Waa maxay kala duwan oo ku saabsan Zaman ee Catherine 2? sawirka taariikhi ah

Qabow subax qaboobaha 12 February 1744 iyada oo maraya iridda xadka of Riga ah, gayiga Empire Ruush ah guurtay alaabtii la laba haween ah. Mid iyaga ka mid ahaa oo naagtii ahu Jarmal Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst - Johanna Elizabeth. iyada ku xigtayna waxaa fadhiyey gabadheeda jir ah shan iyo toban sano, Sophia Augusta Frederika Angalt-Zerbst - Ruush Empress mustaqbalka iyo KT Catherine 2, kasban camalkooda horyaalka Great. Magaca naagtan ku xiran mid ka mid ah bogagga ugu qatarsan ee taariikhda qaranka.

Russia dhaxal helay

Xilligii boqornimadii Catherine 2 bilaabay inqilaab madaxtooyada 28 June 1762, taas oo keentay in shalay suubban iyo caqli Jarmal amiirad, kuwaas oo magaca helay Asalraacnimadu, Catherine, qaaday meesha uu naagtiisa ka qoto dheer jeclaysan ee Emperor Peter III.

Sida ku cad in qorkiisa uu Ekaterina 2, Russia, iyada oo hore Empress Elizabeth dhaxlay, wuxuu ahaa ee u baahan dib u habaynta xagjirka ah ee jidka oo dhan nolosha. ayaa ciidanka waxa aan mushahar, maxaa yeelay, meeshii khasnaddu tiil ahaa mid aad u daallan. la'aanta ah ee urur saxda ah ee qaybta dadweynaha ayaa keentay in hoos u dhac ganacsiga sida ay warshadaha ugu weyn ayaa Baraxay.

dhibaatooyin halis ah ayaa lagu arkay waaxda military iyo badda. Diplomasiyiinta sameeyey laftiisa dareemay, iyo musuqmaasuqa ka dhex jira madaxda dawladda, kuwaas oo wax walba ka size waaweyn qaatay sanad walba. Laaluushka qabtay garsoorka, laakiin sharciyada ahaayeen oo keliya, kuwaas oo halkaas ay ahayd dadka qaniga ah iyo saameynta badan faa'iido.

tirooyinka u fiican oo Zaman ee Catherine Weyn

Sida halyay ah darajadana ku xiga, Catherine lahaa tayada 2 aad qiimo leh - awood u leh inay qabsadaan wax kasta oo fikirrada macquul ah, ka dibna u fuliyaan ujeedooyin iyaga u gaar ah. Dadka in ay qayb ka yihiin iyada ambabaxay, Empress isna uu ku salaysan tayada xirfadeed, oo aan wax cabsi ah oo ay shakhsiyaad tayo leh oo dhalaalaysa. Sababtoo ah Zaman this boqornimadii Catherine 2 calaamadeeyay ah ee Galaxy dhan ah dowlada u fiican, madaxda ciidamada, qorayaasha, fannaaniin iyo fanaaniinta. Waa shuruudaha abuuray in muddo this, ka caawiyay in ay si buuxda u kala fur awoodooda.

Weligiis taariikhda Russia tirooyinka sida Zaman ee Catherine 2 sida Guud A. V. Suvorov iyo P. Rumyantsev, qorayaasha, iyo Fonvizin DI A. Radishchev, taariikhyahan Karamzin iyo Abwaan - horreeyay ee A. S. Pushkina - G. Derzhavin. iyaga ku xigtayna waa in aan soo magacawnay kuwa istaagay asalka dhaqanka muusikada Ruush - a laxamiistaha, macallinka iyo kaari Dmitry Bortniansky, violinist fiican Ivan Khandoshkin, iyo sidoo kale aasaasihii oo ka mid ah Ruush National Opera AV Pashkevich.

Barnaamijku wuxuu garoomada

Taariikhda Zaman ee Catherine 2 waxaa la aasaasay oo ku saleysan oo ka mid ah hawlaha, kala duwan kuwaas oo Empress ku qoran inuu nafsaddiisa sida soo socota:

1. Waa in ay sameeyaan dadaal kasta si loo baro quruunta, taas oo ay hoos u maareeyaan.
2. Si aad u abaabuli nolosha dadweynaha, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in lagu dhiirrigeliyo ixtiraamka dadweynaha sharciyada jira.
3. Si ay u ilaaliyaan si gudaha gobolka waxaa muhiim ah in la abuuro booliska shirka oo dhan looga baahan yahay loo baahan yahay.
4. Waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in ay gacan ka kaco ee dhaqaalaha iyo tiro badan waxaa ka mid ah.
5. si buuxda loo hagaajiyo waa in awooddii dagaal ee ciidanka ah, iyo sidaas kor u awood of Russia ee wejiga of dalalka kale.

