Cufnaanta molybdenum, hantida jidh ahaaneed iyo farsamo, xeryahooda ee, isticmaalka

Magiciisana waxaa waajib ku ah in biraha disulfide molybdenum, molybdenum la mid dibadda ah oo ore hogaanka - galena (magaca Giriigga ee hogaanka - molybdos).

History of daahfurka ee element

In qarniyadii dhexe ee Yurub, loo yaqaan molybdenum saddex Halabuurka kala duwan, laakiin la mid ah ee midabka iyo qaab-dhismeedka macdanta - galena (PBS), molybdenite (Mos ₂₎ iyo graphite (C). By habka, macdanta "molybdenite" ah (magac kale oo molybdenite) waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida raadad qalin, ka baxo on xaashi of raad meelo godgodan oo-cawlan.

Homeland biraha molybdenum, 42 nidaamka element wareegsan Mendeleev waxaa loo arkaa Sweden. In 1758, farmashiyaha iyo mineralogist dalkan, waxay horyaal u ah nickel Axel Cronstedt soo jeediyay in ay macdan ku xusan yihiin gebi ahaanba kala duwan ee dabiiciga ah. laba sano oo walaalkiis ah farmashiyaha dawooyinka ka dib markii Scheele Köping Karl helay molybdic acid sida soo dadajin cad ( "dhulka madow"), molybdenite by karkaraya in xoog nitric acid. Sayniska aad maskax ahaan fahamsan yahay in haddii acid ee anneal molybdic la dhuxul ah, waxaa suurtagal ah inuu ka soo kabsado biraha. Maqnaato foorno ku habboon, ayuu u soo diray shaybaarka Peter Gelmu, kaas oo si gaar ah in 1782, a carbides biraha cusub xaddi weyn oo nijaasta. Shaqaalaheenna magacaabay element "molybdenum" (formula in miiska wareegsan - Mo).

Xad biraha saafi ah waxaa laga heli kaliya ee 1817 Madaxweynaha oo ka mid ah Swedish Academy of Sciences Jens Berzelius.

walax fudud sifo

habka diyaarinta uu saamayn weyn ku ah guryaha jirka ah ee molybdenum iyo muuqaalkiisa. preform The biraha budo ka hor sintering iyo Ulahoodii - cawl madow. loola dhaqmo palette giringiriyey waa badan doonee - ka ku dhowaad madow inay lacag iftiinka. Molybdenum Mugga - 10.28 t / m ^3. biraha ku dhalaashay heerkulka a 2623˚S, halka 4639˚S - karaysa. Absolutely molybdenum saafi ah ayaa malleability fiican iyo ductility, kaas oo hubinaya in rogid fudud iyo jediyay. dhexroor parison A ilaa 12 mm, xataa heerkulka qolka si xor ah u noqon xerin kartaa gunti a double ama liiska bireed khafiif ah. Birta ayaa conductivity korontada wanaagsan. Joogitaanka nijaasta kordhiyaa engegnaantaada iyo brittleness, iyo inta badan go'aamisa guryaha farsamo ee molybdenum.

xeryahooda waaweyn

Halabuurka The qalabka adag element muujinayaa gobol kale lagu qayilo ka +2 ugu sarraysa (xeryahooda la soo dhaafay ayaa ah kuwa ugu xasiloon), taas oo go'aan ka kiimikaad ee molybdenum ah. Waayo, xarunta this biraha caadiga ah la oxygen iyo halogeen (Moo _3, MoCl5) iyo molybdate (molybdic cusbada acid). reactions qayilo waa suurto gal oo keliya marka heerkulku sare (600˚S). korodhka A dheeraad ah molybdenum xoog fal la carbon, fosfooraska, baaruud. Waa hagaag u diri ee acid nitric kulul ama sulfuric acid.

Phosphorous, arsenic, boric iyo silicic acid sameeyaan adag la xeryahooda molybdenum. The milix ammonium phosphomolybdate ugu fiican u yaqaan oo ku baahday. Walxaha ka kooban molybdenum, ayaa palette ah midab balaadhan oo noocyo kala duwan oo midabo.

technology ee kobcinta ee senti molybdenum

wax soo saarka warshadaha ee molybdenum gabi ahaanba saafi ah waxaa lagu guuleysto oo keliya qarnigii XX ah. Chemical kobcinta ore molybdenum processing ka Horeeyey, ka dib markii shiidi ku daqiijin jireen kubada iyo crushers habka aasaasiga ah ee fuliya shan ama lix-sabeynta. Natiijadu waxay tahay tirada badan (95%) ka mid ah disulfide molybdenum in feedstock ah.

