Shucaaca ay caddayn qaabka adag ee atamka. Taariikhda daahfurka, tijaabo, noocyada kala duwan ee shucaaca

Ka dib markii sharciga wareegsan ayaa la furay muddo dheer, waayo, saynisyahano ku hadhay su'aal gebi ahaanba la fahmi karin. Waa maxay sababta sifooyinka walxaha kiimikada ku xiran ay mass qaaradda? Cilmibaadhayaasha ayaa ma fahmi karaan sababaha inta jeer ee ugu badan. Waxay noqotay inay la sharciyada jirka salka nidaamka wareegsan ka qabtaan.

midhaha gacmaha aadanaha, ama arrin dabiici ah?

ifafaale shucaaca dhab mar walba jiraye. Dadka tan iyo bilowgii aad ee ay taariikhda ka mid ah wax-u beerta dabiiciga ah shucaac ku noolaa. Laakiin shucaaca ay caddayn qaabka adag ee la eb ee uu noqday yaqaan arrin kaliya ee qarnigii 20aad.

Laga soo bilaabo meel oogada Dhulka gaadho shucaaca ionizing ah. Dadka ayaa sidoo kale waxaa lagu gubaa kuwa ilaha in ku jira oo uurkii dhulka iyo macdanta. Xitaa qayb ka mid ah jidhka bini'aadamka waa kuwa walxaha kuwaas oo loo yaqaan radionuclides. Laakiin ka hor dhammaadkii qarnigii 19aad this dhan, saynisyahano malayn karaa oo keliya.

Jaahil ah oo ku saabsan shucaaca

Shucaaca ay caddayn qaabka adag ee atamka ahaa oo aan la garaneyn in macdan qodayaasha caadiga ah. Tusaale ahaan, in ay miino hogaanka qarnigii 16aad ee Austria, on loogu yeero macdan qodayaasha bukaanka buurta lagu dilay tirade in da'da sano oo kaliya 30-40. Haweenka Local guursaday hal mar ka badan, sida heerka dhimashada ee ka sarreeyaaba way ka ah dhimashada macdan qodayaasha fudud in ka badan 50 jeer. Markaas, on qaata sida cabbirka ee shucaaca, ma aan ogayn. Dadka xitaa aan u qaadan kartaa in uranium khatar la jira kara in senti hogaanka. Kaliya ee 1879, dhakhaatiirta ayaa ogaatay in "jirrada buurta" - dhab ahaantii waa kansarka sanbabada.

daahfurka ee shucaaca ka baaraandega Becquerel

Dhamaadkii qarnigii 19aad waxaa la galay baadhitaanka, taas oo keentay in shucaaca ay caddayn qaabka adag ee atamka caddaatay in ay dadweynaha. In 1896, cilmibaadhe A. A. Bekkerel ogaaday in walxaha uranium-ka kooban iftiimin karaa saxan sawir mugdi ah. Seynisyahanno ka dib ogaaday in hantida tani ma aha oo kaliya uranium ah. farmashiyaha Polish Next Marie Sklodowska-Curie iyo ninkeeda Pierre Curie helay laba radionuclide cusub: Polonium oo radium.

waayo-aragnimo Becquerel laf ahaanteed oo fudud quruxsan. Markaasuu wuxuu soo kaxaystay cusbo uranium ah, iyaga duub maro madow midab ka dibna soo bandhigay ee qorraxda si ay u arkaan sida tamarta walax ururtay this waxaa reemitted. Laakiin mid ka mid ah cilmiga ogaaday in waslad khafiif ah oo uu bilaabo inuu shido oo xitaa marka cusbada uranium mana dayacna ee qorraxda. Tani waxay keentay in xaqiiqda ah in shucaaca la helay. Becquerel yeedhay rays aan la garanayn X-rays (la mid ah magaca X).

tijaabo Rutherford ee

shucaaca Next kaxaystay by cilmiga Ingiriisi ah Ernest Rutherford. In 1899 waxaa lagu fuliyay tijaabo ah inaad wax ka barato ugub ah. Waxay ka kooban tahay ee soo socda. saynisyahan The qaaday cusbo uranium iyo ku riday dhululubo ah hogaanka sameeyey. Iyada oo durdur cidhiidhi furitaanka dhacdada qayb Alfa on waslad khafiif ah oo sawir, oo ku yaalla ugu sareysa. Markii la sameeyay tijaabooyin hore, Rutherford ma isticmaali waslad khafiif ah oo electromagnetic.

Sidaa darteed, saxanka, sidii tijaabo hore, iftiiminaya in dhibic ka mid ah. Markaas Rutherford bilaabay xira duurka ku magnetic. Marka waa qiimo yar soocay laba dogob bilaabay. Markii duurka ku magnetic waxaa kor u kacay ka sii, waxaa jira Xumaan mugdi ah diiwaanka. Sayidka noocyada kala duwan ee shucaaca laga helay: Alfa, beta iyo shucaaca gamma.

