The ugu yaraan iyo heerka ugu sareeya ee lagu qayilo ee bromine. guryaha kiimikada ee bromine

Ka mid ah dhammaan waxyaabaha kiimikada, non-birta leeyihiin tiro gaar ah - halogens. atamka Kuwani ay magaca helay guryaha gaarka ah si ay u muujiyaan in isdhexgalka kiimikada. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah:

• iodine,
• chloro;
• bromo;
• fluorine.

Chloro iyo fluoro - a gaasaska sunta ah, kaas oo awood u leeyihiin oksidheeyeyaal xoog leh. Iodine xaaladaha caadiga ah waa walax crystalline midabka madow iyo guduud leh luster macdan ah waxaa loogu dhawaaqaa. Waxaa muujinayaa sifooyinka wakiilka yareeyo. Oo tii afraadna waxay u eg HALO ah? Maxay yihiin guryaha xeryahooda bromine sameeyay iyaga iyo sifooyinka sida element ah by, iyo sida walax fudud? Isku day inaad si ay u fahmaan.

Bromine: sharaxaad guud ee element ah

Sida ay qayb ka mid ah nidaamka wareegsan, bromo degan dhowr ah oo isku xigxiga cell 35. Iyadoo la raacayo, sida qeyb ka mid ah xudunta 35 protons iyo qolof electron caawinaysa tiro la mid ah electrons. qaabeynta of daaha dibadda: 4s ^{2 5} p.

group VII oo ku yaalla ka-group sub ugu weyn waa qayb ka mid ah halogens ah - guryaha gaarka ah ee kooxda ka mid ah xubno ka kiimikada. Guud ahaan waxaa jira ah oo ku saabsan 28 noocyada kala duwan ee isotope la eb. lambarada Mass u dhaxayn 67 si 94. The jiritaanka iyo xasiloonida iyo sidoo kale jirta on boqolleyda si dabiici ah loo yaqaan yihiin laba:

• bromo ⁷⁹ - 51% waxaa ka mid ah;
• bromo ⁸¹ - 49% ka mid ah.
  

The mass celcelis ahaan qaaradda ee element waa loo siman yahay si ay u 79,904 units. Degree ee lagu qayilo ee bromine u dhaxeysa -1 in +7. Waxaa muujinayaa guryaha oksidheeyeyaal xoog leh, laakiin liita inay ku chlorine iyo fluorine, iodine sarraysa.

History of daahfurka

Open element this dambayn asxaabta ay koox hoosaadka ahaa. By waqtiga waxaa la horey u yaqaan ku saabsan chlorine iyo iodine. Yaa sameeyey daahfurka this? Waxaad wici kartaa markiiba saddex magacyada, sida in uu yahay inta ay le'eg saynisyahano ah ay awoodaan in ay ku dhowaad mar element cusub ayaa ka soo muuqday markii danbe loo arkaa eb synthesize. magacyada kala yihiin:

• Antoine Jérôme Balard.
• Karl Levig.
• Yustus Libih.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, "aabaha" si rasmi ah waxaa loo arkaa Balaram, ugu horeysay tan iyo markii uu helin oo lagu tilmaamay oo keliya, laakiin sidoo kale in ay u diraan shir cilmiyeed ee farmashiye walax cusub, taas oo ah cunsurka la garanayn.

Antuan Balar ahaa cilmi baarista ka kooban cusbo badda. Qaadashada dul badan tijaabo kiimikada, waxaa hal maalin iyada oo xal of chloro maray oo lagu ogaaday in qaar ka mid ah foomamka xarunta jaale. this Qaadashada sida wax soo saarka ah ee dhexgalka ah chlorine iyo iodine in xal, waxaa dheeraad ah ayaa lagu sahamiyo sheyga keentay. Sakhiray in daaweynta soo socda:

• Wuxuu ka shaqeeyey ether,
• qooyay hydroxide potassium ,
• baaraandegi pyrolusite;
• Waxaan soo gaaray sulfuric acid.

Sidaas darteed, in uu helay dareere ah kacsan brownish-cas la ur xun. Tani waxa ay ahayd bromine. Oo wuxuu kaloo sameeyey daraasad taxadir ka mid ah astaamaha iyo kiimikada ee walax this. Ka dib waxaa ku soo diray warbixin, ku tilmaamay sifooyinka bromine. horyaalka, taas oo siiyey element Balaram ahaa murid, laakiin ma aysan soo shirtagi.