Bilowgii hirgelinta qorsheyaasha

Epoch oo dhan Catherine 2 jiray muddo ah hirgelinta qadarka kuwan. Sannadka soo socda ka dib markii aad u soo iman doonaan inay awood, Empress waxay ku tilaabsatay dibuhabaynta Senate aad u hagaajin lahaa tayada dhinaca maamulka dadweynaha. Sida ka dhalata isbeddellada sameeyey shuqulkii maamulka, ee Senate, qeybiyay ilaa iyo 6 waaxaha shaqsi, oo laga badiyay ay gacanta ku shaqada hay'adaha dawladda, ayaa noqday hay'adaha ugu sareeya garsoorka iyo maamulka.

secularization dalalka kaniisadda

Waxaa la og yahay in Russia inta lagu guda jiro boqortooyada Catherine 2 noqday goobta olole baaxad weyn oo eedda ka mid ah (secularism) oo beddelay fund dowladda dalalka kaniisad. Baahida u cuskaday in ay la kulmaan jawaab halkii maqlana ee bulshada, waxaa sabab u ahaa jecel yihiin oo dhan macnaheedu yahay in la buuxiyo u dhaca gobolka miisaaniyadda.

Sidaas darteed tallaabooyin la qaaday ayaa la baabiiyo 500 Macaabidda Yuhuud, kuwaas oo loo ogol yahay in lagu wareejiyo lahaanshaha gobolka ee 1 million serfs. Sababo la this, waxaan bilaabay in ay helaan lacag ku ool ah in khasnadda quduuska ah. In muddo gaaban dowladda dib loogu bixiyo deynta ciidanka hor socda oo maamula si ay u fududayso xiisadda dhaqaale ee guud ahaan. Mid ka mid ah cawaaqibkii ay habka this ayaa sidoo kale la wiiqay saameynta ay kiniisadda nolosha bulshada cilmaani.

Isku dayga in ay dib u habaynta sharciga ah

Catherine Epoch 2 waxaa sidoo kale lagu calaamadeeyay by day lagu doonayo in kor loogu qaado in qalab heer sare waa nolosha hoose ee Russia. Empress rumeysan yahay in inta badan caddaalad darrada ah ee dalka looga gudbi karo jidka sharciga ah, isagoo horumariyo set oo ah sharciyo la kulmaan danaha ceegaagta oo dhan ee bulshada. Waxa uu u maleeyeen in lagu badalo Xeerka huriye a qarnigii Golaha Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, korsaday ee 1649.

Waayo, xaqiijinta uuraysan 1767 waxaa la abuuray Guddiga Sharci, oo ka kooban 572-xigeen oo wakiil ka abtirsan jiray, baayacmushtariyaashii iyo Cossacks. Shaqadeeda waxaa ka mid ahaa iyo Empress ah. Ka dib markaan si taxadar leh bartay shuqullada aqoon yahanno reer galbeedka, waxa uu ahaa dukumenti ah oo lagu magacaabo "Tilmaamaha of Catherine", oo ka kooban 20 cutub qaybsan 526 articles.

Waxa uu ku nuuxnuuxsaday baahida loo qabo in qaab-dhismeedka rag & dumar ee gobolka iyo abuurista xaaladaha waxa ku jira, bixinta awood-maroorsi xoog leh. Intaa waxaa dheer, dad badan oo ka mid ah arimaha lagaga hadlay, qof labada sharci iyo Gaarna moral. Nasiib darro, hawlahaas ma keenaan natiijooyinka la filayo. laba sano ka dib, Guddiga ayaa ku guuldareystay inuu horumariyo set loo baahan yahay ee xeerarka, maxaa yeelay, xubnaha oo dhan ay ahaayeen on ilaalada kaliya uzkososlovnyh danahooda iyo mudnaanta.

qeybinta dhulka dibuhabaynta dawladda

Waxaa xusid mudan hindise kale oo muhiim ah in uu qaatay Catherine 2. Xilligii absolutism oo dhan dalalka dunida ee waxaa lagu gartaa xujo adag dhexe. Wixii fulinta wax ku ool ah in Empress Ruush ah u aqbaleen in 1775-qaybinta maamulka cusub ee gobolka.

