Boqortooyadiisa gumeysiga: Abuuridda iyo qalab

The Rayaale gumeysiga horrayn soo baxay in qarnigii XVI ka, marka Europe galay marxalad ee daahfurtay juquraafi weyn. Markii hore, ballaarinta oo dhan gaadhay dalalka oo ilaa haatan aan la garanayn waxay bilaabeen inay Spanish iyo Portuguese. Ay gobolka dhisay boqortooyadiisa gumeysiga classical.

Spain

In 1492, Hristofor Kolumb helay dhowr jasiiradaha Badda Caribbean. Waxay ugu dhakhsaha badan caddaatay in Yurub galbeed ma sugayaan dhowr haraaga ah dalka, balse adduunka oo dhan oo aan la garaneyn. Sayidka ka billaabay abuuridda Dadka reer Rayaale gumeysiga.

Columbus isku dayay in la furo ma aha America, iyo India, u baxay raadin baxay wadada in uu noqon karaa qabsato ganacsiga keeneen uunsiga, iyo kale oo bari waxyaabaha u gaar ah. Navigator shaqeeyay Boqorka Aragon iyo boqoradda Castile. Guurka oo ka mid ah laba ciqaab loo ogol yahay inay ku midoobaan dalalka dariska ah si ay Spain. Isla sanadkaas in Columbus helay America, boqortooyo cusub ka gobolka Muslim koonfureed ee Granada dib. Sayidka dhamaaday Reconquista ka - geeddi-socodka qarniyo jir ah isdaahirinta of Peninsula guulo ka xoogga Muslimiinta.

dhismaha Kuwani ku filnayd in muuqaalka kore ee boqortooyadiisa Spain gumeysiga. degsiimooyinka First Yurub u muuqday on jasiiradaha Caribbean: Hispaniola (Haiti), Puerto Rico iyo Cuba. The boqortooyadiisa gumeysiga iyo Isbaanish aasaasay gumeysi ugu horeysay ee dhulweynaha Mareykanka. Waxa uu noqday in 1510 qalcaddii Panama la magac adag ee Santa Maria la Antigua del Darién. Fort dhigay sahamisa Vasco de Nunez Balboa. Waxa uu marka hore reer Yurub soo tallaabay halkay ku of Panama oo ahayd xeebta Pacific.

qalab gudaha

Qalabka wuxuu u of Rayaale gumeysiga waa ka fiican si ay u eegaan tusaale ahaan ka mid ah Spain, maadaama ay tahay marka hore dalka u amar, oo markaas waa in mass faafay Rayaale kale waxay ku yimaadeen. Waxaa oo dhan waxay bilaabeen la amarka 1520, sida ay sheegtay oo dhan, iyada oo aan marka laga reebo, dalka furan aqoonsaday hantida Crown.

qalab bulshada iyo sharciga waxaa la dhisay sida ay reer Yurub caadiga ah madaxda dhulgoosadka. Xarunta boqortooyadiisa gumeysiga siiyey dal degayaasha Spanish in ay ahaayeen helitaanka hantida qoyska ah. dadka Indian hooyo noqday tiirsan deriska cusub. Isla mar ahaantaana waxa xusid mudan in barbariyiintiina lama rasmi ah u aqoonsatay sidii addoommo. Tani waa hal dhibic oo muhiim ah, taas oo ka caawisaa in la fahmo farqiga u dhexeeya boqortooyadii Spain gumeysiga ee Portugal.

The degsiimooyinka American tirsan Lisbon, addoonsiga ahaa sarkaal. Waxay ahayd reer Portugal abuuray nidaamka gaadiidka ee shaqada raqiis ah Afrika in South America ah. In the case of Spain, ee ku salaysan ku tiirsanaanta ee wax aliyaale Indian - daynta.

