5 jiilka kombiyuutarada. Computer Future: Description

The kombiyuutarada horeysay elektarooniga ah (PC), ama kombuyuutarada in lagu abuuray ee 30-40-mada ay qarnigii XX. Muuqashadii waa, si adag u hadlaya, oo calaamadsan bilowgii marxaladda hadda ee horumarka teknoolajiyada macluumaadka. Halkaa marka ay marayso 5 waxaa caadi loo isticmaalaa jiilka computer, laakiin horyaalka nidaamyada computer ka ab waa mid aad u shuruud.

Jiilkii ugu horeeyay ee kombiyuutarada

Laga bilaabo of abuurka ah ee kombiyuutarada elektarooniga ah waxaa loo arkaa inay horumarinta ee korantada Jarmal, loo isticmaalo si loo xisaabiyo Relay ee farsamada korontada. Markaas, Americans ka sameeyey horumar degdeg ah a farsamada in bedelay Relay dhuumaha vacuum electronic.

• The kombiyuutarada ugu horeysay ee Relays korontada ee sano ee 1938-41 ayaa la abuuray ee Germany (models Z1 / Z2), ka dibna technology la ansixiyay by British ah.
• supercomputer The ugu horeysay, "Mark waxaan», sarraysa size ee nus garoonka kubadda cagta ah, waxaa la abuuray by dadaalka IBM ee dalka Mareykanka (1944).
• The computer tube universal horeysay ENIAC ah, oo loogu talagalay by ah injineer American korantada John Eckert (Eckert) iyo jirka dadka Maraykanka Dzhonom Mouchli (Mauchly), oo loogu talagalay ugu horrayn si ay u xaliyaan dhibaatooyinka ballistics, lahaa ku dhawaad 20,000 tuubooyinka vacuum iyo 1500 Relays. Yaxaas baabbi'in ilaa 150 kw awood.

Jiilkii labaad ee kombiyuutarada

feature A ee jiilka soo socda ee kombiyuutarada waa guurka ka tuubooyinka vacuum waayo, been abuurtay ee 1948 transistors. Xarunta ugu horeysay computer electronic transistorized NCR-304 waxaa soo ururay ee dalka Mareykanka by NCR 1954, si kastaba ha ahaatee, kororka kombiyuutarada sida la helo by 1960.

Jiilkii saddexaad ee kombiyuutarada

Iyada oo ku saleysan circuit dhafan (hore 1960). Mararka qaarkood loo yaqaan chip isku dhafan circuit, ama chip (chip in turjumaad ka soo English - "qaadin"). C 1965 ayaa la bilaabay mid ka mid ah mashiinada ugu wanaagsan ee qarnigii saddexaad ee IBM / 360 qoys ee mashiinada, kuwaas oo ka kooban toddoba daydo. By habka, 5 jiilka kombiyuutarada aasaas ahaan ma aha mid ka duwan odeyga, iyo IBM waa horumar badan tahay kombiyuutarada badan kacaanka.

jiilka afaraad

Dhacdo computer jiilka afaraad ku xiran yahay horumar ah ee wareeggeedii dhafan. In 1950, ee American K. Lark-Horovitz (Lark-Horovitz) dhowaadeen inay suurtagal ah dawooyinka neutron of germanium element kiimikada dareenka. Qaabkan ee hore 60 bilowday codsanaya in Silicon: taarikada ultrapure ay bilaabeen saara technology dhafan by Bannaanka dhafan ee loo yaqaan oo baaxad weyn (LSI), ka dibna - baaxad aad u ballaaran wareeggeedii isku dhafan (VLSI):

• 1000-10 LSI 000 ka kooban yahay xubno ku chip Semiconductor ah (sida caadiga ah on dusha baraf).
• VLSI jira in ka badan 10,000 oo unugyada.

Dhacdo of wareeggeedii LSI iyo VLSI ayaa suurto gal microprocessors ah.

