Macroevolution iyo microevolution: ekaanshada iyo kala

Macroevolution iyo microevolution ku kala duwan yihiin in muddo xileedka koowaad qeexayaa isbedelada heerka noocyada, iyo labaad - horumar supraspecific. qeexitaan waxaa lagu magacaabaa Isbadal karin jidhka xayawaan, adaptively kulan xaaladaha ku xeeran.

Waa maxay samayn shuruudaha?

In ku tilmaamay faraqa u eego "macroevolution" iyo "microevolution" waxaa meedka meesha muhiim magnitude oo ka mid ah hababka hadda. Tixgeliyey waqtiga loo baahan yahay in la beddelo noolaha ah. Tilmaamayaasha sheybaarada waaweyn ka kooban yihiin microprocessors badan.

Macroevolution iyo microevolution - go'an dhacdooyinka taasoo keentay in soo bixitaanka kooxaha nidaamsan:

• guuto;
• dhalmada;
• noocyada ama qaybaha;
• qoysaska.

In kooxaha oo dhan waxaa jira la mid ah, oo waxay ka gobolka isla yimaadaan. Tartiib tartiib qabsado deegaanka, ay isbaddali oo noqday duwana qaab asalka. Oo wakhtigii more maraa, farqiga u more dareemi gudahood noocyada a.

Geedi socodka ah ee horumar waa isbedel karin ee noolaha dabiiciga ah, taasoo keentay in formation of dalalka soo socda:

• beddelo genetics;
• formation of qabsashada xaaladaha cusub ee nolosha;
• formation of noocyada cusub;
• biogeocoenoses diinta;
• ka lumay ee noocyada horey u sii jiray,
• isbeddel ah ee biosphere oo dhan.

Maxaa ka dhigay kala duwanaanshaha semantic ah marka la eego?

Beddelidda dadka ee noocyada shaqsi u keenaysaa in xaqiiqda ah in uu jiro macroevolution iyo microevolution. Khilaaf of sharaxyo:

• Qeexidda marka hore waxaa loo isticmaalaa si uu u sharaxo isbedel noolaha caalamka. Tani waxaa ka mid ah formation of dacawo juquraafi, laakiin ma bilaabi karaan oo aan microevolution.
• geeddi socodka Global ee macroevolution ugu tobanaan, boqolaal malaayiin sano. Muddada isbedel dhalay microevolution waa kun oo sano jir.

In aragtida ah ee microevolution tixgeliyaa habka of qabsashada dadka u beddelo xaaladaha deegaanka.

Inta geeddi-socodka horumarinta noocyada waqti isku mid ah waxaa lagu tilmaamay sida macroevolution iyo microevolution. Egyihiin iyo khilaafaadka aragtiyo hadda jira waxay u baahan yihiin si ay ku soo koobin bartay horumarinta noocyada.

Si Sahlan oo ka mid ah laba nooc oo

Mid ka arki kartaa habka la mid ah aragtiyaha sida macroevolution iyo microevolution. Marka la barbardhigo ah laba nooc oo ah horumarinta siinayaa sabab ay ku fikirto mabda'a of tixgelin loo siman yahay ee horumar nafleyda. In kiiska hore, formation of cusub ee ku qoran genera, noocyada. A xukun labaad la mid ah waa la fuliyay in aan ogaanno Isbedelo, miyigii hidde, socdaalka ee noolaha.

Aragtida of macro- iyo microevolution ku salaysan yihiin abuuro hal dhibic ka mid ah aragtida daraasadda of horumarinta noocyada, kaas oo u ogolaanaya falanqeyn faahfaahsan ee horumarinta mudada dheer ee noolaha. Ereyga "arrimo la takooro" waxaa loo isticmaalaa si aad u hesho sharaxaad dhamaystiran ee noocyada. Waxaa ka mid ah xaaladaha saameeya horumar ah:

• beddelo socodka webiga sababa Kalluunka iyo xayawaan kale quuska inuu la qabsado deegaanka cusub;
• on xaalad caado ka mid ah shimbiraha saamayn dhaqdhaqaaqa qolof dhulka ee, markii formation of kala duwan oo buurta cusub;
• kululaaneysa Global kordhiyaa heerkulka hadda badda oo saameeya nolosha sida xayawaan iyo xayawaanka quuska on qaaradood ah.

Si aad la qabsato deegaanka cusub, dadkuba ku nool waxay u baahan yihiin in ay isbaddali heerka microevolution.

isbedel Global

Isbarbar fikirka ah "macroevolution" iyo "microevolution", waxaannu ku tirinnaa karaa in natiijada isbedelka caalami ah waxay ku xiran tahay dhowr ah shilalka ka dhaca heerka kelli. Mid kasta oo si tartiib tartiib ah nidaamka Socota waqti qaar ka mid ah ay awoodaan in ay koraan galay supermakroevolyutsiyu. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, tani waa muddo aad u dheer.