Hadda waxa laga bilaabo dhulka oo dhan oo dalka ka koobnaa 50 gobol, 300-400 kun. Dadka deegaanka kasta, kuwaas oo, ee jeedo, kala qaybiyey gobollada dadka ka mid ah 20 ilaa 30 kun oo Man.. Tani waxa ay gacan ka ma aha oo kaliya in ay gutaan gacanta nolosha qof kasta, xataa meelaha ugu fog ee dalka, laakiin sidoo kale xisaabinta badan oo sax ah ee qubeyska canshuur-bixinta, taas oo ah, dadka ku xiran yihiin canshuuraha.

Extension mudnaanta ee abtirsan

Catherine Period 2 jiray muddo aad u wanaagsan, waayo abtirsan Ruush. In 1785 waxaan arkay la sii daayo dukumenti horumariyo by Empress ah, iyo magaca helay "Charter si abtirsan." Iyada oo ku saleysan set this mudnaanta soo saaray qaab sharciga, wakiillo ka socda fasalka sare ka dadka kale istaagay baxay maratay.

Waxay aad loogu balan qaadayo laga dhaafo cashuurta iyo adeegga gobolka qasabka ah, sidii kolkii hore la furay tan iyo wakhtigii Peter 1. kiisaska dambiyada iyo rayidka ku xiran tixgelinta of sharaf maxkamad gaar ah, iyo waxa laga reebay in ay isticmaalaan ciqaabta jirka. Sida laga soo xigtay Empress ah, oo waxay lahayd inay ka qayb qaataan dabargoynta ku dhex gobta nafsiga caadi ah iyo waxbarashada ee isku kalsooni.

Empress - enlightener dadka

Russia ee Zaman ee Catherine 2 dhigay talaabo weyn hore u on Jidka waxbarashada ee heer qaran. Sidaas darteed, dib u habaynta gobolka ee soo socda waxaa la fuliyay in nolosha nidaamka waxbarashada sare. Muddo ay qaab Russia oo dhan waxay bilaabeen inay shaqeeyaan tiro ka mid ah hay'adaha waxbarashada gaarka ah, iyaga ka mid ah guriga waxbarasho ee ku abtirsan iyo magaalooyinka dugsiyada iyo sidoo kale hay'adaha for Noble hablo. Intaa waxaa dheer, in gobolkii labadii sannoba hal non-estate dugsiyada gobolka iyo magaalada afar sano baahsan. Sidaas darteed, horumarinta hababka baraya nidaamo kala duwan ayaa lagu soo bandhigay qorshaha tababarka caadiga ah.

Xilligii Catherine waxbarashada 2 xusuus sida abuurista nadaamka waxbarashada haweenka. Bilowgii waxaa ka mid ah waxaa la dhigay furitaanka St. Petersburg ee 1764 Smolny Institute for Noble hablo iyo in la abuuro iyaga for Society Tacliinta. Hadda waxa laga bilaabo, noblewoman dhallinyarada lahaa ma aha oo kaliya in ay leeyihiin dhowr luqadood oo shisheeye, laakiin waxay sidoo kale bartaan noocyo kala duwan oo nidaamo tacliimeed.

Inta lagu guda jiro boqortooyada Catherine 2 Russian Academy of Sciences, anigoo goor wanaagsan in meelaha aan horay loo arag, isagu wuxuu ka qaaday meel keentay in Europe. shaybaarka physics iyo fiirinta, beer botanical iyo golaha wasiirada ka mid ah curiosities, dissecting iyo maktabadaha ballaaran la abuuray ay ku salaysan. Sayidka, dhaqanka Zaman ee Catherine 2 ayaa dhisay saldhig adag ee horumarinta dheeraad ah oo fikirka cilmiyeed ee Russia.

camalka wanaagsan Empress

Marka Catherine 2, kasbatay kasbaday horyaalka of Great, ayaa horumar dhinac kasta ee nolosha. Oo aad u kordhay tirada dadka ee dalka, taas oo markhaati u weyn si ay u horumarinaysa nolosha dadka muwaadiniinta. Sidaas darteed, waxaa jiray boqolaal magaalooyinka cusub iyo tuulooyinkoodii. dardarta lagu arag in ay horumarka ka heshay warshadaha iyo beeraha, oo sababtay in Russia ugu horeysay bilaabay in ay dhoofiyaan hadhuudh. All this siiyey koror weyn oo dakhliga, taas oo loo ogol yahay in ay kor u khasnadda ee 4 jeer.