Tallaabada xigta iyo ugu muhiimsan - galidda. Halkan nijaasta aan loo baahnayn la saaraa biyaha, baaruud, iyo reagents sabeynta ee ku harta disulfide molybdenum waxaa oxidized si trioxide. nadiifiskeeda u dheeraad ah waxaa suurto gal ah in siyaabo dhowr ah, laakiin ugu caansan yihiin kuwa soo socda:

• Habka ammonia, taas oo xarunta molybdenum waxaa si buuxda u kala diri iyo nijaasta ah laga saaro;
• sublimation at heerkul ah ka 900 in 1100? C. Result - Moo _{3-fiirsashada} u korodho si 90-95%.

wax soo saarka warshadaha ee biraha molybdenum

Daahiriyeen by marayay trioxide molybdenum hydrogen (shaybaarka inta badan loo isticmaalaa inuu ka soo kabsado carbon ama gaasas carbon-ka kooban, aluminium, Silicon) diyaariyey budo biraha. Geedi socodka la geeyo foornada dabka ah oo gaar ah embriyaha la koror heerkulka si tartiib ah ka 500 1000? C.

wax soo saarka silsilad farsamada birta molybdenum kooban is haysta:

• Cidhiidhinaya. Geedi socodka meel wasakhahaasi steel at cadaadis ilaa 300 MPA. qayb gal ay laftu xal khamriga ah ee glycerol. gogo 'cross ugu badan (ee baararka) kama badna 16 ^cm2, oo dhererkiisuna wuxuu -. 600 cm Waayo isticmaalka caag weyn ama foomamka polymeric. Riixo dhacdaa qolalka shaqeeya meesha dheecaanka cadaadis sare waxaa gareeyeen.
• Sintering. Waxay dhacdaa laba marxaladood. Asal - heerkulka hooseeyo, duration of 30-180 daqiiqo (taas oo ku xiran of billet ah) waxaa lagu fuliyaa iyadoo foorno muffle jawi hydrogen a at 1200 C.? Marka marxaladdan labaad (alxanka) preform waa kuleelka si heer kulka u dhow barta barafku (2400-2500? C). Sidaas darteed, waxa hoos u porosity oo kordhay cufnaanta ee molybdenum ah.

workpiece Large kor ah oo miisaankeedu yahay ilaa 3 tons sintered in induction, electron-dogob ama ARC ee Foornooyinka. Geedi socodka ah ee machining meydadka sintered.

deposit-fasalka sare

Molybdenum - waa element a dhulka dhif in kiliyaha iyo caalamka oo dhan. Of labaatan macdanta jira in dabeecadda, a qiimaha warshadaha weyn iska leh, halka molybdenite kaliya (Mos _2). khayraadka ay yihiin uguna iyo technology hore u sameeyey si saaro biraha ka povellitov, molybdates. Iyada oo ku xidhan Halabuurka macdanta iyo qaabka jirkooda ore, deposit wuxuu u qaybsan yahay xididka, xididka-faafiyay iyo skarn.

kaydka adduunka ee loo yaqaan waa element 19 million tons, ku dhawaad kala bar ay yihiin Shiinaha. deposit ugu weyn molybdenum ee 1924 waxaa loo arkaa inay anigaa boosaska (USA, Colorado) ha la content celcelis ahaan 0.4%. Inta soo kabsaday senti molybdenum isku mar lala yeeshay fiirsato of copper iyo tungsten.

In kaydka molybdenum Ruush yihiin 360 kun. Tan. 10 sahamiyey kayd industrially addoonsada 7 kaliya:

• Sora iyo Agaskyrskoe (Hakassija);
• Bugdainskoye iyo Zhireken (Eastern Zabaikalye);
• Orekitkanskoe (Buriatia);
• Labash (Karelia);
• Tyrnyauz (North Caucasus).

Macdanta waa la fuliyay iyo habka furan oo u xiran yihiin.

qarsoodiga seefo Sumarai

Waayo, dhowr qarniyo, dejiyeyaasha qoriga Yurub iyo aqoonyahanno ku dhibtooday macaamiloon qarsoodiga iyo xoog of seefo Japanese qadiimiga ah laga bilaabo of Millennium labaad, guuldareysteen isku dayaya in ay ka dhigi steel qabow isku tayo sare leh. Kaliya dhamaadka XΙX qarnigii si aad u ogaato in nijaasta steel Japanese ah molybdenum, xallin karo halxidhkii this.

Codsiga waxaa ugu horeeya warshadaha ee molybdenum sida element ah alloying lagu hagaajinayo tayada steel (siinaya nafwaayay iyo qalbi engegnaantooda) addoonsada ee 1891, shirkadda Schneider & Co ka France.

Wax kicinaya weyn ee horumarka ah ee molybdenum metallurgy noqday dagaalkii koowaad ee aduunka. Waxaa muhiim ah in dhumucda hubka kaliga taangiyada English-Faransiis, si fudud qolofka pierceable Jarmal ee heerkiisa la mid ah, waxaa suurto gal ahayd in la yareeyo 75 mm ilaa 25 mm, isagoo intaa ku daray in steel taarikada hubkiisa 1.5-2% molybdenum ah. Tani waxay si weyn u kordhay xoogga mishiinka.