In aragtida ah ee macroevolution ayaa ka fiirsaneysa inay sharciga horumarinta dunida organic. waxaad samayn kartaa sawir cad iyo guud isbeddelka evolutionary noocyada by xogta tirakoobka. Waxaa cad ah halbeegyada tayada isbeddellada iyo tilmaamaha waaweyn, kuwaas oo ay adag tahay in la sameeyo marka waxbarashada microevolution kaliya.

Tusaalooyinka dhacdooyinka caalamka

Aragti Macroevolution aragto geedi socodka waarta malaayiin sano. Waxaa ka mid ah wax soo saarka xayawaan laf on dalka, guurka ka aadanaha in ay socdaan dhammaan afarta addinba ku dhaq Dhehana bipedal. Dhacdooyinkaasi waxay socdo isbedel la taaban karo ee labada noocyada heerka hiddo iyo dibadda ah. Waayo, formation of noocyada cusub mar walba jira laba nooc oo horumarinta dhacaan: microevolution iyo macroevolution. dhacdooyinka egyihiin been xaqiiqda ah in qodob muhiim ah in formation of noocyada cusub oo dacawo noqdo doorashada dabiiciga ah. Marka la fiirinayo oo dhan u ah hababka jidka this inaan ka dhaansado gunaanad guud oo ku saabsan nidaamka isbedel evolutionary.

isbedel gudaha

Macroevolution iyo microevolution way isku xidhan yihiin. Geedi socodka horeeyay ee caalami ah la bedeli karaa by arrimaha soo socda:

• kaladuwan hidde,
• tirayn hidde ,
• Ningax sarkhaansan yihiin tallaabada hogaamineed ee doorashada dabiiciga ah.

Fikradda ah microevolution ku lug leedahay arrimaha isbeddellada noocyada a, marka u khuduuca qaar ka mid noqday qaab dhismeedka jirka ah oo caan ah ay sabab u tahay arrimaha qaar ka mid ah oo ay u sameeyaan a dacawo cusub. Si loo fududeeyo soocidda dhacdooyinka isticmaalaya qaybta aasaasiga ah ee horumar - dadweynaha.

geeddi socodka Microevolutionary sii wadi laga yaabaa in la go'doomin dadka shakhsiga, go'doomin ka dacawo waalidka ee noocyada kala gooni ah. Sidaas daraaddeed waxay dhici karaan marka mid ka mid noocee ah u khuduuca noolaha u qaybsan yahay laba midba midka kale gobolka oo kala duwan.

Tusaalooyinka dhacdooyinka intraspecific

By microevolution ka mid ah dhacdooyinka soo socda:

• qabsashada nidaamka dheefshiidka ee jiirka inay sunta kiimikada cusub iyo (geedi socodkan waxa weeye arrin degdeg ah - oo kaliya dhowr sano);
• isbedelka balliga hiddo of a noocyada hal, oo la odhan jiray horumar phyletic;
• microevolution waxaa laga heli karaa noocyada kala duwan: shimbiraha iyo Fiidmeerta waa baalasheeda, kalluunka iyo badda xayawaan - ka baalal iyo Waafyadu ah, in lafdhabarka arkay labadaba;
• geedi socodka la mid ah waxaa laga heli karaa xayawaanka ka mid kale kala sifooyinka nidaamsan: Waafyadu leeyihiin kalluunka iyo aargoosatada ama carsaanyo, iyo ayax bar addimada la mid ah qaab-dhismeedka si jirjirroolaha wixii baabacooyinka ku jira;
• addimada xoolaha nool geedo, la mid ah dhismaha iyo shaqada.

Siyaabaha horumarinta noocyada noolaha

Qeexidda "noocyada" waxaa ka mid ah liiska dheer ee guryaha:

• Nafsaaniga ah, oo xuduudaheedu noolaha iyo physico-kiimikada.
• Shakhsiyaadka waxay leeyihiin fursad ay ku soo saari.
• Uu awood u leeyahay inuu la qabsado xaaladaha deegaanka qaarkood.
• Shaqsiyaadka mashquulin Daaqad Misbaax ku Silsilad cuntada.

Shuruudaha for noocyada qiimeynta waxaa loo isticmaalaa in macroevolution la siinayo:

1. Morphological.
2. Nafsaaniga ah.
3. Lagmamaarmaanna.
4. Hidaha.
5. Geographic.
6. Deegaanka.

View loola jeedaa qaybta ugu yar hidaha iyo is-barbar dadweynaha, markii mid ka mid shakhsi ah waa awoodaa yihiin in la kale. Isla mar ahaantaana wareejiyo qayb ka mid ah xeerka noolaha waayo imannin. Tani waxay abuurtaa noocyada cusub.

Si aad u bedesho nooca xaaladaha ku haboon loo baahan yahay kici sarkhaansan yihiin dhacdooyinka: go'doon ka ah deegaanka xoqe, sharciyada doorashada dabiiciga ah, waxaa isbeddel iyo isbedelka dadka galgaloolan.