Noocyada noolaha dhalid. noocyada Table taranta

Awoodda xayawaankii in ay soo saari dhala u gaar ah waxaa loo yaqaan taranka. wax Sayidka hidde waxaa loo wareejiyey Faracoodii iyo sifooyinka waalidka ee heerar kala duwan, oo u muuqday in la gartaa sida noolaha hoosaad.

noocyada imannin

Seynisyahanno ku aqoonsaday laba nooc ugu weyn ee dhalmo ee noolaha. Waxay noqon kartaa galmada ama asexually. In kiiska hore, loo maqli karo waa in xagiisa waxha, 2 tijaabooyinka, iyo in mid ka mid labaad ku filan oo keliya.

Marka asexual dhalmo shaqeeyo cusub soobixi ka unugyada degaaankaaga. In dabiiciga ah, waxaa jira siyaabo dhowr ah imannin aan xubnaha galmada. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid cloning, gaysashada, kala qaybsanaanta, sporulation, qaybinta, cloning.

In dhalmo galmada, noolaha cusub ah ka soo biirto unugyada taranka gaar ah u yeedhay gametes, iyo formation xiga ee saygoot ah. Habkani waa ka sii horumarsan sida asexually marka la barbar dhigo.

Isbarbardhigga faa'iidooyinka

Waa in la ogaadaa in labada hab imannin leeyihiin faa'idooyin. Tusaale ahaan, waxaa jira faa'iidooyinka soo socda bayoolajiga dhalmo asexual:

• awooda inuu u ciyaaro tiro badan oo shakhsiyaad,
• farcankaaga u ekaan shaqeeyo waalidka ku salaysan oo dhan.

Qaabkan tarmo shakhsiyaadka cusub ka dhigayaa suurto gal ah in si deg deg ah u hesho farcankaaga badan. Tani waa faa'iido u noocyada in ku nool yihiin xaalado joogto ah. Waa dhalmo deg deg ah, tiro badan oo saxda ah nuqulo ka mid ah u shaqeeyo hooyada waa macnaha dhalmo asexual. Qaabkan ah soo saara farcankaaga la isticmaalayo dhirta iyo protozoa labadaba.

Laakiin sifo dhalmo galmada intooda badani xayawaanka. Waa inay xaqiijiyaan in kala duwanaanshaha hidaha ee shuraakada la helay soo xareeyaan. Waxay u ogolaanaya inay si deg deg ah ula qabsan lahaa xaaladaha nolosha beddelo. Indeed, inta lagu guda jiro formation of isku darka cusub ee hidda ee u shaqeeyo dhaco waalidiinta.

Noocyada farcankaaga dhalmo asexual

Waxaa jira siyaabo dhowr ah si aad u hesho noolaha la jaalka ah oo aan unugyada jeermiga. Ay bayoolaji waxbarasho. Dhalmada, noocyada kala duwan ee noolaha hoosaad kuwaas oo aysan waxba ka beddelin, waxaa lagu salayn karaa hal ama ka badan unugyada kala qaybsamaya.

In kiiska ugu horeysay foomamka sida go'doonsan:

• (Schizogony) qeybinta unug Single ama jamac;
• sporulation;
• gaysashada unuglaha.

Marka qaybinaya soocidda group gacanta lagu sameeyaa sida soo socota:

• qaybsanaanta,
• organisms multicellular gaysashada (tus, Haydradii).

Mid kasta oo ka mid ah noocyada kala duwan ee dhalmo asexual waxay leedahay astaamo u gaar ah.

Foomamka faafin

Fursada ugu fudud waa horyaalka heerka caadiga ah. Waa caadiga ah ee dad badan oo fudud. Tusaalooyinka dhufashada asexual by fission binary: amoeba, ciliates dacas cagaaran euglena.

sporulation baahsan loo arkaa. Waa caan ku dhammaan dhirta, fangaska, iyo qaar ka mid ah noolaha prokaryotic fudud (tusaale bakteeriyada ama algae buluug-cagaaran).

Tiro ka mid ah unicellular iyo noolaha multicellular, waxaa jira qaab noocan oo kale ah ee taranta, sida gaysashada. Tani waxay dhacdaa sida soo socota: bararto u muuqataa on jidhka hooyada, taas oo kordhinaysa in size. In la mid ah ka dibna waxaa jira bilowga xubnaha oo dhan. Marka geeddi-socodka joojiyo, gaysashada dhacdaa. coelenterates habka taranka waxaa loo isticmaalaa (Haydradii), unicellular (yeast, qaar ka mid ah noocyada ciliates).

