Munaaraddii ugu sareeya ee Kremlin Moscow ee. Description Moscow Kremlin munaaradaha

munaaraddii ugu sareeya ee Kremlin Moscow - waa Tower qaybta dhexe ee waqooyi galbeed ee derbiga, ka tago Alexander Jannada. Waxaa lagu magacaabaa Saddexmidnimada, waa safarka iyo labaad ee ugu weyn. munaaraddii waxaa loo caleemo saaray xiddiga guduud ah, oo mar on, iyo sidoo kale on vezhe Spassky ah (magaca Ruush Old), ogashahay laalaaday.

The dhagax cad qadiimiga Kremlin

Xitaa Dmitry Grand Duke ee Donskoy sannadaha 1366-1368 ayaa la bedelay derbiga alwaax ee Kremlin by. Qoraalkani wuxuu ka kaas oo ay u dhisaan qalcad cusub iyo munaarado, marar badan ayaa nuuradda ah dhalaalaya ama "dhagax cad", taas oo si hodan ku ah gobollada dhexe ee Russia ahaa. Tani waa ka soo jeedo iyo calaamad hore ee Moscow - "dhagax cad". Si kastaba ha ahaatee, wax dhismaha ahayd qalcad jilicsan oo duqoobay. shaqada dib u soo celinta fuliyay si joogto ah, sidaas darteed in ay jirto caddeyn badan ee taariikhda. Sidaas daraaddeed, in 1462 baayacmushtariga Moscow Vasiliem Dmitrievichem Ermolinym, kuwaas oo wakhtigaas mas'uul ka ah dhismaha oo dhan ka shaqeeya ee heer qaran, dayactir weyn oo derbiyada lagu qaaday irid ilaa Borovitsky strelnitsa Sviblovo. Si aad ka jawaabto su'aasha "oo ka mid ah munaaradaha ee Kremlin waa ugu sarreeya", waxaad u baahan tahay inaad ka ogaato faahfaahinta oo dhan, oo ay ku jirto dib u dhiska guud ee derbiyo, iyo munaarado in, in kasta oo ay dayactir weyn, sii waday in ay "tag." Sababtan awgeed, Ivan III weyn, balaartay, iyadoo jidka ag fadhida, kibir size Moscow 6 jeer, amar la soo saaray ee saddexaad ee la soo dhaafay qarnigii XV ah, iyadoo ay sabab u fulinta oo Kremlin Moscow ee, derbiyo, iyo munaarado ay soo maray habeynta a xagjirka ah.

New Kremlin leben cas

Si loo gaaro goolka ay Grand Duke of Moscow yeedhi ka Italy sayid caanka ah ee naqshadaha, hoos jihada of taas oo la 1485 bilaabmaa falanqaynta pryasel dhagax cad (aagga u dhexeeya labada munaaradaha), darbiyada iyo naftooda munaarado. Muddo toban sanadood ah, on-site qalcad parsed la dhisay cusub, waqti this leben. Inta lagu guda jiro dib u dhiska this aagga Kremlin waxaa kordhay lifaaqaaya qayb galbeed ee qalcadda. Haddaba waxay ahayd 27.5 hektar oo ayaa helay qaab ah saddex xagalka aan joogto ahayn. Waxay qeexaysaa qalcadda hadda. shaqada waxaa hogaaminayay by Talyaaniga. Sidaa darteed ma jirto wax la yaab leh in xaqiiqda ah in dhamaadka sare ee derbiyada, qurxiyey dagaaleed, Veigy oo dhan (magaca Ruush Old), oo ay ku jiraan ilaa munaaraddii kor ugu dheer ee Kremlin Moscow ee, waa mid aad u badan sida qalcado Talyaani - Scaligero ee Verona iyo Milan ee Sforza Castle.

Moscow munaaraddii qalcaddayda

Total Moscow Kremlin 20 munaarado. Saddex geeska - Vodovzvodnaya, Beglemishevskaya iyo Corner Arsenal - qaybta munaaraddii ugu wareegsan yihiin, halka qaar kalena, oo ay ku jiraan ilaa munaaraddii kor ugu dheer ee Kremlin Moscow ee - square ah. Of galidoonaan guud, da'doodu tahay inta badan ee style la mid ah, waxay u taagan tahay munaaraddii Nikolskaya Cafiyi Square Cas, taas oo 1812 Faransiis kor afuufeen. Marka shuqullada soo celinta qaadeen on mashruuca O. I. Bove, waxayna siisay eegno Gothic oo rinji cad. Dhamaan qaab vezhi iyo height yihiin midba midka kale ka duwan. Sidaas oo iyaga ka mid ah waa kuwa ugu sarreeya munaaraddii ee Kremlin? Trinity. Waa maxay iyo halkee? Waa maxay taariikhda?

