Waa maxay gzhel? Gzhel - nooca tahay qoom

Waa maxay "Gzhel"? Craft ama farshaxanka sare? Jawaabta been dushiisa. Gzhel, kuwaas oo taariikhda u dhaco si horrantii qarnigii 14-dib, dhowr qarniyo waqti si ay u booqdaan dhowr guises. Tani "impermanence" gudaheedana sinaba uma ay detract ka mudnaanta farsamada iyo farshaxanka. farsamada dad First "Gzhel" waxaa ku xusan axdiga posthumous of Ivan dalkaasi, Grand Duke of Moscow, in 1340, oo uu ku amray in ay dhaxlaan workshops dhoobada faa'iido wiilkiisii.

Gzhel ama zhgel

Magaca "Gzhel" The, sheekada ee muuqaalka ah taas oo weli waa arrin muran, habase yeeshee jirta ay hadda u habeysan muddo dheer. Range of fikradaha laha muhiimad la taaban karo. etymologists Qaar ka mid ah, culimada ku doodaya in ay timaado oo laga bilaabo webiga Gzhelka Gzholka ama Gzhelka dal ee Dnieper sare, iyo khabiiro kale waa dhiiran tahay in ay aaminsan yihiin in farsamada dad asalka ah "Gzhel" ayaa ku baaqay zhgel waxyaabaha sida dhoobada gubay iyo gubay. Warqad ayaa hore u habeyn isu lahaanshada Ruush waa caado kala duwan dilka pereinachit oo dhan, habayn iyo invert. Tusaale ahaan, eray Ruush "Omnibus" waxaa loogu dhawaaqaa sida "siinta". Oo waxaa wax aad sameyn karto oo ku saabsan ka. Sidaas halkan - zhgel iyo Gzhel.

dhoobo White waayo, farmashiistayaasha

Waa maxay Gzhel? Meeshu, muddo dheer tan iyo markii uu noqday macdanta dhoobo cad oo tayo sare leh oo caan ah oo la aasaasay qarnigii 17aad. In 1663 wuxuu soo saaray amar ah Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, kaas oo u qornaa sidan: ". In Gzhel kaniisadda soosaaray dhoobadii, taas oo ku haboon yahay weelashii dawooyinka haa alchemical" Oo Moscow cinwaanka amarada farmashiyaha ka samatabbixiyey 15 gaadhi oo ay ku raran yihiin dhoobo. Tan iyo dhirta glinodobyvayuschy "Gzhel" noqday qeybiye dhoobo cad waayo, farmashiistayaasha Moscow. saynisyahan A Ruush Mikhail Lomonosov sidaas yiri: "si dhib leh jira waa dal saafi ah, oo aan primeshaniya badan Gzhel, farmashiye koyu wac gabadh bikrad ah, ay isakaga iyo daahirnimo." Intaa waxaa dheer in ay kala duwan cad dhoobo, ee "baadiyaha Gzhel" qarsoon hoos dhulka a noocyo dhowr ah maadado warshadaha ku haboon wax soo saarka ee alaabooyin kala duwan, oo ay ku jiraan farshaxanka. Qubarada ayaa isku dayay si loo ogaado mugga of kaydka by xisaabaha fudud, laakiin waxba yimid waxaa ka mid ah - waxay ahayd wax iska cad in qaababka sahamiyey - waxa kaliya qayb yar oo ka mid ah kayd dhab jira. Gunaanadka waa cad yahay: wax xumu noqon doonaa ku filan in ka badan hal Qarni.

Waa maxay Gzhel ka aragtida ah kuwa sancada pottery

Ku dhowaad afar sano dukaamada Gzhel la sameeyey ee ka dusiyeen kariyaha maacuunta clay pottery cayn iyo alaabta carruurta fudud ee.

