Lagaga dhamaystirnayn - waa natiijada of dhexgalka ee alleles ka mid ah hiddo-

Lagaga dhamaystirnayn - nooc gaar ah ee allele hiddo-dhexgalka, kuna waari dhexdeeda sifo tabardaran recessive laga yaabaa in aan lagu gabi ahaanba baabi'iyay xukuma. Iyadoo la tixraacayo sharciyada, furan Mendel, xukuma oo gebi ahaanba lagu cabudhibayo muujinta recessive ah. Cilmi bartay waxaa loogu dhawaaqaa imaanayn sifooyin in dhirta la muujin ka timid labada allele xukuma ama recessive. Xaaladaha qaarkood, Mendel wajahay failure ee sharciyada, laakiin kama aan sharaxo.

qaab cusub oo dhaxal

Mararka qaarkood, iyadoo ay sabab u Faracoodii gudbaya dhaxlay calaamadaha dhexe, kaas oo ma siin foomka homozygous ah hiddo-waalidka. Lagaga dhamaystirnayn ma ahaa in hay'adaha fikradeed ee genetics qarnigii hore XX, markii ay soo if baxay sharciyada Mendel ee. Markaas, saynisyahano dabiiciga badan fuliyay tijaabo hidde walxaha cuntada iyo xoolaha (yaanyo, digiraha, hamsters, jiirka, duqsigu miro).

Ka dib markii xaqiijin cytological ee 1902, qaababka Walter Sutton Mendelian of mabaadi'da gudbinta iyo in la dhexgalo calaamadaha bilaabay inuu sharaxo jagada dhaqanka koromosoomyada ee gacanta.

In la mid ah 1902 Cermak Correns ku tilmaamay kiiska marka, ka dib markii gudbaya dhirta la Corolla cad, iyo kuwo gaduud ee farcankiis ahaayeen ubax midabka casaan - Lagaga dhamaystirnayn. Tani bandhigay ee Beelaha ee (genotype AA) sifo taas oo qaraabo dhexe si homozygous xukuma (AA) iyo (aa) recessive phenotypes. Saameyn la mid ah ayaa lagu tilmaamay for noocyada badan ee dhirta ubax: snapdragons, dhagax yakintos, habeen qurux badan, strawberries.

Lagaga dhamaystirnayn - sabab u ah isbedelka of falgalka shaqeeyaan?

hab ay of muuqaalka kore ee muuqashadii saddexaad ee feature lagu macnayn karaa booska uu ka waxqabad ee ensaymes kuwaas oo borotiinada by dabeecadda iyo hiddo-ogaado qaab-dhismeedka protein ah. Warshad leh ensaymes homozygous genotype xukuma (AA) noqon lahaa ku filan iyo xaddiga Midabka u eekaan doonaa heerka si culus u jebiyo dheecaan unug.

Homozygotes la alleles recessive (aa) Avv Midabka garaac jabay weli uncolored. In the case of genotype heterozygous dhexe (AA), hiddo-a xukuma weli siinayaa xaddi gaar ah oo enzyme mas'uulka ka ah midabka, laakiin aan ku filan midabo dhalaalaya kahaayeen. Waxaaba midabka ah ee "badh."

Calaamadaha Dhaxli nooca dhexe

dhaxal aan dhamaystirnayn noocan oo kale ah si fiican u xiiseeyaan on muujinta a variable of calaamadaha:

1. Sida xooga leh midabka. William Bateson, gudbeen digaag madow iyo caddaan sirdoonka Andalusian in nooc baalo lacag ah. In qeexidda of qolof midab iris isha aadanaha sidoo kale waa hab firfircoon la joogo.
2. Degree ee adkaanta calaamadaha. timaha aadanaha ayaa waxaa sidoo kale ka go'an in ay sifo dhaxal aan dhamaystirnayn. AA Genotype siinayaa timaha kuweyga, aa - si toos ah, iyo dadka qaba labada alleles leedahay timo galgaloolan.
3. Tilmaamayaasha qiyaasi karo. oo dhererkeedu wuxuu dhegta sarreen waxaa Dhaxli ku saleysan Lagaga dhamaystirnayn.