Maanta magaca guud ee la eb bromine ah, taas oo ka soo Laatiin turjumay ka dhigan tahay "urayaan", "bi'isaa". Tani waa si buuxda u xaqiijiyay by sifooyinka ay walax fudud. Year of element furitaanka - 1825.

degree suurtogalka ah ee lagu qayilo ee bromine

aad Kuwa magacaabi karaa dhowr ah. Ka dib oo dhan, si ay mahad u qaabeynta electronic, bromine noqon kartaa guryaha oksidheeyeyaal iyo yaraynta, iyadoo ku badan yihiin si cad ugu horreeyey. Waxaa jira shan fursadaha suurto gal yihiin:

• -1 - qayilo hoose bromine degree,
• +1;
• +2;
• 3;
• 5;
• 7.

In dabiiciga ah, la kulmeen kaliya xeryahooda kuwa taas oo ka kooban element in dareen diidmo ah. 7 - heerka ugu sareeya ee lagu qayilo bromine. soo bandhigaa Its u kooban HBrO ₄ bromic acid iyo bromates cusbada ay (NaBrO _4). Guud ahaan, heerka this of qayilo ee bromine waa mid aad u dhif ah, iyo sidoo kale laba. Laakiin xarunta la -1; 3 iyo 5 - aad caadi u ah oo muhiim u yihiin ma aha oo kaliya in industry kiimikada, laakiin sidoo kale in daawada, injineernimada iyo qaybaha kale ee dhaqaalaha.

Bromine sida walax fudud

Under xaaladaha caadiga ah element hoostiisa tixgelin waa Britain a diatomic, si kastaba ha ahaatee, ma aha gaaska iyo dareere. Aad sun ah, Duldhacay hawada, iyo daabacdaa ur aad u xun. Xitaa lamaane ee isugu uruuray hooseeyo keeni kartaa gubasho on maqaarka iyo cuncun ah xub-axaleedka ee jirka. Haddii, si kastaba ha ahaatee, ka badan xadka la oggol yahay, waxaa suurtagal ah in dhegto iyo dhimasho.

formula The kiimikada ah ee dareeraha ah la siiyo - br _2. Waa wax iska cad in calaamadda la soo sameeyey magaca Giriigga ee shayga - bromos. xidhiidhka ka dhexeeya atamka hal, nonpolar covalent. gacan qaaradda weyn, sidaas darteed bromo sameynayso si sahal ah. Taasi waxay suurto gal ah in ay u isticmaalaan si ballaaran ee syntheses kiimikada, inta badan sida reagent ah ee go'aanka ugu tayada xeryahooda organic.

In walax fudud ma helay ee dabiiciga ah, tan iyo markii ay si fudud waxaa volatilized qaab qiiq mid guduudan oo brown saamayn xoqe. Kaliya ee foomka of noocyo kala duwan oo nidaam multi-qayb. Degree ee lagu qayilo xeryahooda bromine noocyo kala duwan ah ku xiran tahay element ah oo ay tahay in fal, i.e. la walax kasta.

guryaha jirka

astaamahaan lagu sheegi karaa by dhawr qodob.

1. Milmi biyo - celcelis ahaan, laakiin wanaagsan yahay halogens kale. Cokan xal biyo bromine waxa loo yaqaan, waxa ay leedahay midabka guduudan oo brown.
2. Ujeedadu waxay karaya oo dareere ah - 59.2 ⁰ C.
3. barta barafku ka mid ah -7.25 ⁰ C.
4. Urka - af, xun, suffocating.
5. Color - guduudan oo brown.
6. gobolka Physical walax fudud - culus (cufnaanta sare), dareere qaro weyn.
7. Electronegativity sida uu miisaanka Pauling - 2.8.

astaamahaan saamayn habka diyaarinta xarunta this, iyo sidoo kale wax waajibinaya ee jirey in ay u hoggaansamaan taxaddar dheeraad ah marka la shaqeeya.

guryaha kiimikada ee bromine

Eegaysana ee kimistari, bromo dhaqmo laba siyaabood. Soo bandhigaa oo oksidheeyeyaal ah iyo guryaha la yareeyo. Sida dhammaan qaybaha kale, waa awood electrons aqbalayaan ka Biraha yar electronegative iyo nonmetals. Yaraynta wakiilka, isagu waa a wakiilada oksidheeyeyaal xoog leh, sida:

• oxygen;
• fluoro;
• chloro;
• qaar ka mid ah acid.

