km / s. Maxaad go'an yihiin farqiga noocan oo kale ah, saynisyahano ah jawaab ma siin karaan, ma jirto wax ay ku saabsan asalka ah ee arrinta mugdi ah, kaas oo taageeraysa aragtida ah ee caalamka ballaarinta og.

shucaaca madow

Arrin kale oo ay tahay "dardargelinta" ee caalamka, cirbixiyeyaasha ogaaday iyadoo la kaashanayo "Hubble". shucaaca Madow ayaa la rumeysan yahay in ay ka muuqatay bilowga ah ee caalamka. Markaasaa waxaa u dheeraad ah ee tamarta ahaa, uma dhaxeeyo.

shucaaca Dark "caawiyey" tamarta mugdi ah in la ballaariyo xuduudaha caalamka. Khilaaf ku saabsan qeexidda heerka xawaaraha ahaayeen sabab u hubin ee warshadu hawada ku, cilmi u yidhaahdaan.

shaqada dheeraad ah "Hubble" waa in daawashada badan oo sax ah.

tamarta dahsoon burburin kara caalamka oo dhan

xaalad noocan oo kale ah, saynisyahano ayaa ka fiirsaneysa inay tobanaan, kuwaas "Planck" Space Observatory ayaa sheegaya in tani ma aha oo kaliya wararka la isla dhexmarayo. Waxay la daabacay 2013.

"Isagga" qiyaasay "echo" ee Big Bang ah, kaas oo u muuqday in da'da caalamka oo ku saabsan 380,000 sano, heerkulka ahaa 2700 degrees. Waxaa intaa dheer, heerkulka kala duwanaayeen. "Isagga" oo loo aqoonsaday "dhismeedka" ee caalamka:

• ku dhawaad 5% - Xiddiga kooxda, boodhka runtan, meel gaaska, Galaxy,
• ku dhowaad 27% - mass ee arrinta mugdi ah,
• 70% - tamarta madow.

Jirka Robert Kolduel soo jeediyay in tamarta madow awood u leeyahay si ay u koraan. Iyo tamarta this ka jari doonaa waqti-bannaan ee. Galaxy kala fujin doonaa labaatan iyo konton billion sano ee soo socota, saynisyahano odhan. Hawlgalkani waxa dhici doono xuduudaha goor wanaagsan caalamka ballaariyo. Tani jeex oo ka mid ah xiddigaha calooshiisa Jidka, oo wuxuu, sidoo kale, marka laga reebo dhici doonaan.

Cosmos qiyaasay ku saabsan lixdan milyan oo sano. Oo qorraxdii waxay ku noqon doonaa xiddig cilin engegay, oo waxay ka soo dunida kala sooci doonaa. Ka dib markii ay u qarxi Earth. Waayo, soddon daqiiqo ee soo socda, meesha bannaan ee jebin doonaa atamka. Poland waxay noqon burburinta dhismeedka of-time meel doonaa.

Halkee "umado" Jidka calooshiisa ka

Yeruusaalem cirbixiyeyaasha aaminsan yihiin in jidka calooshiisa ka dhaliyay xawaaraha ugu badan, taas oo uu ka badan yahay heerka of ballaarinta caalamka. Seynisyahanno this yeelaan doonaya Jidka calooshiisa u "Attractor Great", waxaa loo arkaa kooxdu ugu weyn ee falagyada. Tan iyo calooshiisa Jidka baxay intii ay cidladii joogeen.

Seynisyahanno isticmaalaan habab kala duwan oo lagu cabbiro xawaaraha of ballaarinta caalamka, sidaas darteed ma jiro natiijo hal of dhimaya this.