Waa maxay qaarada koonfureed ee dunida

Haddii aad weydiiso a boqol oo qof, "Waa maxay qaarada koonfureed caalamka", xaq, hoogtay, in ay awoodaan in qof kasta oo aan ka jawaabin. Si aad u kala firdhinta wax shaki ah kuwa aadan aqoon jawaabta su'aashan, Boos mar, in qaarada koonfureed waa Jacaylku. Waxaa la furay ugu dambeeyey ee qaaradood dhulka.

In search of Jacaylku

The geographers qadiimiga ah iyo Socdaalba looga shakisan yahay in ay u Safra koonfurta waa in ay ahaadaan qaaradda weyn. Intii uu search for Australia la helay, oo waxaa muddo dheer loo qayb ka mid ah qaaradda this. Later, uu ogyahay jasiiradda dhow Jacaylku. Long ka hor furitaanka Yimaadeen mala badan oo ku saabsan jiritaanka dal gaar ah South. Si aad u hesho u diray sahamo badan, taas oo lagu ogaan karaa oo kaliya jasiiradaha waaweyn qaarada, laakiin waynaha muddo dheer heli waayeen. In daraasadda New Zealand James Cook la ogaaday in uusan ahayn jasiiradaha qiyaas koonfurta qaaradda a.

qaarada koonfureed ee dunida furay duulaan a Ruush hogaaminayo F. F.Bellinsgauzena January 28, 1820. In 1831-33, sahamisa Ingiriiska George Biscoe. Dhoofay agagaarka Jacaylku. In shiraaca ku 19aad qarnigii si Jacaylku dib u bilaabay ay sabab u tahay baahida sii kordhaysa ee whaling. Dhammaadkii qarnigii XIX xeebaha baraf waynaha hir sahamo badan: Norway, Scottish iyo Belgian.

In 1898-99 sano Borchgrevink qaatay jiilaalka ugu horeysay ee dhulweynaha koonfurta (Cape Adare). Muddadan, waxa uu ahaa awoodaan si ay u falanqeeyaan ee cimilada iyo xeebaha. ka dibna uu go'aansaday in uu gudaha u guuraan si ay u sahamiyaan qaababka ay.

Furitaanka qarnigii 20-

Qarnigii 20aad, waxbarasho rukunka ugu qabow ee meeraha sii. In 1901-04 ee safarka qaaradda koonfurta (photo taas oo aad si cad u hoos ku arki kartaa) by R. Scott sameeyey. Uu markabka "Discovery" wuxuu u yimid inuu xeebaha Badda Ross ah. Sidaas darteed of duulaan ku Peninsula Edward iyo Ross Ice la furay. Scott ayaa sidoo kale wuxuu ahaa awoodaan si ay u ururiyaan xogta ku saabsan cilmi dhul ah, macdanta, dhirta iyo ugaarta of Jacaylku.

In 1907-09 sano sahamisa Ingiriisi ah Shackleton doonayay si aad u hesho on gaari baraf si South reer Poland, furitaanka jidka mid ka mid ah glaciers ugu weyn - Beardmore sitoos. Laakiin sababta oo ah natiijada dhimashada eeyaha gaari baraf iyo fardihii uu lahaa in ay dib u soo noqdaan inta aan la gaadhin baallaha 178 km.

The ugu horeysay kan kara inuu gaadho South reer Poland, waxay ahayd a sahamisa Norwegian horjeeda R. Amundsen (December 1911). Bil uun ka dib si Cidhifka Waqooyi ee group hogaaminayo Scott yimid. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, oo ay jidka ku soo celiyo, inta aan la gaadhin 18 km xerada saldhig ay, duulaan ku xoog ku halligmeen. jirkooda iyo qorada ay heleen bilood 8 kaliya ka dib.

kaalin weyn in ay daraasadda of Jacaylku ayaa geologist Australia D. Mawson, wuxuu in ka badan 200 walxaha juquraafi (dhulka, Princess Elizabeth, Queen Mary, Mac Robertson iyo kuwa kale) baa'bin.

