Unit Hoose ee horumar - waa maxay? Determination of unit hoose ee horumar

nin Modern, guud ahaan, waa la yaqaan leh fikradda ah ee horumar ah geedi socod horumarka joogtada ah ee nolosha caalamka. Waxa guud ahaan la rumaysan yahay in horumar - waafajinta nidaamka iyo tirayn ee dhammaan noocyada noolaha waayo jiritaankooda socotaa. Waxaa jira dood badan oo ku saabsan aragtiyaha asal ahaan nolosha adduunka, oo ku saabsan halka ay kulligood waxay bilaabeen. Laakiin fikradda waa wax caadi ah, waxaa oo dhan wax bari jiray ee dugsiga. Xaaladdan oo kale, waa maxay qaybta aasaasiga ah ee horumar - shaqsi, koox ka mid ah noolaha, noocyada, - ogaada, mana garan oo dhan.

aragtida horumarka

At erayga "horumar" waxaanu isla markiiba ka fekeraan Charles Darwin (1809-1882). Laakiin muddo dheer ka hor fikradda ah horumarinta tartiib ah nolosha iyo wax caynkaas ah sida qaybta hoose ee horumar, u muuqday in Fikirka falsafada. Laakiin waxay ahayd Charles Darwin iska leh sal-dhigida bulshada sayniska ... no, ma fikradda ah horumar iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa in ay keeni doonaan in isbedel la taaban karo oo mararka qaarkood la taaban karo ee noolaha in la joojiyo la formation of noocyada cusub. Species bulsho ahaan noolaha ee noolaha, la midka ah ee ka midtahay umuuraha murugsan oo dhan oo awood u leh si xor ah uga gudbeen ah ee farcankiis taranka. Sayidka, arrimaha ay ugu yeeranayaan this article ah - qeexidda of unit ugu yar, kaas oo noqon kara isbedel dheer oo tayo leh, taasoo keentay in muuqaalka kore ee wax cusub oo ka duwan noocyada waalidka.

Ka hor inta Darwin

aragtida ku saabsan horumarinta dunida organic, taas oo ka hor dhalashada of aragtida ah ee jirey asal ahaan noocyada of Darwin, loo yaqaan pre-Darwinian. Oo aan u geliyey wilds ah aragtida ah ee horumar, aragtida jirta ahaa fiqi ahaaneed ee (dhan ka timaada Ilaaha) iyo fiqi-naturalistic (noolaha dedaal inaad sii hagaajiso, mar kale ka timaada Ilaaha). aragtiyaha Kuwanu waa qaybta aasaasiga ah ee horumar waxaa loo arkaa tijaabada ah shakhsiga. Tusaale ahaan, Zhan Batist Lamark (1744-1829) sharaxay dhacdo gariga qoorta dheer oo waxay doonayaan inay gaaraan iyo laamaha sare ah, oo durriyadii rajo gelin isugu gudbiyo.

Darwin kacaanka

mudnaanta ee Charles Darwin in uu shaqada "The Origin of Species" oo dhan kala duwan cajiib ah oo ah noocyada nolosha caalamka ayuu natiijada halganka jiritaanka, xulashada dabiiciga ah. Natiijada A ee habka this ahayd guul ee ugu xooga badan iyo fittest ah. Darwin carabka ku adkeeyay in unit aasaasiga ah ee horumar waa koox ka mid ah shaqsiyaadka, oo aan shaqsiyaadka kaliya hal. xulashada Dabiiciga ah waxaa markaas ka shaqeeya sidii ay baaxadda dayrta sida shakhsiyaad hal iyo kooxda dabiiciga ah ay. kooxda in, sida uu sheegay Darwin, astaamaha jiri karaa maanta loo baahnayn, laakiin berrito ayaa noqotay muhiim u waafajinta ee noolaha in shuruudaha joogto ah la beddelo nolosha. Darwin waa koox ka mid ah noocyada sida qaybta aasaasiga ah ee horumar.

Darwinism daray genetics

Taasi ma laga yaabaa in lagu sharaxay Charlz helay Ashley Cole in uu "Asal ..." waa sida isbedel random soo wareejiyo oo go'an in Farac ka. Ka dib oo dhan, Tilmaamo gaar ah la wiiqay doonaa in koorsada qarniyada oo isku xigta. Oo wakhtigaas waxaa jira sayniska ee genetics sharciyada ay dhaxalka iyo alleles recessive iyo xukuma, ururtay in koox ka mid ah noolaha. Saddex sharciyada guud oo ka mid ah Beelaha jiilka kowaad ee Mendel, galool labanlaab macluumaadka hidaha ee DNA Watson oo Crick, biology kelli iyo qaab-dhismeedka hiddo, horumarinta embryology iyo Cytology, ethology, paleontology, Kiimikada noole, iyo ecology -. Oo iftiinkuna waa ku dhashay aragtida ah isku dardaro ee horumar, adag jawi tacliimeed ee maanta.