The kombiyuutarada qarniga shanaad

By iyo kombiyuutarada badan oo jiilka shanaad iyo afaraad waxaa ugu sugan calaamooyin badan caadi ah in khubaro badan oo iyaga geeyo qarniga hal. Waxaa la rumeysan yahay in shanaad waa kombiyuutarada shakhsi is haysta loogu talagalay hal ama laba dadka isticmaala. PC First "Altair 8800" qiraneysaa shirkadda (Micro Instrumentation iyo Systems Telemetry), ayaa la sii daayay sanadkii 1975. Sannad ka dib, uu "kombiyuutarada shakhsi" Apple I (1976) iyo Apple II (1977) soo bandhigay Computer Apple ah. Ka dib markii la sii daayo PC nidaam ay IBM PC 1981 kombiyuutarada shakhsi ugu dambayntii dunida ay qabsadeen.

view kale

Dooda ku saabsan in ama aan si sax ah u aqoonsan 5 qarniga kombiyuutarada sida wax kacaan cusub, isagoo wakhti dheer. Haddii aad la wadaagto jiilka computer qaybaha hardware ah, waxaa soo baxday in xitaa dhexeeya farcankii saddexaad iyo kan afraad ee line waa mid aad u dhuuban, laakiin waxaad la hadli kartaa ugu yaraan muuqaalka kore ee microprocessors.

"Kombiyuutarada jiilka Fifth" Ereyga xilligan aan la hubin oo waxaa loo isticmaalaa siyaabo kala duwan. khubarada qaar ayaa rumaysan Bar bilaw of abuurka ah ee PC dual-muhiimka ah ee 2005 ka.

Casriga ah halkii computer ah?

Falanqeeyayaasha ayaa inta badan ku doodaya, sida mustaqbalka ee kombiyuutarka shakhsi doono - ma supercomputer ah dhibaatooyin baaxad weyn, kuwaas oo ah PC. Marxaladda hadda horumarinta macluumaad iyo teknolojiyada isgaarsiinta waxa lagu gartaa horumarinta mid aad u dhakhso ah iyo ku dhawaad isku mar ah shabakadaha computer (gaar ahaan doorka ay ciyaareen ah ee Internet network caalamka oo dhan, kuwaas oo ka hawlgala ku saleysan World Wide Web - Wide Web World) iyo isgaarsiinta mobile. Oo smartphone casri ah lagu daro, dhab ahaantii, dhammaan hawlaha computer shakhsi.

Sida technology network computer iyo technology isgaarsiinta mobile si joogto ah loo soo hagaagtay, isbedel si mustaqbalka ee falanqeeyayaasha halis ah muddo gaaban arko in Yaraynta ee qalabka aan wax u dhimin waxqabadka. Haddii aad haatan heysatay guddiga (go'an) PC, taas oo si tartiib ah u bedelay buugaagta, laptops, ultrabooks iyo kombiyuutarada kiniin, ugu dhakhsaha badan oo dhan oo iyaga ka mid lagu beddeli karo jiil cusub oo kombiyuutarada ku salaysan casriga ah ee la casriyeeyay.

doorka gaarka ah waa in la ciyaaray by ah ee qaab dabacsan in mar horeba la soo saaray ee Maraykanka iyo Japan tan iyo sannadkii 2008. Waana mid ka, ee darbi dabacsan in dar ilaa, sida buug, ama ay isku laab galay qaab tube ayaa durba la abuuray (maqaalka, waxaad ka arki kartaa in ay photo).

Kombiyuutarada ee mustaqbalka

rajada ugu weyn ee jihada this la xidhiidha indhaha kombiyuutarada (photonic). Fikradda ah ee indhaha (photonic) xisaabaha - xisaabaha la sameeyaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo photons, kaas oo dhab ahaan by laser ama diode - leedahay taariikh dheer cadaalad ah. Faa'iidooyinka waa bayaan, oo isticmaalaya photons (la dhaqaaqin xawaaraha iftiinka), waxaa suurto gal ah si ay u gaaraan heerka ah gudbinta incomparably ka badan isticmaalaya electrons (sida makiinadaha jira).