Magaca Empress ah, iyo ku xiran yihiin laba dhacdooyinka muhiimka ah ee taariikhda Ruush muuqaalka kore ee lacagta waraaqaha iyo bilowgii tallaalka cudurka furuqa, la Catherine sida, si ay u dejiyaan tusaale u ah kuwa kale, ugu horeeyay ee loo ogol yahay in ay is tallaalaan. Tan iyo ka hortaga cudurkan laga cabsado, aad ujecel nolosha kumanaan ka mid, ayaa la sameeyay si joogto ah.

Expansion ah soohdinta reer Russia

mudnaanta la dafiri karin ee Catherine weyn, iyo in la ballaariyo xuduudaha ee dalka. Inta lagu jiro sannadaha dagaallo boqortooyada iyada ayaa laba jeer la diriray la Boqortooyadii Cismaaniyadda (1768-1774 iyo 1787-1791 GG.). Sidaas darteed of guul Ruush siin kartaa outlet ah in Badda Madow, waxaana ka mid ah in ay ka kooban ee dhulka, oo loo yaqaan Little Russia. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah Crimea, Northern Black Sea Coast, iyo gobolka Kuban ah. In 1783, Russia qaaday hoos dhalashada ee Georgia.

Catherine Epoch 2 ayaa la ciyaaray sida dhacdooyinka la xiriira Risaalo ka ee Poland. Sidaas darteed cadaawadda firfircoon ka dhacay 1772, 1793 iyo -1795 in dib-u-soo galay dhulka Ruush la gooyay ka maalmood ee la soo jir ah oo ku soo duulay Polish-Lithuanian. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid Western Belarus ah, Volhynia, Lithuania iyo Courland.

Xoojinta serfdom

Isla mar ahaantaana waa in la ogaadaa in inta lagu guda jiro boqortooyada Catherine 2 calaamadeeyay iyo sida arrin taban sida enslavement ah xataa weyn oo beeralay ah. In kasta oo xaqiiqda ah in, isagoo nin fikirka iftiimiyey iyo heer Yurub, Empress garatay harmfulness ee serfdom, iyo xataa shaqeeyeen mashruuca la joojiyay, waxaa iyada lagu khasbay in ay soo gudbiyaan si ay u dhaqan aasaasay qarniyo.

Back in maalmaha hore ee boqornimadiisa, Catherine soo saaray amar u baahan beeralayda addeeco dhamaystiran iyo unquestioning in mulkiilayaasha ah. Markii ay qaadatay ku dhaqanka more weyn miisaanka of qaybinta dalka kula nool iyaga on yaroow cadcad u gaar ah, iyo sidoo kale dhiiri for kala duwan ee adeegga dadweynaha.

Isla mar ahaantaa, waxaa la adkeeyay, iyo foomka aad ee dhiig-miirashada ee qastaan. Waxaa la og yahay, gaar ahaan, in kuwa ka bixisay mulkiilaha kirada (taas oo inta badan ay ahaayeen dadka deggan gobollada waqooyiga ee Russia, halkaas oo beeraha waa hawlqabad la'aan), dacwado labanlaabantay. Isla mar ahaantaana waxa ay sii xumaatay xaaladda beeralayda waxa ku waajib ah si ay u gutaan corvee guryaha degay. Haddii ka hor inta ay shaqada waxaa ku koobnayn saddex maalmood usbuucii, hadda sharcigan la joojiyay, iyo wax walba oo ay ku xiran yihiin ciidanka loo aabo yeelin.

Reaction in dulmi la mid ahaayeen ifbixii, waqti ka qarxay waqti in qaybaha kala duwan ee dalka, ugu weyn ee oo ahaa dhirifka Pugachev in qariyeen Urals iyo gobolka Volga ee muddada 1773-1775.

epilogue

Kadib markii uu dhamaystay tridtsatichetyrohletny inta lagu guda jiro boqortooyada Empress ka idlaadeen November 17, 1796. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, tani ma soo afjaro xilligii Ruush ah kacdoonkii madaxtooyada. Ekaterina 2 tagay kii dhaxalka lahaa a - wiilkiisa Paul, caleemo saaray April 16, 1797 iyo dilay by shirqoolkii in 4 sano.