Features Viceroyalty

Haysashada boqortooyadiisa in America ayaa u qaybsan Viceroyalty. The ugu horeysay ee ay taxanaha ee 1534 noqday New Spain. Waxaa ka mid xiray West ee, Mexico iyo Bartamaha America. In 1544 Peru la aasaasay, taas oo ka mid ah ma aha oo kaliya Peru, laakiin sidoo kale casriga ah Chile. In qarnigii XVIII halkaas joogay New Granada (Ecuador, Venezuela iyo Colombia) iyo La Plata (Uruguay, Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay). Inkasta oo boqortooyadii reer Portugal gumeysiga gacanta ee America kaliya Brazil, ee hanti Spanish ee World Cusub ahaayeen amar of magnitude weyn.

awood wayn ka badan deegaanada yeelan Boqortooyada a. In 1503, waxaa la aasaasay by Rugta Ganacsiga, kaas oo uu hogaaminayo meydadka garsoorka, dawladda iyo isku dubaridka duurka ku. Si dhakhso ah u badalin magaca oo noqday Golaha Royal saraysa ee laga xiray ka. jidhkan jirey ilaa 1834. Golaha ayaa si toos ah Church ee, garaysan ballan gumeysiga ee saraakiisha iyo maamuleyaasha muhiim ah, xeer-dejintu.

Taliyayaashii Boqortooyada waxay ahaayeen kuwo u hadha. Waayo, meel this magacaabay muddo 4 ilaa 6 sano. Sidoo kale, waxaa jiray post a kabtannada Guud. Waxay si toos ah dalalkan oo kala duwan iyo dhulal la xaaladda gaarka ah. viceroyalty kasta waxaa loo kala qaybiyey gobolladiisa, kuwaasi oo ay madax ka ahaa saraakiil. All Rayaale gumeysiga dunida la abuuray aawadood oo ah faa'iidada. Taasi waa sababta walaac ugu weyn ee taliyayaashii ahaayeen dakhliga dhaqaale iyo waqtiga dhamaystiran khasnaddii.

Misbaax Separate degan kiniisadda. Iyadu waa inaanay gabyeen kaliya diinta, laakiin sidoo kale hawlaha garsoorka. In qarnigii XVI ka tribunal ah xaalkaas Quduuska ah. Mararka qaar falalka ay keentay in cabsi this ka dhanka ah dadka wadaniga ah. The Rayaale gumeysiga weyn lahaa tiir kale oo muhiim ah - magaalada. Meelahaas waxaa degsiimooyinka kiiska Isbaanish, waxaa jiray nooc ka mid ah nidaamka is-xukuumadda. Dadka deegaanka sameeyay cabildo a - talo. sidoo kale waxay lahaayeen xaq u leeyihiin inay doortaan saraakiil qaar ka mid ah. In America, waxaa jiray oo ku saabsan 250 golayaasha sida.

The lakabka ugu firfircoon ee bulshada gumeysiga ahaa mulkiilayaasha iyo soo saarka. Waayo, waqti dheer, waxay ku jireen xaalad ah inferiority la aristocracy dhashay sare-Isbaanish marka la barbar dhigo. Laakiinse kuwaas fasalo ah gumeysi ku mahad koray, iyo dhaqaalaha roon. Waxaa muhiim ah in la ogaado ifafaale kale. Inkasta oo Isbaanish ahaa xoojisay in qarnigii XVIII ka, waxay bilaabeen geedi socodka of burbur dadweynaha oo quruumaha oo kala duwan in qarnigii soo socda dhisay ay gobolka u gaar ah, waayo, Koonfurta iyo Bartamaha America.

Portugal

Portugal muuqday boqortooyo yar, iyadoo dhinacyada oo dhan ku wareegsan hanti Isbaanish. meesha juquraafi noocan oo kale ah ka qaadid dal yar waxaa macquul ah in ay ballaariso in Europe. Halkii of World Old yahay gobolka duudduubay, isagoo indhaha ku kale.

Dhamaadka qarniyadii dhexe, ayaa baxriyiintii Portugal ayaa ka mid ahaa ugu fiican Yurub. Like Isbaanish ah, ay isku dayeen in ay gaaraan Hindiya. Laakiin hadday dhammaantood wax Columbus isku soo baxay si ay u ogaadaan oo kaliya dalka heel in a jihada galbeed aan sugnayn, Portugal tuuray ciidamada oo dhan oo ay ka heleen in circumnavigate Africa. Bartolomeu Dias helay Cape of Good Hope - dhibic koonfureed ee qaarada Madow. Oo duulaan Vasco da gamma 1497-1499 GG ah. ugu dambeyntii gaaray India.