Dabcan, heerka uu bromine diidanyihiin qayilo kala duwan -1 in +7. Iyada oo waxa si gaar ah awood fal element hoos tixgelin?

1. Iyada oo biyo ah - natiijadu waa isku dar ah ee acids (hydrobromic iyo hypobromous).
2. Iyada oo iodides kala duwan ayaa awooday in ay Leexin iodo bromo ee cusbada ay.
3. Iyada oo dhammaan nonmetals toos badan ogsijiin, carbon, nitrogen, iyo gaasaska sharaf leh.
4. Ku dhowaad dhammaan biraha sida wakiilka xoog leh oksidheeyeyaal. Iyada oo waxyaaba badan oo xitaa la suuroggalaan ah.
5. In reactions OVR bromo inta badan kor u qayilo xeryahooda ah. Tusaale ahaan, baaruud iyo sulfite beddelay udhigo sulfate, iodine in iodides sida walax fudud.
6. C si ay u sameeyaan bromides alkali, bromates ama gipobromatov.

Muhiimad gaar ah waa kiimikaad bromine marka ay tahay qayb ka mid ah acids iyo cusbada sameeyay iyaga by. In noocan oo kale ah guryaha aad u xoog badan sida oxidant ah. Waa wax intaas ka sii fahmayaan badan in walax fudud.

soo dhaweynta

Xaqiiqada ah in aan ku fekereyno walax muhiim ah oo la taaban karo marka la eego chemistry, ayaa xaqiijiyay in ay wax soo saarka ee sannadlaha ah ee cadadka 550 kun oo tan. madaxda dalka ee tilmaamayaasha kuwan:

• US.
• Shiinaha.
• Israa'iil.

habka fiirsato bromine free Industrial ku salaysan xal daaweyn ee harooyinka cusbo, ceelasha iyo badaha. Of iyaga waa cusbo of element la doonayo, kaas oo la beddelay qaab acidic. Waxaa la soo maray iyada oo il hawada awood ah ama uumi. Sayidka, bromine gas. Markaas waxaa la daaweeyaa ash soodhaha iyo isku dar ah ee cusbada sodium - bromides iyo bromates. Ay xal waxaa acidified iyo outlet waa walax dareere ah oo lacag la'aan ah.

Hababka Laboratory waayo, ereygu wuxuu ku salaysan barakaca ee bromine la chlorine cusbada sidii halogeen xoog.

Ahaanshaha ee dabiiciga ah

In foomka saafi ah, ama aan ku fekereyno ma walax laga helay dabeecadda, sida ay ugu careysan hawada oo dareere kacsan. Asal ahaan, qayb ka mid ah xeryahooda taasoo muujiyaan heerka ugu yar ee lagu qayilo ee bromine -1. Tani cusbo acid hydrobromic - bromides. Dad badan oo element this weheliyo chlorine cusbo dabiici ah - Silvina, carnallite, iyo kuwa kale.

Macdanta ee bromine ahaayeen furan ka dib isaga. The ugu caansan Saddexdaas:

• Lungemboli - isku dar ah chlorine iyo bromine, iyo lacag ah,
• bromarginit;
• bromsilvinit - isku dar ah potassium, magnesium iyo bromine biyo xidhxidhan (hydrate crystalline).

Sidoo kale, this item waxaa ka mid ah in ay daruuri tahay in sideeda ee noolaha. Its deficiency keenaysaa in cudurro kala duwan oo neerfayaasha, xanuunada, hurdo xumo iyo maqalkaba xasuusta. Xaaladaha dheeraad ah oo aad u daran oo khatar dhalmo la'aan. Fish, xayawaanka badda bromo awood ku ururto tiro la taaban karo oo ah qaab cusbada.

content The miisaanka of qolof ah gaadho 0,0021%. Waxaa jira waxyaabo badan oo biyo milix iyo dhan hydrosphere Earth ee.