In 1928, qaarada koonfureed ee dunida diyaarad, booqday American sahamisa kala horjeeda iyo pilot R. Baird. Laga soo bilaabo 1928 illaa 1947, wuxuu hoos hoggaanka 4 guutadii la fuliyey, taas oo keentay in shuqullada on seismological, dhulka iyo kuwa kale ee waxbarashada. Qubarada ayaa sidoo kale laga helay Jacaylku waa kayd badan oo dhuxusha.

xarumaha cilmi-baarista

In 40-50 sano ee qaarada baraf ah ayaa bilaabay in la abuuro xarun cilmi-baaris ah oo saldhig u ah dhulka xeebta ee Research. Muddadan ahaa oo ku saabsan 60 saldhigyada ku salaysan in iska leh ee 11 dal.

Tan iyo markii ay 50s daahay 'iyo badaha maydha waynaha, si firfircoon shaqo qabashada Oceanic, fuliyeen sahan fiisikada on saldhigyada taagan qaaradda, sameeyay duulaan gudaha. In 1959 waxaa la saxiixay heshiiska caalamiga ah ee Jacaylku, taas oo uu ka qayb qaatay daraasadda ee qaaradda barafka. In 1965 waxaa la furay "Mirny" fiirinta Soviet. Fogaan ah 1400 km xeebaha la dhisay saldhigga cilmi kale USSR - "East". "Lazarev", "Novolazarevskaya", "Komsomolskaya" jaray 88.3 C, iyo heerkulka celceliska August ee aagga this waa laga jaray 71 C. Later Jacaylku koonfurta qaaradda Soviet, aamusa saldhigyada dhowr - in rikoor heerkulka yar yahay waxaa laga soo qoray degaanka ee saldhigga , "Leningrad", "Dhalinyarada." Haddaba, ul ugu qabow sanad walba soo diray sahamo kala duwan.

Astaamaha u gaarka ah qaarada

qaarada qabow been oo gebi ahaanba gobolka koonfurta, waxaa loo yaqaannaa Antarctic ah (ka Giriigga ah "anti" macnihiisu yahay "ka dhan ah"), in uu yahay, waa ka dhanka ah meesha ugu badan waqooyi ee dhulka - Arctic ah.

Taas oo qaaradda ayaa wadataa ah? qaarada koonfureed ku sugan 48-60 degrees Yu.Sh. Its aagga la armaajo baraf - 13 975 000 oo mitir oo laba jibbaaran. m. territory SIZE la gacmeed qaaradda 16.355 sq m.. M. The tip ugu waqooyiga - Cape Sifre, waxaa aad u dheer oo dhuuban, iskala ka jihada of South America.

dhulweynaha Center waxaa conventionally loo yaqaan "cirif ee helitaan", waxa uu ku yaalaa ku saabsan 660 km ka South reer Poland. Dhererka xeebta - Km 30 thous..

gargaarka

Waxaan sii wadi inaad wax ka barato qaaradda qabow si faahfaahsan. qaarada koonfureed waxaa loo qaybiyaa laba qaybood: xididkii iyo baraf. Dhulka miyiga ah ee Jacaylku degan banka glacial in uu ka duleedka dhulweynaha ee guriga, ka dibna ku dhaadhaca ah si tartiib ah dhireedku. Dhib badan dhul ka mid ah goobaha xeebaha: meelo kale oo baraf leh dildilaaca iyo bannaanka badan oo armaajo oo baraf oo aad ka arki kartaa saftay barafka ah. Jacaylku - waa ma aha oo kaliya qaaradda ugu koonfureed ee dhulka, laakiin sidoo kale ugu sarreeya. sarajooggiisu wuxuu celcelis ahaan dusha sare - 2040 m, taas oo ku dhawaad saddex jeer ka weyn yahay, sarajooggeeduna wuxuu celcelis ahaan ka mid ah qaaradaha kale.