In 1812, ee gobolka, waxaa jiray 25 warshadood oo soo saara qadarka wayn ee maacuunta jikada. Gaar ahaan qiimeeyeen waxyaabaha warshadaha iyo Laptev Ermila Ivanova, oo ku yaalla tuulada Kuzyaeva. Buyers fiiro ma aha oo kaliya in ay summad soo saaraha ee, in ay muhiim tahay in la hubiyo in wax soo saarka la sameeyo mid ka mid ah saddex dheryasameeyaha ugu ixtiraamo: Kokunom Ivan, ama Ivan Gusyatnikova Nikifor Srosleem. Inkasta oo khayrka ka mid ah waxyaabaha tahay Gzhel caansan dunida ee ku jiray alaabta lagu dhoobo iyo figurines, xoolaha, shimbiraha, fardaha iyo caruusadaha. gabal kasta waa hubi inaad ka heli iibsadaha ah.

waxyaabaha lagu qurxiyo

Waa maxay Gzhel ka aragtida ah ee shisheeye? Mar dhow tuulada of Minino helay lakabka ah ee dhoobo light-cawl caag gaar ah, warshad galaas maxaliga ah waxaa la dhisay wax soo saarka ee earthenware, kaas oo ah Ashuummada bilicsan oo dheryaha, iyo kumgans Kvasnikov. Iyo qeybtii hore ee qarnigii 19-kii waxay bilaabeen wax soo saarka ee suxuunta Gzhel buluug iyo caddaan classic. Ajaanibta, kuwii ku caashaqi jiray dhaqanka Ruush, isla markiiba ogaaday waxyaabaha aan caadi ahayn in ay ahaayeen raqiis ah, iyo quruxda galaas ka xoogbadan u masterpieces caanka ah ee sayid Jarmal. Sayidka, weedha ah "Gzhel - suxuunta" ayaa helay macnaha qeexan. Artel on amar ku dhacday, waxa ay ahayd bilowgii xilli of art dhab ah Gzhelian.

Halka Russia ma jirin earthenware ama galaas dhoobada ku filan jikooyinka, guryaha loo isticmaalo koob hodan, iyo dadka isku celcelis content hab la taarikada kala duwan, koobabka iyo tooyska in maadado tayo hooseeyo dubay. Ma aha la yaab leh in la dhalashada of suxuunta Gzhel bilaabay kaca dhab ah. Baayacmushtariyaashii iyo kuwii soo saarka ugu dhakhsaha badan caddaatay in suuqa cookware waxay u baahan tahay in tiro badan oo qurux badan qaybood, kafeega iyo shaaha, fudud oo iidaya. Oo Gzhel maacuun waa ku haboon yahay ujeedadaan.

Yakov Kuznetsov Old Muslinka

In 1812, ee deggan Novoharitonovskogo tuulada, magacaabay Kuznetsov Yakov Vasilevich, Muslinka ah Old jirtaan iimaanka, oo furay saarka a galaas yar, taas oo ugu dhakhsaha badan u koray si ay u size weyn ee shirkadu la laamood ee Rybinsk, Tver iyo Riga. style Products "Gzhel", photos oo waxaa lagu soo bandhigay bogga u dalbaday xirfad sare ee ay soo saaridda. Intaa waxaa dheer, geedka kasta oo cusub ayaa sidoo kale u baahan khabiiro, iyo Yakov Vasilyevich bilaabay inuu ku yeedhi saanacyadii iyo fanaaniinta ka dhanka. Dadka qaba qoysaskooda iman, waxay siiyaan hoy iyo in la abuuro jawi si raaxo leh in rajada ah in ay sii joogi doonaan muddo dheer. Oo waxay noqotay, carruurta waxay ka dhaxleen xirfad oo ka mid ah khubarada casuumay iyo waalidiinta si sharaf leh in ay hore u qaado. Sayidka, warshadaha galaas ayaa si guul leh horumariyo, kalluumaysiga "Gzhel" curisey. Saamiga amar ah oo wax ajnabiga ahaa in ka badan 80 boqolkiiba wax soo saarka guud. Odhaahda "Gzhel - suxuunta" heysatay ganacsiga. Production dheeraad ah loo baahan yahay, warshado galaas bilaabay inuu neef la'aan shaqaale oo u qalma in ay qaataan ahaa meel. Breeders Laab lagu qaato iyo mushaharka shaqaalaha by saddexaad ah. Raba inay ka shaqeeyaan warshadaha Gzhel si degdeg ah kor u kacay iyo arrinta shaqaalaha ahayd markii qaar ka mid ah degeen. Geedaha kasbaday in xoog buuxa iyo hadda wax soo saarka ku filan suuqa Ruush leh xad-dhaaf ah oo loo daayay dibadda.