injineero fryazhskie

dayactirka A guud ee Kremlin ay ku lug Aleviz Fryazin (Milano), kuwaas oo u yimid in ay Moscow ee 1494. In 1495 wuxuu ka qayb qaatay dhismaha derbiyo, iyo munaarado Webiga Neglinnaya ah. qolalka Stone ayaa sidoo kale dhisay hoos hoggaanka (1499-1508 sano). In 1508 wuxuu dam a on webiga, taas oo biyaa weheliyaan qayb waqooyi-galbeed ee derbiga Kremlin ka dhisay. Thanks iyaga heerka biyaha webiga ku kaceen wax badan in la buuxiyo jidad abuuray derbiga ee wax laga dhawro Square Cas. Waxaa ka 1508 si ay u 1516 hoos jihada ee Milan ka qoday. Oo iyana waxay sidoo kale la dhisay woqooyi waa noobiyad ugu sareeya ee Kremlin Moscow ee.

Waa in la ogaadaa in Fryazin - ma aha magac, naaneesta ah in la siiyey oo dhan ku takhasusay Ruush Western kuwaas oo ka yimid koonfurta Europe yimid. Waxay ka timaadaa eray gurracan "faran". Taas darteed, waxa uu inta badan ahaa wareer. Aloisio da Milano, Aleviz Fryazin Milan iyo Aloisio da Karezano (ama Carcano) - waa mid ka mid ah oo qofka la mid ah, si ay u dhisaan munaaraddii Trinity iyo Bon Fryazin Qolol belfry "Ivan Veliky". Isla mar ahaantaana, Ivan III martiqaaday in ay Moscow Aleviz Fryazin kale, laakiin Venitsiantsa ama New. Waxay lahaa magaca xataa caadi ah - injineero fryazhskie. Waxa intaa dheer in kuwan "Fryazinov" ama "fryagov" casuumay Ivan III Great ahaayeen Marco Ruffo iyo Pietro Antonio Solari, siday u kala horreeyaan, Mark Peter Fryazinov.

qalcad Kremlin

Sidaas daraaddeed, munaaraddii ugu sareeya ee Kremlin Moscow la dhisay ka 1495 in 1499 sano Aleviz Fryazin Milan. Iyo qalcado ugu horeysay ee Kremlin - Taynitskaya Tower (dhexda ee qaybta koonfureed ee derbiga Kremlin) - ayaa la bilaabay July 14, 1485. Ka dib markii in, ilaa munaaraddii kor dhigay hawlgalka ku dhawaad sannad. ugu dambeeyay The - Imperial Tower - dhisay 1680. erayada gaarka ah u qalmaa derbigii Kremlin ah, oo ay ku jiraan heleyna ay weheliyaan River Neglinnaya ah. In xarunta of qeybta this waa ugu sareeya ee North Tower of Kremlin Moscow ee. dhererka Total derbiga loo siman yahay 2235 mitir, sarajooggiisuna wuxuu kala duwan tahay 5 ilaa 19 m. dhumucdiisuna waxay derbiyada ka 3.5 si 6.5 m lahaa pass-dhex markii hore, laakiin markaas Dhawaqa on qashin qaybood oo kala duwan.

derbiga u gaar ah

Towers kala fogaan ah qaarkood, kuwaas oo ka adkaan kari waayeen gamcihiisa, dhigay on top of derbiga. Its width gaadho meesha 2, iyo meesha iyo 4 mitir. Ka baxsan waxaa lagu ilaaliyo ilkaha laba-guumaysgeesaleyda oo dhererkiisu waa loo siman yahay si 2-2.5 m, oo dhumucdiisuna -. M Tirada guud 0,65-0,7 jirriqsi ilaalada u amro hareeraha wareega loo siman yahay 1045 gogo '. Sagittarians kuwaas oo derbiga dul jooga ay ahaayeen dhinaca barxadda derbiga derbi ku qariyeen. Markii hore marinka daboolay Cirkana dhismo Gable kaas oo ay suurto gal ahayd in la isku halleeyo ee cimilada xun, iyo derbigii aad uu ka Xoogaga roobka iyo barafka daboolay. saqafka waxaa la gubay qarnigii XVIII ka, iyo inta badan waxaa ka mid ah aan la soo celiyey.