Isticmaalka molybdenum

In ka badan 80% molybdenum loo isticmaalo in account warshadaha for metallurgy ferrous. Haddii aan waa-soo-saarka fakari karin ee steels kulaylka u adkaysta bir ah ee kabka, dhismaha iyo qalab. Mid ka mid ah qayb ka miisaan element ka wanaajinaya tayada of steel u dhiganta laba qaybood miisaan tungsten. Tan iyo cufnaanta molybdenum waa qeybtii Alloys waa fog ka xoogbadan, tungsten marka heerkulku ka hawlgala hoos 1370? C. Molybdenum noqon more kasteba si cementation.

Molybdenum sheegtay in electronic, kiimikada iyo rinjiga warshadaha. In injineernimada waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida wax ku madax adkaadeen. In beeraha xal daciif element si weyn u sii biirey hagaajinaysaa digestibility ee nafaqooyinka by dhirta. Waa in la dhasha maskaxda ku haysaa in qaadasho sare ee molybdenum leedahay saamayn sun on noolaha iyo khudradda, ayaa saameyn xun ku ah deegaanka.

Muhiimadda noolaha

Cuntada waxaa ka mid ah Molybdenum nafaqada dadka iyo xoolaha - mid ka mid ah xubno ka raad ugu muhiimsan. Sida an noolaha firfircoon foomka - coenzymes molybdenum - (Moco) waxaa lagama maarmaan ah si ay u hirgeliyaan in unugyo nool geedi socodka catabolic.

Gaar ahaan ididiilo waa cilmi berrinkii dhaqdhaqaaqa anti-kansarka of molybdenum. Boqolkiiba A sare ee dhacdooyinka kansarka marinka dheef shiidka ka mid ah dadka ku nool tuulada Lin Xian (Gobolka Honan, Shiinaha), hoos u dhac weyn ka dib markii uu codsi ciidda of Bacriminta la content molybdenum ah.

Marar dhif ah, deficiency element jidhka bini'aadamka laga yaabaa in jaahwareer, ciladaha maskaxda, aan caadi ahayn dhimirka ama cudura kale oo halis ah neerfayaasha. dose maalin walba Molybdenum dadka waaweyn waa 100 ilaa 300 micrograms. By waxaa sii kordhaya in 5-15 mg sumowga ciday sun ah, 50 mg - natiijada halis ah. Inta badan ay hodan ku yihiin molybdenum, khudradda caleenta ah, badar, digir iyo nooca berry (currants madow, gooseberries), dhaqanka, waxyaabaha caanaha laga sameeyo, ukunta, beerka iyo kelyaha xoolaha.

dhinacyada deegaanka

The sifooyinka nafleyda ee molybdenum soo rogaan shuruudo ka sareeya wax ore processing qashinka, dhaqmayo adag ee geedi socodka farsamada ee shirkadu si looga hortago saameyn xun ku caafimaadka shaqaalaha ka hawlgala iyo dabeecadda.

Waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in ay saadaal wanaagsan oo dhan tallaabooyin si looga fogaado is geliyey waxyaabaha baaraandegi ee dhulka. Waa in la tixgeliyo in dhirta awood u leeyihiin si uu u nuugo oo ku ururto molybdenum galay, si ay content ee caleemaha iyo caleemaha ka badan waxaa laga yaabaa in fiirsashada la ogolyahay. mass Tani cagaaran wuxuu noqon karaa mid halis u ah xoolaha. Si looga hortago faafidda dabaylo isticmaalo bulaacadahooda dhagax weyn wadey inuu daaha dhulka.

isbeddellada suuqa molybdenum caalamka

Iyadoo Bilowgii hore ee dhibaatooyinka dhaqaale ee caalamka, isticmaalka dunida caalamka molybdenum hoos u dhacay 9%. marka laga reebo waxa uu ahaa Shiinaha, halkaas oo ay jiraan koritaanka a of ilaa 5%. Reaction in hoos u dhac af ee baahida macaamiisha ee 2009 ahaa hoos u dhaca wax soo saarka Muga. By la sii daayo heerka hore ay awoodaan in ay u dhowaan afar sano oo kaliya ka dib, iyo in 2014 dhigay cusub sare oo tan 245 kun.. macaamiisha ugu weyn iyo soo saare ah oo molybdenum iyo waxyaabaha ay sii wadaan in ay noqon Shiinaha.

cufnaanta ee guryaha molybdenum iyo la yaab ka dhigi waxaa haboon steel iyo Alloys naqshadooda halkaas isku darka ah oo miisaankiisu yar yahay ayaa loo baahan yahay, xoog sare iyo daxalka qalabka iska caabin ah. Saadaasha kororka tirada saldhigyada nuclear xoog iyo tamar kale iyo goobaha warshadaha, horumarinta beeraha cusub saliida iyo gaaska ee bay'ada adag North Far iyo Polar ciday ku keeni baahida sii kordhaysa on molybdenum iyo taagayo ay.