Khilaaf ku saabsan muuqaalka guud ee dhulka lagu arkay qeyb ka mid ah Bari iyo Galbeed ee qaarada. East Jacaylku - waa baraf, kaas oo ugu dhaceen baxdo xeebaha iyo gudaha waxa uu noqonayaa Caraabaah. gobollada dhexe waa banka ah in ay gaaraan 4000 m, waxaa loo arkaa qaybi barafka. In West Jacaylku waa saddex xarunta glaciation leh height a of 2.5 kun. Mitir. Xeebta kala bannaanka armaajo oo baraf. Buuraha ugu sareeya: Kerpatrik (4530 m) iyo Sentinel (5140 m).

macdan

Ma doonaysaa in ay bartaan macluumaad dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan berriga? qaarada koonfureed waa hodan ku ah kayd of iron ore, dhuxul, graphite, crystal ayaa dhagaxayga weyn, dahabka, uranium, copper, Miikaa, lacag ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, si ay u fuliyaan hawlaha macdanta adag tahay sababtoo ah xaashida baraf xoog badan. Laakiin kiis kasta rajada geyi-Antarctic waa mid aad u sarreeya.

cimilada

cimilada uu yahay qaarada horjeeda qabow iyo qaaradda. In kasta oo xaqiiqda ah in habeenkii horjeeda ee Jacaylku socdaa muddo dhawr bilood ah, qiyaasta sanadlaha guud ee shucaaca ficil ahaan waa loo siman yahay si xuduudaheedu shucaaca ee aagga Equatorial ah.

Waa maxay qaarada koonfureed, waxaan ka helay. Laakiin in kasta oo ay goob Hemisphere ka Koonfureed, waxaa halkan waa in ay jirto cirif ah qabow ee caalamka. In 1960, "Vostok" saldhiga ayaa la diiwaan heerkulka - 88,3 C. The heerkulka qaboobaha celceliska - ka - 60 C inay - 70 C, iyo xagaaga - ka -30 C inay -50 C. Near heerkulbeegga xeebaha marnaba baxdo kor ku xusan 10-12 degrees. Xilliga jiilaalka xeebta ku saabsan yahay - 8 C. The tacsida hawada qabow yihiin in gobollada dhexe ee Jacaylku, abuurista dabaylo katabatic, kuwaas oo xeebaha gaari xawaare aad u sarreeya, oo inta badan ay xitaa leexdo xagga duufaan a. Roobab dhacdaa si dhif ah oo kaliya ee foomka of baraf. Qoyaan - in aan ka badnayn 5%.

Dhirta iyo ugaarta

Waxay caddeeyeen in sanado badan ka hor qaaradda this ma ahayd wakhtiga qabowga weligeed ah. Waxa ay ahayd diiran, iyo webiyada iyo harooyinka aadan talaagada. Haddaba, si kastaba ha ahaatee, ku dhirta iyo ugaarta ee gobolka waa mid aad u kala duwan. Dhirta ee Jacaylku - planus, algae buluug-cagaaran iyo Muuse. xoolaha halkan waxaa la helay cayayaan caynkiisa, kalluunka biyaha saafiga ah, nuujiya jidhadhka dhulka. In dhulka xeebaha, pingvin kulaylaha, skuas, petrels, oo ku nool badda shaabadood shabeel iyo shaabadood.

South America

Haddii aad aaminsan tahay in South America - waynaha koonfurta, ka dibna aad tahay qalad ah. Waxay ku taalaa koonfurta iyo Northern Hemisphere ee. qaaradda waxaa ku xiran North America by halkay ku of Panama, oo xagga bari ka by Badweynta Atlaantik iyo galbeed - Pacific. Its aagga - 17.8 million mitir oo laba jibbaaran. km. (The qaaradda afaraad ee ugu weyn). Waxaa degan 13% ka mid ah dalka. Dhererka South America waqooyi ilaa koonfur - 7350 km, laga bilaabo bari ilaa galbeed - oo ku saabsan 4900 km.