In 1500, Navigator Portugal Pedro Cabral off course bari iyo lama filaan ah helay Brazil. In Lisbon, isla markiiba ku dhawaaqay in uu dalab waayo, shisheeyayaal dhulka ka hor. Soon ee South America ayaa bilaabay in ay u muuqdaan dejinta ugu horeeyay ee reer Portugal, iyo ugu danbeyn Brazil ayaa noqday dalalka kaliya ee Portuguese-ka hadlayay ee Ameerika.

furitaanka Oriental

In kasta oo horumarka galbeed ee ujeedada ugu weyn ee BURCAD hadhay bari. boqortooyadii reer Portugal gumeysiga ayaa gaaray goobta this horumar la taaban karo. cilmi Its helay Madagascar oo ku dhuftay badda Carabta. In 1506 wuxuu ahaa ku qabsaday jasiiradda Socotra. Isla mar ahaantaana Portugal horraysay u soo booqday Ceylon. Waxaa jiray a boqortooyada ku xigeenka of India. Under uu maamulka ku jiray oo dhan deegaanada Bari ee dalka. horyaalka koowaad ee hadha ahaa Admiral Francisco de Almeida.

qalab ee reer Portugal iyo boqortooyadiisa Spain gumeysiga haystay qaar ka mid ah egyihiin maamulka. Labada-boqortooyada ku xigeenka, iyo labada muuqday waqti ay dunida ugu badan waxaa weli ku kala Yurub. Mucaaradka Local labada bari iyo galbeed si fudud u dhigan. gacmaha Yurub galay ciyaaray ay Fadilmo farsamo badan ilbaxnimooyinka kale.

Bilowga ee qarnigii XVI reer Portugal ka qaadeen dekedaha weyn iyo gobollada bariga, Calicut, Goa, Malacca. In 1517, in la dhiso xiriirka ganacsi la fog Shiinaha. About Shiinaha suuqyada ku riyooday boqortooyadiisa kasta gumeysiga. History (Darajada 7) ee dugsiga si faahfaahsan oo ku saabsan mawduuca of the Great daahfurtay dhuleed iyo ballaarinta European dunida oo dhan. Tani ma aha la yaab leh, sababtoo ah iyada oo aan fahamka hawlgaladaa ay adag tahay in la fahmo sida inta kale ee dunida casriga ah. Tusaale ahaan, maanta, Brazil, ma aanan sidaas, sida aannu iyada u aqoonsanno, haddii aan afka Portuguese iyo dhaqanka. Sidoo kale, ugu horeysay ee ka mid ah Yurub badmaax Lisbon furay jidka loo Japan. In 1570s ay bilaabeen gumaysigii reer Angola. In ay ka talinaysay Portugal lahaa Guryahoodu wax badan oo South America, Africa, Hindiya iyo koonfur bari Asia.

Business Empire

Maxaa abuuray boqortooyadiisa kasta gumeysiga? Yurub ku adkeeyey gacanta dalkii qaybaha kale ee caalamka ee ay ka faa'iidaynta khayraadka dabiiciga ah aadanaha iyo in ka badan. Gaar ahaan xiiso waxyaabaha ay gaar ah ama dhif ah: uunsi, birta qaaliga ah, noocyada dhif ah geedaha iyo raaxo kale. Tusaale ahaan, America ee dhoofinta mass ee kafeega, sonkorta, tobaakada, kookaha iyo indigo.

Tilmaamo uu lahaa shaqaalaha waaxda Asian. Halkan, ciidanka keentay in dabcan sabab u noqday UK. British The aasaasay nidaamka qaybinta soo socda: waxay ku iibinayay maro Hindiya, xashiishad ah gadashada isla, kaas oo la dhoofiyo Shiinaha. Dhammaan xirfadahani waxa ay siiyeen weyn dakhliga waqti ay. Isla mar ahaantaana ka soo wadamada Asia in ay Europe laga dhoofiyey shaaha. Xarunta kasta oo boqortooyadiisa gumeysiga damcay inuu dhiso monoboli ku saabsan suuqa dunida. Taas darteed, waxaa jiray dagaal joogto ah. Dalka oo dheeraad ah ayaa waxaa ka faa'ideystay oo doonniyaha dheeraad ah usoo badaha, ayaa in ka badan inta badan khilaafaadka sida qarxay.