Taariikhda Magaca

Tan iyo markii ugu sareeya munaaraddii ee Kremlin Moscow ee loo yaqaan Trinity, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah si aad u ogaato sababta, iyada waxaa la siiyey magaca this, gaar ahaan tan iyo markii hore u karaameeyo ka jannayo, ka dibna Rizpolozhensky ka dib Znamenskaia iyo Kuretnoy iyo horyaalka hadda ayay badisay kaliya in 1658 by amar of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich sabab u jooga dhul ka mid ah dhaqd- Kremlin Trinity. magacyada Previous lala kiniisadaha Kremlin iyo u dhow guriga tababaraha reer boqor ah.

asalka ah ugu

Ugu sarreeya Kremlin (photo ku lifaaqan) munaaraddii ayaa ku soo koobin soo socda: ka Alexander Jannada, dhisay, halkaas oo hortiisana waxaa yiil webiga Neglinnaya, markey Mixraabka ugu soo galay biibiile, height of Veigy xiddiga reer 80 mitir, oo aan - 76,35, dhinaca hoose - siday u kala horreeyaan 69,3 iyo 65,65 m. munaaraddan ku safray. Oo irdaheedana tan iyo markii la aasaasay in dhamaadka XVII waxaa loo arkaa labaad ee ugu muhiimsan ka dib markii Spassky ah.

Oo waxay u adeegeen, waayo marinka in barxadaha boqorado, marwooyin iyo awowe. In 1516, by Trinity Tower Webi Neglinnaya ahaa buundo ku dhamaatay strelnitsa dheecaan ama Barbican, loo yaqaan kiiskan Kutafya munaaraddii. Waxaa u adeegi jireen sida qalcado in meesha ugu horeysa si ay u sii ilaaliyo iridda. Waa munaaraddii nool oo keliya bridgehead Kremlin. Going by iyada Troitsky Bridge, sida laga soo xigtay qaar kamid ah qabiirada oo ku saabsan taariikhda Moscow, dhisay on site oo ka mid ah dhismayaasha dhagax ugu horeysay ee caasimada this, taas oo la dhisay qarnigii XIV ah.

Shirka labaad ee ugu muhiimsan

Waa maxay munaaraddii ugu sareeya ee Kremlin Moscow, iyo sababta aan Badbaadiye ugu weyn? Sida iska cad, waqti qaar ka mid ah taariikhda Soviet, muhiimadda Gates Saddexmidnimada ku daray in ay ahayd iyaga March 12, 1918 V. I. Lenin gaaray Kremlin. Iyada oo Gates Trinity halkan u yimid, Napoleon, iyaga wuxuu ka Kremlin ku orday. guul ay ka gaartay boqorradii soo laabtay sidoo kale ahaayeen Trinity Bridge, ka dibna waxay furtaa galbiyeen ilaa Iridda Spassky ah. Markii hore munaaraddii ugu sareeya ee Kremlin Moscow ee (photo ku lifaaqan) door muhiim ah in taariikhda oo dhan Moscow. Waxaa ugu sareeya, laakiin aan ugu weyn, sababtoo ah ma aha in Red Square tagaan.

Egyihiin iyo khilaafaadka

Iyadoo dhamaadka dhismaha munaaraddan ayaa lagu soo gabagabeeyey by abuurka qalcad ah ee qaybta oo dhan waqooyi-galbeed ee derbiyada - side this ee Kremlin noqday milmin. munaaraddii weyn ee ilkaha sare dhamaaday, kaasoo ah teendhadii alwaax waxaa hipped. Xaashiyaha ayaa ka 1585, munaaraddan ahaa ogashahay in u dhiganta ay muuqashadii dembigooda in Badbaadiyeheenna ah. Intaa waxaa dheer, labada ayaa lagu rakibay laba-madax gorgor, astaanta, ee Russia in Trinity ahaa ka weyn, ka dhowr xabbadood xidhay soo ururay. Oo markii, ee 1685, waxaa la dhisay on top of dhagax multi-heer oo sare ka dhisteen cad weyn, decoration kale cad dhagax, la mid ah ilaa munaaraddii kor ugu weyn Spassky waxa uu noqday mid aad u ballaaran. Haa, xitaa sanad kadib ay ogashahay cusub dhegaysanayay (marka ay dabka ku gubay oo ka mid ah Moscow ee 1812, waxay mar dambe soo celiyey).