Xeryahooda ee bromine gobolka ah lagu qayilo hoose

Waa maxay heerka qayilo in bromine in xeryahooda ay la Biraha iyo hydrogen? hooseeya, taas oo suuragal ah in this item - jaray hal. Waa isku xirka iyo danaha ugu weyn ee la taaban karo, waayo, nin.

1. HBr - bromide hydrogen (gaaska) ama hydrobromic acid. In gobolka gaseous wadar ahaan waa midab, laakiin waa ur aad u xun oo aan fiicneyn, wax badan oo qiiq ah. Waxay leedahay tallaabo xoqe on the xub-axaleedka ee jirka. Aadka L. biyo, la xirrira acid. Waxay, ee jeedo, waxa ay tilmaamaysaa electrolytes xoog leh, waa wakiilka wanaagsan yareeyo. Waxaa diyaar diinta bromine xorta ah by tallaabada of acid sulfuric, nitric acid iyo oksijiin. muhiimadda warshadaha sida il of ra'iyi bromide si ay u sameeyaan cusbada leh siifilisku biraha.
2. Bromides - yiri cusbada acid, taas oo heerka uu qayilo ee bromine in la mid ah waa loo siman yahay si -1. xiisaha la taaban karo waa: LiBr, iyo KBr.
3. The xeryahooda dabiiciga ah organic ka kooban ra'iyi bromide.

Xeryahooda la shahaadada sare ee lagu qayilo

Waxaa ka mid ah tiro ka mid ah walxaha asaasiga ah. Heerka ugu sareeya ee lagu qayilo bromine waa 7, sidaa darteed in xeryahooda kuwaas waxaa iyada oo kaliya oo waa in.

1. acid Perbromic - HBrO _4. The ugu awoodda badan oo dhan acids yaqaan for this item, laakiin waqti isku mid ah iyo meesha ugu adkaysi u weerar by wakiilada yaraynta xoog leh. Tan waxa u sabab qaab dhismeedka gaarka ah joomateri ee Britain ah, taas oo uu leeyahay qaabka meel tetrahedron ah.
2. Perbromates - cusbada acid kor ku xusan. Dadkaas iyaga ah, sida lagu gartaa heerka ugu sareeya ee lagu qayilo bromine. Waxay yihiin wakiilada oksidheeyeyaal xoog leh, oo sidaas waxaa loo isticmaalaa in industry kiimikada. Tusaalayaal: NaBrO _4, KBrO _4.

Isticmaalka xeryahooda bromine iyo

Waxaa suurto gal ah in ay u xil meelo dhowr ah oo xarunta bromo iyo aad u hesho codsiga si toos ah.

1. formaldehyde Production.
2. Wixii soo saaridda qalabka sawiro.
3. Sida medicaments ee aadanaha (cusbada Bromine).
4. In suuqa baabuurta, kuwaas oo, sida daro ah in shidaalka.
5. Waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida daawada loogu talagalay hoos ololi ee qaar ka mid ah qalabka organic.
6. In wax soo saarka ee muds qodista.
7. In beeraha, wax soo saarka oo buufiyeyaasha cayayaanka ilaaliya.
8. Sida unit jeermiska iyo dilista ah, oo ay ku jiraan biyaha.

Saamaynta noolaha ku u shaqeeyo

xad-dhaaf ah ama la'aanta bromine ee jirka ku jira waxay leeyihiin cawaaqib aad u xun.

Xitaa Pavlov marka hore si loo ogaado saamaynta element this on dadkuba nool. cilmiga xoolaha ayaa muujiyay in dhac muddo-dheer ah ee atammada bromide keenaysaa in:

• khalkhal of habka dareemayaasha jirka,
• cillad galmada;
• dhicinta iyo dhalmo la'aan;
• yareynta koritaanka;
• yareeyo heerka hemoglobin ah;
• hurdo la'aan iyo wixii la mid ah.

raasamaal xad-dhaafka ah ee xubnaha iyo unugyada keenaysaa in Iscelin hawlgalka ka mid ah maskaxda iyo xangulada, oo cudurro kala cayncayn maqaarka sare.