Waxyaabaha iyo Technology

deposit dhoobo White meelaha Gzhel ka kooban 17 noocyo of taas oo ay jiraan laba aasaasiga ah - ugu horeysay ee ay wax soo saarka ee pottery iyo galaas, waa "belozhguschy" kala duwan, iyo labaad - dhoobada cas "Gzheli" iyo majolica.

Awood ay aadka u badan ee wax soo saarka galaas oo arkay boqorka of Moscow iyo Dhamaan Russia Romanov Alexei Mikhailovich. Ka dib markii qaar ka mid ah libiqsanayn Boqortooyada go'aansaday. Guud ahaan dhulka Gzhelian baabiiyo serfdom, farsamo helay xoriyadooda amar Imperial iyo waxa loo qoondeeyey maamulka maxkamadda. Saynisyahanka Mikhail Lomonosov, oo ay la socdaan la xidhiidhinaa Dmitry Vinogradov helay wadadii cusub ee galaas, taas oo si buuxda u waafaqsan qaabka gaarka ah ee dhoobo Gzhel. daahfurka waxaa loo sameeyey in 1748 oo tan iyo markaas bilaabay taariikhda galaas Ruush ee dareenka caalamka. In muddo gaaban dhisay Factory Imperial, kaas oo noqday ganacsi weyn ee warshadaha wax soo saarka ee alaabta earthenware dalka reer Russia. A dhoobada "Gzhel" dhakhsaha badan Acquired warshadaha status.

Caan kalluumaysiga Gzhelian

Qarnigii 19-dhoobada Gzhel ku baahsan dhulka Ruush. Tellingly, ka badan oo ku saabsan warshadaha galaas ee alaabta ka, si fiican u noqday. qorna The arkiifiyo xafiiska Imperial wakhtigaas waxaa loo kaydiyaa si suxuunta ee miiska reer boqor, barbaro saaraha Gzhelian ee china wanaagsan Stepan Afanasyev: "... in style of an naxariis samolutchey dibada ...", taas oo macnaheedu yahay "iyadoo la raacayo tayada ugu wanaagsan ee caalamiga ah." Oo waa in la qiyaasayo in fannaaniinta sayidkiisii ka shaqeeyey in manufakturschika Afanasyeva ah, xaliyay saxiirtaas hawsha. Xataa markaas, warshadaha earthenware ayaa ku tartamaya kasta oo kale, isku dayaya in ay ka hor midba midka kale u hesho in tayada. Waxa uu ahaa tartan caafimaad qaba, kaas oo waxaa jiray tartan jirin. On lid ku ah, odayga isku dayeen in ay wadaagaan waayo-aragnimadooda iyo waji furnaan u siidayso sirta ganacsiga in midkiinba midka kale.

Classic buluug iyo caddaan

Tartiib tartiib, oo dhan wax soo saarka ee warshadaha galaas Ruush, suuq hoos brand ee "Gzhel", show photo waxaa ka mid ah a, u dhaqaaqay rinjiga buluug Cobalt ah. color Tani waxa ay noqon a "brand" in meesha ugu horeysa for suxuunta, ka dibna inta ka hartay wax soo saarka, alaabta lagu ciyaaro iyo hadiyado. Monochrome Cobalt, a color buluug dhalaalaysa qurux badan la soo saaray 1735 by mineralogist Sweden Georgom Brandom of pyrite dhagax weyn.