Qaybaha ee naqshadda dhismaha kaniisadda

On su'aasha ah ee, taas oo ka mid ah munaaradaha ee Kremlin waa meelaha ugu sarreeya, aad ka jawaabi kartaa: wixii saaraa taaj geliyo sideed isagoo iyada oo qayb ka smotritelnuyu. Maxay ka dhigan tahay? Erayga "octagon on afar geesle ah" waa nooc ka mid ah sideeda oo naqshadda, inta badan dhismayaasha kaniisadda. Octagonal ama qaabeynta octagonal, dabaqa taagan afar dhinac, more sal ballaaran. Halabuurka noocan oo kale ah u muuqday, aamadani si Samooyinka, kaas oo siiyey dhismaha firfircoonida iyo, waxay ahayd, markeeda, waa feature caan ah baroque Moscow. In kiniisadaha xaafadaha sharaf leh ee Dawan ee octagonal waxaa ku yaalla, si dabiici ah, laakiinse isagu kuma uu glazed iyo dhirta loo marayo. Troitskaya Tower, ee heerarka sare oo la dhisay on noocan eegay aad u fiican ka Alexander Beer hadda. Tani waxaa fududeeyay xaqiiqda ah in labada geesood oo strelnitsa yaaliin dhisteen kala duwan iyo dhagaxyo cascas. Qaar ka mid ah iyaga ka mid ah ayaa qaaday inta lagu jiro ballaarinta dulduleelo ee 1707 ay sabab u tahay khatar ku soo aaddan ee duulaanka Swedish. Part - on imaanshaha ee archives Trinity Tower ee Wasaaradda Maxkamadda Imperial ee. Waxaa laga garab dhisay xitaa in ay ballaariso.

The weyn, siddeed dabaq

munaaraddii ugu sareeya ee Kremlin ee Moscow ayaa lix kor ku xusan-dhul iyo laba dabaq oo dhulka hoostiisa. guryihii Deep markii hore ahaayeen ujeedooyin daafaca iyo military. Markaas, ee qarnigii XVI-XVII ah, guryihii, kuwaas ayaa la beddelay xabsi ah. Kuwani dabaq dhulka hoostiisa aad u qoto dheer ayaa laga helay 1851. Inta jiritaankeeda, Troitskaya Tower isticmaalaa siyaabo kala duwan. Waxaan halkan joogay ilaa 1895 archive Maxkamadda Imperial, oo hadda orchestra Madaxweynaha waxaa la dhigayaa waxa ku jira.

xiddigaha Kremlin

Intaa waxaa dheer, ilaa munaaraddii kor ugu sareeya ee Kremlin ee Moscow - mid ka mid ah shantii taaj xiddigaha. Borovitskaya Spasskaya iyo Nikolskaya iyo Vodovzvodnaya - waa afar munaarado, oo saa'idka armorial of Russia Imperial ayaa la bedelay xiddigaha. Iyadoo la tixraacayo jubbadihii hubka sidoo kale weydiin kartaa su'aal, waxaa aad u habboon in kedis ah: Jawaabtu waxay noqon lahaa, mid wuxuu ku saabsan oo taagnaa ilaa 1935 da'da weyn (uuga waqti - 1830) ka, gorgor double madax-"Waa kuwee ka mid ah munaaradaha ee Kremlin Moscow waa ugu sarreeya?". "Yaraa" (1912) wuxuu ahaa on Badbaadiyeheenna ah. Oo waxaa lagu badalay xiddiga koowaad. The xiddigaha ugu horeysay waxay ahaayeen dahab qufilan semi-oo qaali ah oo aad u culus - oo miisaankeedu yahay ilaa tan ah. Sidaa darteed saqafka Spassky, Trinity iyo munaarado Borovetskoy hore u xoogaystay. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xiddiga semi-qaali ah si deg deg ah yaraaday, iyo in 1937 ay go'aansadeen in ay ku baddallo kuwa xiddigaha iska Ifto Yuuna muraayad ah guduud.

aqonsado ee munaaradaha Kremlin

Sidee kale oo aad ka jawaabi kartaa su'aasha ku saabsan waxa munaaraddii ugu sareeya ee Kremlin? Haddii aad eegto qorshaha khariidad, waxa aan arki karnaa in ay tahay munaaraddii 15aad ee vezhi oo Badbaadiyeheenna ah (tiriyey counterclockwise waa) oo uu leeyahay ugu sarreeya - Trinity, mid ka buundada ka tago. Mid kasta oo ka 20 vezh Kremlin ah waa mid gaar ah, waxay leedahay taariikh gaar ah, iyo in lagu qeexo iyaga ugu yaraan innaba nabadu jirin, mid ka mid ah article kuma filna.