Dib u habaynta plastids - arrin caadi ah in dunida ka mid ah dhirta. Plastids: Qaabkadhismeedka, function

Mid ka mid ah kala duwanaanshaha weyn ee u dhexeeya dhirta iyo xayawaanka unugyada ay joogaan ee organelles horeysay cytoplasm sida plastids. Qaab-dhismeedka, gaar ahaan hababka ay dheefshiidka, iyo sidoo kale chromoplasts chloroplasts qiimaha iyo leucoplasts laga wada hadli doonaa in this article.

Dhismaha chloroplast ah

Qaab dhismeedka plastid Green taas oo aan hadda la baaro la xidhiidhaan organelles khasab ah ee unugyada dhirta spore iyo farcankaaga sare. Waxay yihiin organelles cell dvuhmembrannymi oo ay gadood qaab. Tiradoodu cytoplasm waxaa laga yaabaa kala duwan. Tusaale ahaan, unugyada columnar saxan parenchyma caleen tubaakada ku jira ilaa kun oo chloroplasts ee afkoda of qoyska dhirta dalagga ka 30 ilaa 50.

Labada xuubka waa qayb ka mid ah organelle ah, waxay leeyihiin qaabab kala duwan: dibadda ah - siman, saddex lakab, la mid ah xuub ee ugu unugyada dhirta. Gudaha wuxuu ka kooban yahay hannaanka ah laalaabka, loo yaqaan lamellae. Kuwani koley ku xiga flat - thylakoids. lamellae The dhiso shabakad of tubules isku midka ah. Inta u dhaxaysa lamellae waa thylakoids-unugyada. Waxay la ururiyey ee ku dagtay - wejigooda in la isku xidhan karaan. Tiradoodu mid chloroplast - 60-150. The saabka gudaha oo dhan waxaa ka buuxsamay shax ah chloroplast ah.

Organelle leeyahay calaamadaha hoosaad: ay wax u gaar ah hidde - DNA wareeg ah, by kaas oo chloroplasts u badin karaa. Sidoo kale waxaa jira xuub xidhan dibadda boodboodaya organelle ah by geedi socodka ka dhacda cytoplasm ah. Chloroplasts leeyihiin ribosomes iyaga u gaar ah oo u taagoo RNA iyo tRNA ah, iyo sidaas, awood u leh inay synthesize borotiinada.

hawlaha thylakoids

Sida hore loo sheegay, ka plastids unugyada dhirta - chloroplasts, waxaa ku jira in ka kooban kiishashka simay gaar ah ay u yeedhay thylakoids. Waxay helay pigments - chlorophylls (ku lug photosynthesis) iyo carotenoids (hawlgala taageero iyo shaqada trophic). Waxaa kaloo jira nadaam eulayska, falcelinta bixisaa fudud oo wajiga mugdiga ah ee photosynthesis. function Thylakoids sida anteenooyinkooda: waxay diiradda rays iftiinka iyo u tilmaanto Britain chlorophyll ah.

Photosynthesis - habka ugu weyn ee chloroplasts

unugyada Autotrophic ay awoodaan in ay synthesize walxaha organic, in glucose gaar ah, iyadoo la isticmaalayo carbon dioxide iyo tamarta iftiinka. Green function plastid taas oo aanu waxbarasho, waa qayb muhiim ah oo ka phototrophic - noolaha multicellular, sida:

• dhirta spore sare (Muuse, horsetails, Muuse kooxda, ferns);
• abuur (gymnosperms - gingovye, fiiqfiiqan, efedrovye iyo angiosperms ama dhirta ubax).

Photosynthesis - nidaam reactions qayilo-reduction, kaas oo ku salaysan yihiin hanaanka wareejinta electron ka walxaha deeq in qaatey "gartay" iyaga, acceptors-ka loo yaqaan.

Waxyeellada waxaa keeni ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee walxaha organic, in glucose gaar ah, oo kala ah oxygen kelli. Wejiga iftiinka photosynthesis dhacdaa on xuubka thylakoid hoos tallaabada tamarta iftiinka. The photons nuugo Dhectuuro electrons atamka magnesium iftiinka ku jira Midabka cagaarka ah - chlorophyll.

tamarta electron waxaa loo isticmaalaa in walxaha Avv awood-gubaya ATP iyo NADP-H2. Waxay kala jabeen gacanta u reactions wajiga mugdi ah ka dhacaya furta oo ah chloroplast ah. Iskudarka oo ka mid ah cadaanyo dardaro keenaysaa in formation of taagoo of glucose, acids amino, glycerol iyo acids dufanka leh, kuwaas oo u adeega sidii unugyada dhismaha iyo wax trophic.

noocyada plastids

Qaab dhismeedka plastid Green iyo hawlaha taas oo aynu hore dib loo eego, waa in caleemaha, jirridaha, iyo cagaar ma aha nooca kaliya. Tusaale ahaan, in maqaarka midhaha, ee Tent of ubax dhirta ee daboolida sare ee kaalinta labaad dhulka hoostiisa - tubers iyo nalalka, waxaa jira plastids kale. Waxaa loo yaqaan chromoplasts ama leucoplasts.

organelles Biyuhu (leucoplasts) waxay leeyihiin qaabab kala duwan oo kala duwan ka chloroplasts in saabka hoose ma laha tumeen sidii caleemo khafiif - lamella, iyo tirada thylakoids gundhig ee maxalka furta oo yar yar. Matrix laftiisa ka kooban acid ah deoxyribonucleic, ka organelles protein-synthesizing - ribosomes iyo falgalka proteolytic in dumin brotiin iyo carbohydrates.