Waxa intaa dheer in "shirkadaha" midabka, galaas Gzhel waysay kala duwan dhammaataan toogasho sawiro. Artists degna rinji, oo aan Dakatu iyo Dakatu, "nuqul cadaalad ah" mar, oo iyana waxay saas ku samayn. sawir Gzhel - waxaa had iyo jeer xaqiijin image farshaxanka, kaas oo aad u dhif ah soo noqnoqda. "Talaabsan A" waxyaabaha buluug-iyo-cad laga soo saaro oo kaliya sida qadiin ah, iyo xataa markaas ku yaalla yar. Asal ahaan "Gzhel" - waa gaar nuqul ka dhigay at a heerka farshaxanka wanaagsan.

qalabka ay barbaro galeen

Technologies loo isticmaalo soo saaridda Gzhel kala duwan oo wax ku ool ah oo ku filan. Master aan raadinaa siyaabo fudud oo ay ka shaqeeyaan nidaamyada adag on go ah barashada farsamooyin cusub. Recently fanaaniinta Gzhel bilaabay inuu dalban waxa loogu yeero farsamada rinjiyeynta isku qasan, underglaze iyo overglaze halkaas oo ah hannaanka Cobalt aasaasiga ah laga codsadaa in ay dhoobo qoyan, glaze ah, qaab faahfaahsan oo horay barbaro by glaze ah. Waa inaan sheegaa in habkan uu noqday ugu danbeeyay ee taxane ah oo tabo cusub, maadaama ay ahayd ka dibna alaabta Gzhel mar dambe waa raaxo ah oo waxay galeen nolol maalmeedka. Sidaas darteed, soo nooc buluug-iyo-cad, nooc cuntada, sanduuqyada dahabka, alaabta lagu ciyaaro ee carruurta iyo alaabooyinka kale ee la soo saaray durdur.

qoynin waqtiga

Ka dib markii kacaanka ee 1917 inta badan ee warshad galaas ee la xiray sababtoo ah ma uu jirin mid in la sameeyo ganacsi ee wax soo saarka - injineerada tayo leh, mid ka mid ah oo dhan, Hijrooday, iyo shaqaalaha ka hartay aan laga maarmi waayay hawlaha. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ka dib labaatan sano oo kicida wanaagsan tahay galaas waxay bilaabeen inay si tartiib tartiib ah soo kabsado. geedi socodka soo kabashada ayaa la bilaabay mahad u kaliyeeli ka mid ah fannaaniinta ceramists, dunida Gzhelian farsamada gacanta.

Gacan ka nooleynta fanka sameeyey artist Gzhelian NI Bessarabova, iyadu taageerto iyada sculptor-ceramist, naqdiya yaqaan AB Saltykov. Under ay hoggaanka, farsamada dad ayaa si buuxda u soo celiyay iyo gilding mar buluug iyo caddaan iib ah iftiimisay adduunka oo dhan.

"Gzhel" maanta

Currently, farshaxanka "Gzhel" sii wadaan in ay xuubsiiban, waxaa jira jiil cusub oo fanaaniinta tayo leh oo ka shaqeeya hab dhaqanka, laakiin adeegsiga tiknolojiyada jarida-ku laayeen. "Gzhel baadiyaha" waa lixdan KM u Moscow, iskala jihada of Murom, waxay isu keentaa 27 tuulooyinka, kuwaasoo mid walba uu yahay dheryodhoobyadii dhaxlo iyo fannaaniinta ku nool iyo shaqada.

Maanta "Gzhel" - kibirka ee dalka, kaarka ganacsi Russia ee duurka ku ah fanka wanaagsan, oo ay la socdaan Khokhloma, Zhostovo Ghadafi Fedoskino kalluumaysiga - dhammaan farsamada dad of Russia. "Gzhel" unbaa madax liiskan qiimaha.