Nitration of toluene: isla'eg Reaction

Aan ka hadalno sida nitration ee toluene. Diyaariyey la mid ah by ficil tirada weyn ee alaabta semifinished loo isticmaalo soo saaridda ee qarxa, daawooyinka.

Muhiimadda nitration

taagayo Benzene sida xeryahooda Nitro leedahay beduliyum la heli karaa in industry ee kiimikada casriga ah. Nitrobenzene in aniline waa wax soo saarka dhexe, cadarka, wax soo saarka ah dawooyinka. Isagu waa dareeraha wanaagsan xeryahooda badan organic, ay ka mid yihiin cellulose iyo nitrite si ay u sameeyaan tiro gelatinous isaga la. In batroolka waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida miira ah cabbeeyo saliidaha. Marka nitration ee toluene waa benzidine diyaar, aniline, aminosalicylic acid, phenylenediamine.

Astaamaha u gaarka ah nitration

Nitration lagu gartaa group NO2 tubada galay Britain ee xarunta organic. Iyada oo ku xidhan wax ka bilaabin, habka this baxa via a xagjirka ah, nucleophilic, farsamo electrophilic. The Qurub firfircoon u dhaqmaan sida siifilisku nitronium, udhigo iyo xag NO2. reaction nitration Toluene loola jeedaa bedelka. Waayo, waxyaabaha kale ee organic bedelay laga yaabaa in nitration, iyo dheer ee debaajiga double.

Nitration of toluene ee Britain ah oo hydrocarbon ah udgoon waxaa lagu fuliyaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo acid nitrating (sulfuric iyo acids nitric). Hannaan The muujinayaa guryaha sulfuric acid adeegaya sida habka loola jeedaa vodotnimayuschego.

nidaamka isla'egta

Nitration of toluene ku lug bedelay mid la eb hydrogen by Nitro. Sidee nidaamka geedi socodka socda?

Si loo qeexo nitration ee toluene, isla'egta falcelinta matali karaa sida soo socota:

ArH + HONO2 + = Ar-NO2 + H2 O

Waxay kuu ogolaanaysaa inaad la xukumi lahaa oo kaliya on koorsada guud ee xidhiidhka ka, laakiin ma bixiyo dhamaan sifooyinka geedi socodka this. Dhab ahaantii waxaa jira dareen-celin oo u dhexeeya Consort leedahay beduliyum iyo wax soo saarka ee nitric acid.

Marka la eego in alaabta uu leeyahay Britain oo biyo ah, waxa ay yaraynaysaa fiirsashada of acid nitric, nitration of toluene sidaas daraaddeed gaabisaa. Si looga fogaado dhibaato this, geeddi-socodka waxaa lagu fuliyaa marka heerkulku hooseeyo isticmaalaya nitric acid in qadar xad-dhaaf ah.

Intaa waxaa dheer ee sulfuric acid sida wakiilada dehydrating isticmaalo , anhydride acetic, polyphosphoric acid, trifluoride boron. Waxay awood u snizat isticmaalka nitric acid, kordhiyo tayada ee dhexgalka.

The Gudigga ee geedi socodka

nitration ee toluene lagu tilmaamay in goor dambe oo qarnigii sagaal iyo V. Markovnikov. Waxa uu ahaa awoodaan in la dhiso xiriir ka dhexeeyo joogaan in isku dar ah falcelinta urursan acid sulfuric iyo heerka socodka geedi socodka. In nitrotoluene saarka casriga ammooniya acid nitric waxaa loo isticmaalaa, qaaday in xad-yar.

Waxaa intaa dheer, sulfonation iyo nitration of toluene ku lug isticmaalaya heli boron dehydrating qayb fluoride. Its hordhaca geedi socodka falcelinta awood si loo yareeyo kharashka soo saarka ka helay, taas oo ka dhigaysa heli nitration ee toluene. habka dal isla'egta guud ahaan waxay ahaayeen sida soo socota:

ArH + HNO3 + BF3 = Ar-NO2 + BF3 · H2 O

Ka dib markii la dhameeyo oo biyo ah falcelinta la soo bandhigo, dheehan foomamka dihydrate fluoride boron laktosmonohydrat. Waxaa la saaro in vacuo, ka dibna ku dar fluoride calcium, in foomka xarunta asalka soo laabtay.