Laakiin mid ka tixraacaan kartaa tusaalooyin kale oo faafin ah asexual ee noolaha. Sidaas, ha iloobin qaybsanaanta. In habkan, shaqsi waalidka waxaa loo qaybiyaa dhowr qaybood. Laga soo bilaabo mid kasta oo iyaga ka mid ah la sameeyey shaqeeyo cusub. Tusaale ahaan, Spirogyra algae filamentous jebin karo meel kasta. Laba qaybood mustaqbalka heli doonaan laba jirka cusub.

Wixii dhirta lagu gartaa faafinta daaqsinka. Sida laga soo xigtay mabda'a ah hababka ugu aysan u kala duwan yihiin gaysashada ama qaybsanaanta. Warshad sameysmi karaa qaabab gaar ah lagama maarmaan u ah dhalmada. Xaaladan hoosaad ka mid ah qayb ka mid jidhku waa u suurtoobaan shaqeeyo hooyada.

syngenesis

waxyaabaha nool intooda badan isu soo saari noolaha by isku waxyaabaha la dhaxlo ee laba qof. Si taas loo gaaro, labada gametes fiyuuska, iyo natiijada waa saygoot a diploid. In horumarka ay jidhka buuxa ee cusub jirsado. Foomamka faafin galmada ee noolaha lagu gartaa qaar ka mid ah dhirta ubax, xayawaanka badan iyo, dabcan, nin.

Gametes waxaa ka mid ah laba nooc - lab iyo dhaddig. Haddii foomka waa dioecious ah, mid kasta oo ka mid ah noocyada unugyada ahaan shaqsiyaadka ay u kala horreeyaan lab iyo dhaddig. qaarkood waa ay awoodaan in ay soo saaraan labada nooc ee gametes madax banaan. Xaaladdan oo kale waxaa lagu magacaaba hermaphrodites.

Sidoo kale waa dhalmo galmada suurto gal ah kaas oo gametes lug kuma yeelan. Tani noocyada sida ereyada, gametangiogamiya, apogamy, gologamiya.

Geedi socodka ah ee dhalmo

All noolaha ka kooban yihiin unugyada. Ay koritaanka iyo horumarka waa u suurtoobaan ay sabab u tahay xaqiiqda ah in ay si joogto ah soo saari. Inta lagu guda jiro nolosha da gacanta iyo dhinto. Waxay la bedelay kuwo kale iman. Sida kaliya in ay soo saaraan unugyada cusub waa qayb ka mid ah ka horreeyay, waxay. Tani waa hab muhiim u tahay uun nool. Tusaale ahaan, in jidhka bini'aadamka labaad kasta waxaa loo qaybiyaa dhowr million cutubyo kuwan.

Bayoolajiga ayaa tilmaamay saddex siyaabood ee badashada cell. qeybinta Direct yeedhay amitosis, aan toos ahayn - maytosis, hoos - meiosis. Ayadoon qaab dhalmo of noolaha, mid kasta oo ay ku jiraan xogta qulquli geedi socodka.

Amitosis iyo maytosis

nidaamka qaybinta unugyada caadiga ah iyo si xun bartay The yaraan waa amitosis. In habkan, xudunta waxaa loo qaybiyaa by Cidhiidh ah. Isla mar ahaantaana si loo hubiyo qaybinta direyska ah waxyaabaha la dhaxlo waa wax aan macquul aheyn. cell wuxuu u qaybsan yahay by amitosis, xaaladaha badankooda, ma sii wadi karto si ay u galaan wareegga si joogto ah maytosis. Sidaa darteed, waxaa la arkaa in lagu xukumay baabba '.

Habka Universal faafin ah in unugyada eukaryotic waa maytosis. In unugyada xayawaanka waxaa maraa, inta badan saacad. Ha dhayalsan qiimaha dhalmo noolaha, maxaa yeelay, waa isagii u mahad, waxaa la siiyaa horumarinta iyo koritaanka oo dhan noolaha.

maytosis

isku xigxiga ee dhammaan geedi socodka ka dhaca inta lagu guda jiro formation of unugyada cusub, loo yaqaan wareeg gacanta. Waxay ka kooban tahay saddex marxaladood: interphase, maytosis, cytokinesis. waqti wareegga waxay ku xiran tahay noocyada unugyada, iyo arrimaha dibadda. Saameeyeen heerkulka, helitaanka nafaqo, ogsijiin. Tusaale ahaan, in epithelium xiidmaha waa formation of unugyo cusub dhacdaa 8-10 daqiiqo kasta ee bakteeriyada - 20 daqiiqo kasta.