Khaasatan Darwinism oo casri ah

Aragti dardaro ee horumar la asaasay bartamihii qarnigii labaatanaad ka. Si ay u gudbiyaan qayb qaateen oo dhan bayoolajiga evolutionary in ay formation kuma filna saddex pages. bayoolajiga Note S. S. Chetverikova (1880-1959), GM Dobrozhanskogo (1900-1975) iyo I. I. Shmalgauzena (1884-1963). postulate ugu weyn ee aragtida ah - unit aasaasiga ah ee horumar waa dadka sida koox gaar ah oo ka mid ah noocyada nool isla aagga oo si gaar ah ka dadka kale ee noocyada ugu go'doonsan. go'doomin in dadka (dhawrista, juquraafi, dhalmo) keenaysaa in formation of noocyada cusub. Si ay u sharxaan hababka ee speciation keenaysaa aragti dardaro ee horumar by qodobada qaarkood, sidoo kale sharaxayaa sababta dadka waxaa loo arkaa unit aasaasiga ah ee horumar.

Qodobada ugu muhiimsan ee aragtida ah ee horumar dardaro

xogta la soo bandhigay on, ma sheegan in ay warbixin buuxda oo dhamaystiran oo ku saabsan qodobo ka mid ah aragtida casriga ah iyo postulates tixgeliyo ee macnaha guud ee dadweynaha in - unit aasaasiga ah ee horumar.

nin cilmiga nafleyda barta Ruush iyo geneticist N. V. Timofeev-Resovsky (1900-1981) diyaariyey qodobada aasaasiga ah ee STE hoose unugyada, ifafaale iyo arrimo ah ee horumar nafleyda.

• unit Hoose ee horumar - waa dadka.
• The ifafaale ah ee horumar in tallaabo - badala pool hiddo (set caadiga ah ee hiddo dhammaan shakhsiyaadka) dadweynaha.
• balliga hiddo dadweynaha - waxyaabaha la iska dhaxlo ee horumar.
• arrimaha Evolution - geeddi mutational ningax hirarka dadka (number of oscillations) iyo doorashada.

sababta dadka

dadka oo kaliya koox ka mid ah shakhsiyaad ka mid ah noocyada sida uu yahay cidda keli ah oo aan xad lahayn jiri karaan sida daacadnimada in waqti iyo boos. Oo kaliya in suurtagalnimada bulshada this shaqsiyaadka interbreeding waa had iyo jeer ka badan tahay siday suuragal u gudbeen shaqsiyaad ka duwan. dadka keliya ee buuxiya shuruudaha habka evolutionary, oo taas daraaddeed way waa qaybta hoose ee horumar. Kaliya kooxdan la set oo kala duwan oo noocyo in shaqsiyaadka gudahood lagu doorto sifooyin phenotypic. Kaliya ee sida nidaamka xiran waxaa laga yaabaa in phenotypically xaqiijinta guul shuruudaha siiyo jiritaanka of calaamooyin ku genotype ee kooxda oo dhan, balliga hiddo-ee dadka ka. Oo iyana waxay ku ururto pool hiddo, la beddelo noocyo shaqsi ah oo ay shakhsiyaad, taasoo keentay in phenotypic kala duwan (external).

Waa maxay sababta aan view - unit aasaasiga ah ee horumar?

Views sidoo kale la oran karo waa nidaam dhamaystiran oo u xiran yihiin, waxaa jira waqti dheer. Laakiin noocyada kasta, degganaa meel gaar ah, waxaa u di'in gayiga. Iyo qayb kasta oo ka mid ah - taasi waa dadka ah in aragti ahaan keeni karo geedi socodka of speciation. Oo aan ku siin kara. noocyada qaar ka mid ah, sida gud, guud ahaan mashquulin territory halkii kooban oo wakiil ku nool (orso oo kala horjeeda cidhifka woqooyi, ama seal Baikal). Waxaa jira noocyada sida magpie caadi wakiil boqolaal dadka meelo kala duwan ee dunida.

Waa maxay sababta aan kala unit hoose shakhsiga ah ee horumar?

Geedi socodka evolutionary ku lug leh horumarinta iyo soo bixitaanka of qaababka cusub iyo guryaha ee u shaqeeyo ah, taasoo keentay in ay taam weyn. Ka dibna waxaa loo baahan yahay silsiladda qarniyo - taariikhda evolutionary iyo aayahooda evolutionary. jirka A kajirin dheer waqti in ka badan inta uu nool yahay si ay u horumariyaan iyo xoojin calaamada. Sidaa darteed, lo'da ah ama kan adhiga ma noqon karaan qaybta aasaasiga ah - oo ah koox ah waa go'doon oo halkaas kuma filna, sida caadiga ah, ma muddo aad u dheer ee macnaha guud ee tirada ka ab. Waa in la ogaadaa in war tani ma aha oo gebi ahaanba ku haboon prokaryotes (non-nuclear) sida fudud heerka sare faafin ah.