qaarada wuxuu u qaybsan yahay 6 goobaha juquraafi ahaan:

1. nidaamka buurta geedka kokaha (waddaa dhererka oo dhan xeebta galbeed).
2. buuraleyda Brazil iyo Guiana
3. Pool Orinoco (qaybtii low-beenta u dhexeeya banka Guiana iyo Venezuela geedka kokaha).
4. Amazon dooxada (waasiciyo ka foothills ee geedka kokaha in Badweynta Atlantic ah).
5. Bannaankii Paraguay, Bolivia iyo Pampa tubooyinka.
6. Patagonia taagga.

magaalada ugu weyn oo ugu daawashada ee South America: Santiago, Buenos Aires, Lima, Sao Paulo, Bogota, Rio de Janeiro, Caracas.

qaaradda ee la soo dhaafay

Waa maxay qaaradda koonfurta muddo dheer u diriray xoriyadooda? Qarnigii 16aad, South America waxa haystay reer Spain. Holland, Portugal, British waxay ahaayeen gaar ahaan firfircoon oo kaliya ee waqooyi bari. Muddo dheer, qeybta libaax ee qaaradda ahaa dhul dibada ee Empire Isbaanish ah. Dhaafka ka Maxmiyadda Spanish dhacay qarnigii hore 19-kii iyada oo sababtu tahay dagaal lagu hoobtay oo madax. In qowmiyadaha South America waa boorish ah oo dadka Hindiya, ka, quruumaha European kale Isbaanish iyo North Americans.

Inta badan dalalka la yaal berriga, waxaa lagu gartaa horumarinta dhaqaalaha daciif ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, qaar ka mid ah iyaga ka mid ah waxaa laga aqoonsan yahay by awoodaha warshadaha awood badan.

Australia

South dhulweynaha Australia waxay ku saabsan tahay 5% dusha sare ee dhulka. Like Jacaylku, waxaa gebi ahaanba waa in Hemisphere koonfurta. Waxaa inta badan loo yaqaan "qaaradda cagaaran". dhulweynaha Area - 7.659.861 sq. km. Waxay kala waqooyi ilaa koonfur - 3700 km, iyo min bari ilaa galbeed - oo ku saabsan 4000 km. xeebta - 35 877 km. xeebta Patriots qaarada halkii sinnayn. Meelaha ugu Patriots - xeebaha koonfurta iyo waqooyiga.

Australia waxaa lagu maydhay by Oceans ee Indian iyo Pacific, sidoo kale badda; Tasman, Coral iyo Timor. Aan ka fogayn dhulweynaha waa jasiiradda of Tasmania, iyo sidoo kale jasiiradda New Guinea. At xeebaha bari waa u gaar Great Barrier Reef (xigtaa ah Qoryaale dhagax badeed iyo jasiiradaha, oo dhererkiisu waa 2300 km). Inta u dhaxaysa xeebaha Australia iyo Reef Barrier waa waxa loogu yeero Big haro badda, iyadoo si qoto dheer ah 100 m, waxaa sidoo kale laga ilaaliyo hirarka badda.

cimilada

Haddaba bal aynu eegno cimilada oo ka mid ah qaaradaha koonfurta, iyo in dhacdooyinka Australia. Ku dhowaad saddex-meeloodow dhulkeeda waxaa kujira lamadegaanka iyo semi-lamadegaanka. meelaha Northern waa in kulaale, ee koonfurta-galbeed ee cimilada Mediterranean ka, iyo koonfur-bari iyo jasiiradda of Tasmania - dhexdhexaad ah.

Maxaad aan halkan dhamaadka haysaan? Waa maxay qaarada koonfureed? Hadda waxaad si ammaan ah u oran karaa in qabow iyo karin Jacaylku waa. Australia, sidoo kale, waa gebi ahaanba in Hemisphere koonfurta, laakiin meel fog ka soo qaaradda in qaarada baraf waa dhowr kun oo kiiloomitir.