In qarniga F2 phenotypes tirada ku beegan tahay tirada noocyo in lagu tilmaamay Lagaga dhamaystirnayn. cross Test si loo ogaado Beelaha ma u baahan tahay, maxaa yeelay, iyagu way i fiiriyaan oo ka khadadka nadiif xukuma kala duwan.

Cholesterol at calaamadaha isgoyska

Buuxi oo aan dhamaystirnayn Lagaga sida dhexgalka hiddo dhacdaa si waafaqsan xeerarka xisaabta ee Mendel. Xaaladda hore, ratio ee phenotypes F2 ah (3: 1) ma beego ratio of noocyo farcankaaga (1: 2: 1) isku sidii phenotypically of AA iyo alleles AA muuqan isku mid. Markaas Lagaga dhamaystirnayn - kulan ee Joogaba, F2 of noocyo kala duwan iyo phenotypes (1: 2: 1).

In midabaynta strawberry waxaan dhaxlay sano ah oo ku salaysan awood aan dhamaystirnayn. Haddii in ay ka gudbaan warshad leh berry cas (AA) iyo dhirta la berry cad - AA genotype, jiilka koowaad ee dhirta oo dhan ka helay midho u dhali doonaa midab casaan (AA).

Beelaha yihiin gudbay ka F1, F2 in Faracii jiilka labaad hesho xiriir ay taariikhdu tahay genotype in: 1AA + + 2Aa 1AA. 25% ka mid ah dhirta ee jiilka labaad ku siin doonaa midhaha cas iyo uncolored, 50% ka mid ah dhirta - pink.

hannaankii A la mid ah lagu arkay doonaa in laba ka ab by gudbaya khadadka saafi midabyo Corolla habeenkii ubax qurux badan guduud iyo caddaan.

Features of dhaxal in ay dhacdo hiddo-dhimashada

Xaaladaha qaarkood, ratio ee phenotypes ee farcankiis waa adag tahay in la ogaado sida hiddo-dhexgalaan. In jiilka labaad by qaybsama Lagaga dhamaystirnayn u ka duwan yahay ka la filayo 1: 2: 1 iyo 3: 1 - in ay ka buuxaan. Tani waxay dhacdaa marka sifo a xukuma ama recessive ee gobolka homozygous siinayaa phenotype in lama jaanqaadi karaan nolosha (hiddo halis ah).

In midab cawlan oo ido ah oo baraar ah dhasha jaaket in ay yihiin homozygous for midabka allele xukuma, dhiman ay sabab u tahay xaqiiqada ah in genotype tani waa xadgudub ku ah caloosha.

In aadanaha, tusaale ka mid ah dhimashada foomka xukuma ee hiddo - brachydactyly (korotkopalost). Calaamadaha la ogaado in ay dhacdo genotype ee heterozygous, halka homozygotes xukuma dhinto marxaladaha hore ee horumarinta uurjiifka.

waxaa laga yaabaa in alleles recessive halis ah. sickle cell anemia keentaa, in ay dhacdo laba alleles recessive in genotype ah, si ay u sameeyaan isbedel erythrocytes. Unugyada dhiigga ee aan wax ku ool ah ayaa lagu lifaaqi karaa oksijiin, iyo 95% carruurta la yaab leh ayaa waxaa ku dhintay gaajo ogsijiin. In heterozygotes foomka modified ee unugyada dhiigga cas aan la saameeyeen in sida xad on meelmar ah.

Cholesterol ay joogaan ka mid ah Calaamooyinkiisa ah hiddo-halis ah

In jiilka marka hore, marka dhimashada aa AA x gudbeen ma dhici doonto, sababta oo ah farcankiisa oo dhan yeelan doonaan genotype AA ah. Ka sii tusaale calaamadaha qaybsama ee kiisaska jiilka labaad hiddo-halis ah,

Waxaa muhiim ah in la fahmo in saamaynta markii labadoodaba ay ku gubanaya Lagaga aan dhamaystirnayn, iyo saamaynta xakamaynayaan feature qayb baxdo ka dhexgalka ee alaabta hiddo.