Leucoplasts waxaa sidoo kale falgalka - synthetase ka qayb formation of taagoo glucose istaarijka. plastids awgeed midab of unugyada dhirta ururayaa nafaqooyinka bedelka: kaabsal protein iyo galleyda. plastids Kuwanu waa hawlaha raasamaal walxaha organic loo badali karaa chromoplasts, tusaale ahaan inta lagu jiro fulan ee yaanyada, in marxaladda of bisil jėrto.

Under microscope iskaanka isagoo xal sare, si cad u kala duwan la arki karo in qaab dhismeedka of dhan saddex nooc oo plastids. Tani waxay ugu horrayn ku saabsan chloroplasts la dhismeedka ugu adag ee la xidhiidha shaqo ee photosynthesis.

Chromoplasts - plastids midabka

Oo ay la socdaan cagaaran iyo Biyuhu in unugyada dhirta waxaa jira a organelles view yeedhay chromoplasts. Waxay leeyihiin noocyo kala duwan oo midabyo: jaalle ah, iyo guduud, casaan. Waxay la mid tahay qaab-dhismeedka leucoplasts: xuub hoose ayaa tiro yar oo ah lamellae iyo tiro yar oo ah thylakoids. Chromoplasts ku jira pigments kala duwan: xanthophylls, carotenes, carotenoids, walxaha photosynthetic kaabayaal ah. Waa plastids, kuwaas oo ku siin midabka ee xididdada dabocase, karootada, miraha, geedo midho leh oo berry.

Sida halkaas oo plastids wadajir loo bedelay

Leucoplasts, chromoplasts, chloroplasts - plastids ah (qaab-dhismeedka iyo shaqada oo aynu ka baran), isagoo asal ahaan caadi ah. Waxay yihiin oo ka soo jeeda meristematic unugyada (waxbarasho), kuwaas oo loo sameeyay protoplastidy - dvuhmembrannye organelles sacciform ilaa 1 micron. Nuurka, waxay adkayn dhismeedkooda: xuub hoose waxaa la aasaasay ka kooban lamellae, oo uu ku dhexsameeysmo by chlorophyll cagaaran Midabka. Protoplastidy noqday chloroplasts. Leucoplasts sidoo kale loo rogi karaa ka yar tallaabada tamarta iftiinka in plastids cagaaran, ka dibna chromoplasts. Dib u habaynta plastid - waa arrin ku baahsan dunida ka mid ah dhirta.

Chromatophores sida horreeyay ee chloroplasts

organisms phototrophic Prokaryotic - bakteeriyada cagaaran iyo guduud, habka photosynthetic waxaa la sameeyaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo bacteriochlorophyll A kuwaas oo u taagoo waxaa lagu abaabulaa on the outgrowths xuub cytoplasmic hoose. Microbiologists rumaysan chromatophores of plastids bakteeriyada ka horreeyay.

Arrintan waxa xaqiijiyay in ay la mid yihiin chloroplasts qaab-dhismeedka, kuwaas oo ay goobjoog ka ahaayeen xarumaha cadaanyo iyo nidaamyada svetoulavlivayuschih iyo natiijada guud ee photosynthesis, taasoo keentay in formation of xeryahooda organic. Waa in la ogaadaa in dhirta hoose - algae cagaaran, iyo sidoo kale prokaryotes, waxay leeyihiin plastids. Tan waxa u sabab xaqiiqada ah in waxbarashada hlorofillosoderzhaschie - chromatophores wareegay ay xilkooda u gutaan - photosynthesis.

chloroplasts Sidee sameeyey

Waxaa ka mid ah mala badan oo ka soo jeedo ee plastid ah diiradda saaraan symbiogenesis. Sida laga soo xigtay inuu fikrado, plastids - unugyada (chloroplasts) kacday in Zaman Archean ay sabab u tahay wax lays of unugyada aasaasiga ah bakteeriyada phototrophic heterotrophic. Waxay markii dambe keentay in formation of plastids cagaaran.

In warqad this waxaan ku baran ah dhismaha iyo shaqada organelles unugyada dhirta dvuhmembrannyh: leucoplasts, chloroplasts iyo chromoplasts. Iyo aad u ogaato qiimaha hawlaha cell.