Cayimayo of nitration

Waxaa jira muuqaalada qaar ka mid ah geeddi-socodka la xidhiidha doorashada ee reagents, substrate isticmaalaya falcelin. Ka fiirso qaar ka mid ah fursadaha more:

• 60-65 boqolkiiba acid nitric in isku dar ah ee boqolkiiba 96 sulfuric acid,
• isku dar ah 98% acid nitric iyo acid sulfuric xoog for falcelin yar walxaha organic,
• amooniyam potassium ama ammonium la xoog sulfuric acid - waa doorasho wanaagsan, wax soo saarka ee polymer xeryahooda Nitro.

The kinetics of nitration

Consort leedahay beduliyum, lalana xiriiro isku dar ah ee sulfuric iyo acids nitric, Nitro ionically. V. Markovnikov awoodaan in sifaha cayimayo ee dhexgalka ah. Geedi socodka meel dhowr marxaladood. Nitrosernaya acid ugu horeysay waxaa la aasaasay, taas oo Oo Qaliin dissociation in xal aqueous. udhigo Nitronium waxaa ka jawaabay toluene si ay u sameeyaan sida nitrotoluene wax soo saarka. Marka daray in ay isku dar ah ee u taagoo biyo ku dhacaa inta lagu guda jiro deceleration.

In qase la nooca organic - nitromethane, acetonitrile, sulfolane - ogolaanaya formation of waxbarashada ku kordhiyaan garaaca ee nitration.

The keentay waxbarashada nitronium lifaaqan xuduntii leedahay beduliyum of toluene, sidaas sameeyay dhexe. Dheeraad ah oo ku jiro farqi proton ah, taasoo keentay in nitrotoluene dhismaha.

Waayo, sharaxaad faahfaahsan ee geedi socodka socda ee waxaan ka fiirsan kartaa formation of a "li'idiisa" oo adag "pi". Waxbarashada "li'idiisa" dhismaha waa talaabo heerka-yareysey isdhexgalka ah. heerka falcelinta waxaa si toos ah oo la xidhiidha shirkii DJibuuti of lifaaqa waxbarashada nitronium in la eb carbon in xuduntii xeryahooda leedahay beduliyum ah. qaybsama proton off of toluene waxaa lagu fuliyaa dhow goobtii.

Kaliya ee Xaaladaha qaarkood, waxaa laga yaabaa in qaar ka mid ah dhibaatooyinka la bedelka la xidhiidha saamaynta isotope weyn hoose ogeed. Tan waxa u sabab xawaaraha ee habka soo celinta ay goobjoog ka ahaayeen caqabadaha noocyo kala duwan ah.

Marka xulashada Hannaan iyo wakiilka dehydrating habka acid sulfuric xoog jiro wareeg hoganaya dhinaca formation of alaabta falcelin.

gunaanad

Waxaa la aasaasay in nitration ee nitrotoluene toluene, taas oo waa wax soo saarka qiimo of warshadaha kiimikada. Waa walax tani waa xarunta qarxa, si baahida in engeeg hawlgallada. Waxaa ka mid ah dhibaatooyinka deegaanka ee la xidhiidha ay soo saaridda warshadaha, la soco isticmaalka xaddi badan oo xoog sulfuric acid.

Si aad ula qabsan dhibaatadan, farmashiye ah ayaa eegaya hab si loo yareeyo qashinka acid sulfuric helay ka dib markii habka nitration ah. Tusaale ahaan, geeddi-socodka waxaa lagu fuliyaa at heerkulka hoose, dhexdhexaad ah loo isticmaalo waxaa si fudud regenerable. Sulfuric acid wuxuu leeyahay sifooyin oksidheeyeyaal xoog leh, taas oo si xun u saamayn ku daxalka ee macdanaha aad u korodho khatar noolaha. Iyada oo la raacayo dhammaan heerarka ammaanka suurto gal ah si ay ula qabsadaan dhibaatooyinkan, heli xeryahooda Nitro tayo sare leh.