Deegaanada ahaayeen "warshadaha" wax soo saarka ee shaqada raqiis ah. Sida ay dadka deegaanka loo isticmaalo (inta badan barbariyiintiina of Africa). Addoonsiga ahaa ganacsi faa'iido, iyo aasaaskii ururka addoon ka mid ah dhaqaalaha ee Rayaale gumeysiga translanticheskaya. Kumanaan ka mid ah dadka deegaanka ee Congo iyo West Africa ayaa si qasab ah loo qaadaa Brazil, xagga koonfureed oo dalka Mareykanka oo casri ah iyo Caribbean.

Ballaarinta ilbaxnimada Yurub

Kasta oo boqortooyadiisa gumeysiga ahayd mid ku salaysan danaha ad-istiraatiiji ah oo ka mid ah dalalka Yurub. aasaaskii qaababka kuwanu waxay ahaayeen dhibcood xoog leh qaybaha kala duwan ee dunida. The saldhigyada more xeebaha muuqday Empire ah, sidaa darteed waxa ay noqotay ciidamada qalabka sida ka badan mobile. Engine ballaarinta European dunida oo dhan ahaa xafiiltanka labada dhinac. dalalka la dirireen kasta oo kale oo loogu talagalay gacanta ku ah waddooyinka ganacsiga ee dhaqdhaqaaqa socdaalka aadanaha ee maraakiibta iyo ciidammada.

boqortooyadiisa kasta gumeysiga u dhaqmeen sida ay tixgalinta sharafta. dhimista kasta oo cadowgu ku in qayb ka mid ah oo kala duwan oo dunida waxaa lagu arkay oo calaamad u ah hoos u dhac in muhiimadda geopolitical. In times casriga ah, xoogga monarchical weli ku xiran aragtida diimeed ee dadka. Taas darteed, dhammaan isku Rayaale gumeysiga Spanish iyo Portuguese arkay ay ballaarinta sida arrin Ilaah ka farxiya oo waxay u dhigantaa in masiixa ee Christian.

Waxay ahayd baahsan luqadaha iyo civilizational ka hor. Faafinta dhaqankooda, boqortooyadiisa kasta in ay xoojiso sharciyad iyo kalsoonida saaxadda caalamka. Its feature ugu muhiimsan ahaa dhaqdhaqaaqa adeegayaasha firfircoon. Galaya faafinta Spanish iyo Portuguese America oo dhan. Diinta ku hadhay ah aalad siyaasadeed oo muhiim ah. Samaynta baahsan dhaqanka, degay ee ku xadgudbin xuquuqda barbariyiintiina maxalliga ah, u diiday, afkooda hooyo iyo iimaanka. From ku dhaqanka this ka dib dhashay ifafaale ah sida kalasaar, midab iyo xasuuq.

United Kingdom

Taariikh ahaan, in Spain iyo Portugal, boqortooyadiisa ugu horeysay ee gumeysiga (fasalka 7aad ee dugsiga si faahfaahsan u yaqaanaan iyaga la), ma ay samayn karin timirta ahaa in halganka la awoodaha kale ee Yurub. Markii hore, kuwa kale oo ku saabsan sheegashada ay badaha, ayaa sheegay in England. Haddii reer Spain si firfircoon qabsado Koonfurta iyo Bartamaha America, British la wareegeen Waqooyiga. khilaafka u dhexeeya labada dal ka qarxay sabab kale. Spain ayaa dhaqan ahaan loo Daafaca ugu weyn ee soo galaya, halka qarnigii XVI ee England halkaas joogay toobadda ah, waxaana uu u muuqday madax banaan oo ka mid ah Church of Rome.