Hab-bilaabmaa interphase. Wakhtigan, waxaa jira geedi socodka koritaanka degdegga ah. Soo saaro walxaha kaa caawin in ay kordhiyaan gacanta iyo dhammaystirka dhammaan hawlaha loo xilsaaray. Inta lagu guda jiro interphase waa taranka DNA.

Si toos ah inta lagu guda jiro marxaladda maytosis dhacdaa fission nuclear. Chromatids inta lagu guda jiro geeddi-socodka kala kasta oo kale oo la aasaasay qaybiyaa dhexeeya unugyada gabadhayda koromosoomyada.

Geeddi-socodka, inta lagu guda jiro kuwaas oo kala dhexeeya qaababka cusub ee cytoplasm ah, loo yaqaan cytokinesis.

Intii lagu guda jiray hawlgalka maytosis, unugyada loo sameeyay, taas oo macluumaadka hidde gebi ahaanba isku si u shaqeeyo waalidka. Inta lagu guda jiro geeddi-socodka ah ee laban laabmay tirada koromosoomyada.

meiosis

In habkan, tirada koromosoom qeybinta unug ayaa la kala badhay. Tani waxay xaqiijineysaa xoolaha iyo sporogenesis dhalmo galmada ee dhirta. Inta lagu guda jiro meiosis waxaa jira laba qeybinta isku xigta, iyo iyaga horreeyaa hal reduplication ee DNA.

Dhammaan alaabta muhiimka u ah geedi socodka kuwan waxaa kaydsato ilaa inta lagu jiro marxaladda hordhac ah - interphase. heer kasta oo horyaalka u qaybsan yahay afar xilli: prophase, metaphase, anaphase iyo telophase. Wejiga isku mid ah iyo waa in maytosis, laakiin habka kasta waxay leedahay astaamo u gaar ah.

Asal meiosis - oo qeyb ka ah unugyada, taas oo tirada koromosoomyada waa la dhimay by 2 jeer. laba haploid muuqan mid ka mid waxbarashada diploid. Wakhtigan, geedi socodka ka soo baxaa DNA galool sameeyay dunmiiqa qeybinta. Intaas waxaa sii dheer, isbaddallada la fuliyay in prophase ah ee koromosoom homologous. The uumi keentay sameeyaan bivalent. Meelaha qaarkood waxaa chromatids gudbaan. Nidaamkan waxaa loo yaqaan gudbin ka.

heerka ugu dambeeya waa wax-u meiosis labaad. qeybinta Tani, taas oo unugyada loo sameeyay iyadoo la haploid ee koromosoom, oo ka kooban hal chromatid. Natiijada oo ah hawlgaladii lagu tilmaamay formation of diploid (ama spermatogonia uugoniya) ka tago 4 unugyada.

muhiimadda Biological waa formation of unugyada meiotic in ay bixiyaan xoolaha dhalmada ama formation spore galmada ee xayawaanka sare. Tani waa sida in la damaanad qaado dayactirka ah ee joogtada dhalmo hidaha ee noocyada.

Gaar ahaan galmada iyo taranka asexual ee noolaha

Iyada oo ku xidhan habka unugyada kala qaybiyaan si ay u soo saaraan farcankaaga in dhaadheer noocyada kala duwan ee geedi socodka this. Dhanka kale, waxaa in la xuso in badbaadada ee noolaha badan oo shuruudaha beddelo sababa xaqiiqda aad u in ay isku dari kartaa hababka kala duwan ee dhalmo.

Dabcan, dhalmo galmada iyo asexual of dhala gaar ah oo noolaha la taaban karo ka duwan yahay. noocyada Table taranta caawin doonaa in ay fahmaan waxa farqiga aasaasiga ah.

Waxaa cad in noocyada galmada ee dhalmo of noolaha badan yihiin casri ah. Laakiin asexually ay hubisaa in loo maqli soonkii tiro badan oo farcankiisa. In dhalmo galmada tirada noolaha ah oo deeq sidaas degdeg ah u koraya.