The gunaanad ee barashada cilmiga la socday

aragnimada oo dhan ka dib, oo waxay noqotay caan caddayn dhisme kakan shucaaca ee atamka. Indeed, waxaa u muuqday in ay ka baaraandega gudahood xuduntii eb ku keenaysaa in shucaaca sida. Waxaa ku haboon in xilka looga qaado in tan iyo markii Giriigii hore, eb ah waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay qayb qaybin karo caalamka oo dhan. Erayga "atom" waxaa loola jeedaa "qaybin karo". Sidaas darteed, saynisyahano cilmi ka bartay oo ku saabsan dadka shucaaca electromagnetic lama filaan ah, iyo sidoo kale qayb ka cusub qaaradda - sida tallaabo aad u daran weeraryahanka sameeyey physics. Shucaaca, kaas oo la nuurar sayniska furay marka waagu qarnigii cusub, caddeeyeen in la eb waxaa dhab ahaan loo kala qaybiyaa qaybo.

Qaab dhismeedka eb ah

waxbarashada tijaabo ah, ayaa la xaqiijiyey in la eb uu leeyahay qaab-dhismeedka adag. Waxay ka kooban tahay xuduntii iyo electrons xun lagu soo eedeeyay. In 1932, cilmi Ruush Ivanenko iyo Gapon E., iyo iyadoo aan loo eegin ay model of dhismeedka eb la soo jeediyay by jirka Jarmalka Heisenberg yeedhay proton-neutron. Sida laga soo xigtay fikrad this, eb ka kooban yahay qayb ka, loo yaqaan protons iyo neutrons. Waxay ka mideysan yihiin koox badan ee nucleons.

Ku dhawaad mass oo dhan la eb waa in ay xuduntii. Protons, neutrons iyo electrons sameeyaan category a qayb ka hoose. Sidaas darteed waxbarashada tijaabo ah, waxaa la ogaaday in tirada taxanaha ah walaxda in nidaamka wareegsan xubno siman lacag ee ay xuduntii.

The sifooyinka radionuclides

Si loo fahmo, waa maxay shucaaca iyo sida ay ula xidhiidho qaabka xuduntii qaaradda, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in ay ka adkaadaan a shuruudaha yar oo sahlan. Tusaale ahaan, hadda loo yaqaan radionuclides, isotopes shucaaca. Waxaa loo kala duwanaayeen ka deganayn in ay leeyihiin kala duwan bar-nolosha.

isotopes shucaaca, bedalayo isotopes kale, waa ilaha shucaaca ionizing. radionuclides kale leeyihiin darajooyinka kala duwan ee Degenaansho. Qaar ka mid ah waxaa laga yaabaa in cawisa boqolaal iyo kumanaan sano. radionuclides muddo dheer ku noolaa noocan oo kale ah u yeedhay. Tusaale ahaan uma shaqayn karo oo dhan isotopes of uranium. radionuclides muddo kooban ah, ayaa dhanka kale, hoos u si dhakhso ah jebin in xoogaa ilbiriqsiyo ah, daqiiqado ama bilood.

Waa maxay shucaaca ah?

Unit ee shucaaca - waa 1 Becquerel. Haddii ay jirto labaad mid suuska, waxa la sheegay in waxqabad ee isotope gaar ah waa mid ka mid Becquerel. Activity - taasi waa qiimaha in oo noo ogolaadaa in la qiyaaso burburkii xoogga xisaabta. Markii hore, saynisyahano isticmaalo unit kale ee shucaaca - Curie. saamiga u dhaxeeya sida soo socota: 1 xisaabay Key 37 billion Bq.

Sayidka waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in la kala saaro waxqabad ee xaddi kala duwan oo ah walaxda, tusaale ahaan 1 kg, iyo 1 mg. Waxqabadka of lacagta gaar ah oo ah walaxda sayniska ugu baaqay waxqabad gaar ah. Qiimaha Tani waa dhigmayn in ay ku bar-nolosha.

khatarta shucaaca

Shucaaca ay caddayn qaabka adag ee atamka waxaa loo tixgeliyaa mid ka mid ah ifafaale ugu khatarta badan. badan oo ku saabsan this ifafaale Baro, dadka ay jirto sabab wanaagsan inay ka cabsadaan cawaaqibka. Badan waxay leeyihiin aragti ah in halista ugu weyn ee laga yaabaa shucaaca gamma. Laakiin waxaa sidaas ma aha, ugu yaraan, ma aha nolosha halis. Gaadhista shucaac badan oo khatar ah, sababta oo ah awood cabaar. Dabcan, rays gamma, tiradaasi ka badan yahay, tusaale ahaan, ka beta-rays. Laakiin khatar aan la go'aamiyo index iyo dose this.

Mid ka mid ah iyo qiyaas isku mid ah waxaa laga yaabaa in ammaan aadanaha miisaanka jirka ah iyo halis u ah oo kale ah. Kudhacida shucaaca ionizing waxaa lagu go'aamiyaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo index ee dose nuugo. Laakiin xitaa taasi ma ku filan tahay qof qiimaynta burburka. Ka dib oo dhan, ma shucaaca kasta waxaa sidoo kale khatar ah. emissivity Hazard yeedhay miisaan. Unit ee shucaaca oo loo isticmaalo in la qiyaaso dose shucaaca la Wehliyaha miisaan ah, loo yaqaan Sievert.