Tani waxay noqon doontaa horumar degdeg ah a asaasiga ah oo duurka ku ah hardware iyo siiyaan cusub (joogo) 5 jiilka kacaan kombiyuutarada. Fikradda kombiyuutarada photonic bilaabay in la helo ciidan qalab sida ugu dhakhsaha badan Institute Massachusetts ee Technology (US) ee 1969 ayaa la saadaaliyay, iyo in 1976 waxaa jiray waayo-aragnimo ah ee metastability indhaha. Wixii qalab qalliin ku saleysan this ifafaale u baahan Semiconductor, hufan ee gobolka a of spectrum iyo waa Doolaal in kale, iyada oo dabeecad u soo maratay Fansaarada aan indhaha (tus, antimonide indium). wareeggeedii Logic on xubno indhaha sida la qalo karo xawaare ka mid ah 1000 billion hawlgallada macquul per labaad.

In July 2014 Institute Weizmann ah (Israa'iil) abuuray router photonic - qalab ku saleysan hal eb ah, awood u leh inay beddelaan mid ka mid gobolka galmada si kale, oo u ogolaanaya unit si toos ah rays iftiinka on wadada la siiyo. router Photonic - cunsur muhiim ah in la abuuro doono computer ugu horeysay photonic mustaqbalka.

deegaanka software

In berrinkii xalkaas brainware suurto gal ah ee la xidhiidha horumarinta xisaabta - aragtida ah ee automata iyo aragti la xidhiidha si dhow of algorithms, aragti computability iyo aragti kakanaanta xisaabeed. Aragti Automata, iyo aragtida ah ee algorithms - qaybaha macquulka xisaabeed classical, kuwaas oo dareenka waxaa diiradda lagu saaray su'aasha ah waxa la iswada karo ama xisaabin.

On aragtida ah ee algorithms adjoins aragtida ah ee computability (aragtida ah ee hawlaha recursive). Aragti kakanaanta xisaabeed (ama aragti ah ee kakanaanta xisaabeed) - qaybta kale ee xisaabta Discrete, kaas oo si dhow u la xiriira sayniska kombiyuutarka. Arrinta ugu weyn ee aragtida this: "Waa maxay qadarka khayraadka lagama maarmaanka u ah xisaabinta (computability haddii dhibaatada la xalin)?" Codsiyada badan, kaalin gaar ah waxaa ciyaaray by horumarinta aragtida garaaf.

sirdoonka macmal (IE)

In sayniska filimada khayaali iyo suugaanta jiilka mustaqbalka ee kombiyuutarada waxaa inta badan soo bandhigay sida nooc ka mid ah sirdoonka macmal, intooda go'aan ka mid ah dadka dhibaatooyinka, iyo xaaladaha qaarkood ( "Matrix The", "Terminator The") waa maado Dadka. filimada noocan oo kale ah oo camal daabacay nagu qabaa in bulshada IE u baahan yahay, taasoo sii shiday xiisaha loox video iyo sawiro cajiib ah.

Computers mustaqbalka run ahaantii la qorsheeyay in la siiyo xubno ka tirsan sirdoonka macmal ah oo horumarsan, laakiin ay waxba u qaban ma yeelan doonaan in ay "sheekooyin naxdin" ee blockbusters Hollywood leeyihiin. Si loo xaliyo dhibaatooyinka sirdoonka macmal, gaar ahaan horumarinta nidaamyo taageero go'aanka caqli (ISPPR), Waxaa sii kordhaya isticmaalo laamo non-jireenka ah ee xisaabta, sida aragtida ah kooxo haydh iyo macquulka ah haydh, iyo aragtida ah ee fursadaha iyo aragtida ixtimaalka.

natiijooyinka

computer Modern nidaamyada iyo tiknoolajiyadda macluumaadka ku jira oo la sii kordheysa loo isticmaali doonaa in beeraha kala duwan ee nolosha aadanaha - in sayniska iyo farsamada, waxbarashada iyo dhaqanka, wax soo saarka, gaadiidka iyo adeega qaybaha. Waxay sameeyaan qaabka nolosha casriga ah, ay dhaqanka, aragtida dunida iyo ficilka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, horumarinta teknoolajiyada kuwaas oo xanbaarsan la khatarta badan. Sidaa darteed, horumar dheeraad ah ee macluumaadka iyo isgaarsiinta qalabka waa inay tagaan gacanta ee gacanta ku humanization bulshada.