Ilaa waqti isku mid ah u dhexeeya labada dal ayaa bilaabay dagaalka badda. Awoodaha ma waafaqsanayn gacmahooda iyo iyadoo la kaashanayo burcad badeeda iyo privateers. Burcad badeed Soomaali jeer casriga ah waxay noqdeen calaamad u ah in ay ka qabno. Iyana waxay dhaceen wax uploaded US galleons Spanish dahab ah, iyo mararka qaar xitaa ay qabsadeen deegaanka. dagaal Open ruxmay World Old ee 1588, markii Ingiriisi raxan ka baabbi'iyeen Armada ah. Spain ayaa ku soo gashay muddo ah dhibaato muddo dheer. Tartiib tartiib, ayay ugu dambayntii u dhiibay si ay Ingiriisi ah, iyo ka dib Boqortooyada Ingiriiska hoggaanka 's tartanka gumeysiga.

Netherlands

In qeybtii hore ee qarnigii XVII ah, waxaa jiray boqortooyadii kale oo weyn gumeysiga, dhisay by Netherlands. Waxaa ka mid ah dalka reer Indonesia, Guyana, India. Dutch lahaa posts sare Formosa (Taiwan) iyo Ceylon. soo horjeeda ugu weyn ee Netherlands ahaa Boqortooyada Ingiriiska. In 1770-mada. Dutch qaybin by degaanadii British ee North America. Mid iyaga ka mid ahaa Magaalooyinka mustaqbalka ee New York. In 1802, sida cadaato wareejiyo Ceylon iyo Cape Colony ee Koonfur Afrika.

Tartiib tartiib, hantida ugu weyn ee Netherlands ee qaybaha kale ee adduunka oo bilaabay inuu Indonesia. On dhulkeeda u dhaqmeen Shirkadda Dutch East India. Waxay ku baayacmushtaray alaabta bariga oo muhiim ah: lacag ah, shaah, copper, suuf, dunta, dhoobada, iyo xariir, ipium iyo dhir udgoon. In ka talinaysay ee boqortooyadiisa gumeysiga Netherlands monoboli ku saabsan suuqyada ku Pacific iyo Indian Ocean. Waayo, ganacsiga la mid ah la Dutch Company America West Hindiya waxaa la aasaasay. Labada shirkadaha ayaa la baabiiyo dhamaadka qarnigii XVIII ka. Iyadoo la tixgelinayo oo dhan boqortooyadii gumeysiga Netherlands, waa wax la soo dhaafay qarnigii XX ah, oo ay weheliyaan Rayaale ee tartanka Yurub.

France

Laga bilaabo of boqortooyadii Faransiiska gumeysiga la dhigay in 1535, markii Zhak Karte sahamiyey ee Lawrence St. River ee jooga-maalin Kanada. In qarnigii XVI Boqortooyada Bourbon uu lahaa ugu casri ah iyo wax ku ool ah ee dhaqaalaha waqtiga ee Europe. Waayo, horumarinta waxaa ka mid ah oo ka hor Portugal iyo Spain. Faransiis The bilaabeen inay gumeysato dalalkan cusub ee 70 sano ka hor British ah. Paris tirin karin xaaladda a Magaalooyinka waaweyn ee dunida.

Laakiin France ma uu karin inuu si buuxda uga faa'iidaystaan ka iman kara. Waxay reebay xasilooni darro gudaha ah, kaabayaasha ganacsiga saboolka ah, iyo sidoo kale ceebaha in siyaasadda dib u dejinta. Sidaas darteed, in qarnigii XVIII in meesha ugu horeysa waxay ahayd Britain, iyo France waxay ahayd in doorarka sare ee tartanka gumeysiga. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ayay sii waday in ay ka tirsan tahay dhulka ballaaran oo adduunka oo dhan.

Ka dib markii dagaalkii toddobadii sannadood ay in 1763, France badiyay Kanada. In North America, dalka ayaa ku hadhay Louisiana. Waxaa la iibiyey sanadkii 1803 by United States. In qarnigii XIX ee France ka badan diiradda on Continent Madow ah. Waxay qabsadeen degaanka weyn ee West Africa, sidoo kale Algeria, Morocco iyo Tunisia. France ka dib dalku in Southeast Asia. dalalkan oo dhan helay madaxbannaanidooda qarnigii XX ah.