Khayraadka macdanta Major dunida

khayraadka Macdanta waxaa lagu magacaabaa kala duwan ee macdanta loo isticmaalo dadka baahidooda oo dhan. Consort, qalabka kiimikada cayriin, macdanaha, iyo dhagaxyo qaali ah, qalabka dhismaha - in dadka ka soo uurkii meeraha bixiyay. khayraadka Macdanta ee dunida ayaa lagu qiyaasay trillions of tons, laakiinse iyagu ma ay yihiin aan xad lahayn. Waxay adeegsiga qumman - fure u ah mustaqbalka of our ilbaxnimada.

kala soocidda

alaabta ceeriin Macdanta ayaa loo qaybiyaa shan fasalada:

• Biraha laga bir iyo ferroalloys.
• Biraha cuntrooyinka.
• birta qaaliga ah.
• macdanta Warshadaha.
• shidaalka Macdanta.

Iyo khayraadka macdanta dunida kala qaybsan yihiin keeneysa la cusboonaysiin karo iyo non-cusboonaysiin karo. Kooxdu waxay ugu horeysay ka mid ah waxyaalaha aasaaska ah ee asal ahaan noolaha: .. Oil, dhuxusha, methane, iwm Waayo, samaynta u baahan tahay xaaladaha deegaanka gaar ah oo loogu talagalay malaayiin sano. In wax soo saarka ee biraha iyo macdanta (waxay ka tirsan tahay kooxda labaad) irreversibly ay mugga hoos.

Juqraafiga Macdanta ee aduunka

Macdanta qaydhiin Qalabka by gobollada waxaa loo qeybiyaa aad u di'in oo waxaa sabab u ah qaab dhismeedka dhulka ee aagga. Consort waxa ay noqon cover ku aasan ee qaaradood ee qadiimiga ah. mugga ugu badan qaadataa dhuxusha (60%), si kastaba ha ahaatee, ay la isticmaalo maanta waxaa xadiday arrimaha farsamada iyo deegaanka. kaydka weyn ee alaabta ceeriin waxaa loo sahamiyey qaaradood oo dhan, laakiin inta badan maddiibadihii dhuxul-sidda aan la horumariyo. kayd badan oo ay ka shaqeeyaan Maraykanka, Russia, China, Australia, India, Germany, Ukraine iyo Kazakhstan.

Oil iyo macdanta gaaska khayraadka dunida ka samaysan% wadarta keliya 27, laakiin la caawimaaddooda, soo saaray 57% tamarta oo dhan. beeraha saliidda iyo gaaska awood badan la sameeyey ee Venezuela, Russia (gobolka Volga ah, Western Siberia), United States (Texas iyo Mississippi weysada), Nigeria, Canada, Khaliijka, North Africa, dooxada ku taal badda Caspian.

senti Birta joogaan xarumaha qadiimiga ah ee hawsha Kobenhagen ee meelaha orogeny firfircoon. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, joogitaanka buuraha macnaheedu ma aha jiritaanka kayd hodan. Tusaale ahaan, mid ka mid ah saddex-meelood meel ka mid ah Europe daboolo buuraha, si kastaba ha ahaatee, kayd muhiim ah oo senti bir ma jira dad badan, ugu horay u horumariyey iyo lahayn muhiimadda dhaqaalaha. Taas bedelkeeda, Kursk cillad-ka magnetic ku yaalaa wadnaha ee East Bannaankii Yurub, si kastaba ha ahaatee, kaydka birta waa weyn. qaababka Ore tago kiiloomitir badan oo qoto dheer.

birta

khayraadka Macdanta dunida waa kala cayncayn ah, laakiin ugu iyaga ka mid ah oo muhiim ah waa bir ah. Waa element lixaad ee ugu weyn caalamka oo element ugu badan ee madax adkaadeen. Waxaa lagu qiyaasaa in dhulka uu leeyahay bir in cadadka 5% ka mid ah ay miisaan. Iron dhadhaab waa aasaas u ah wax soo saarka ee bir iyo bir, waxyaabaha kala duwan oo loo adeegsaday gaari, makiinadaha beeraha, qalabka isgaarsiinta, hub ciidan, buundooyinka, biyo-xireenno, sugnan iyo wixii la mid. D.

Inkasta oo bir ah waa mid ka mid ah xubno ugu caansan dhulka, horumarinta kharash-ool ah kayd ma baahsanayn. Waxay leedahay kaydka qani ku ah Maraykanka, Brazil, Hindiya, Shiinaha iyo Kanada. kayd badan oo qaar ka mid ah oo ku yaalla Kazakhstan, Sweden, Ukraine, France, Venezuela, Peru, Chile, Australia, Liberia, South Africa, Malaysia, North Africa. In Russia ayaa kaydka ku filan ee ore qiimaha badan ee ay dhaqaalaha iyo dhoofinta. kayd Large yihiin in Magnitogorsk iyo gobollada kale ee ku Urals, Peninsula Kola iyo Republic deriska la ah ee Karelia, degaanka Alshahid ee Siberia.

Biraha Non-ferrous

khayraadka Macdanta dunida waxaa lagu bartay si fiican oo ku filan. sawirka dayax-gacmeedka iyo farsamooyinka qodista casriga ah ayaa loo ogol yahay in la ogaado meelaha ugu muhiimsan ee fiirsashada of senti bir aan ferrous.

qayb muhiim ah waa copper. Tani biraha ductile la conductivity kaamerada iyo korontada aad u sarreeya. copper daahir yahay jilicsan iyo baxda, dusha dhowaan codsatay uu leeyahay midab guduudan oo orange ah. Waxa loo isticmaalaa sida kaari ah oo kulaylka iyo korontada, wax dhismaha iyo qaybaha qaybaha kala duwan ee Alloys biraha kala duwan. Copper waxaa loo isticmaalaa 10 000 sanno waana ku daahfurtay in biraha ugu horeysay ee Dadka.

Waxa aanu ku xanuunsado ka daxalka daran, caag ah oo si xor ah ku qasan biraha kale. Tani waa kaari wanaagsan ee korontada iyo kulaylka. The macaamiisha ugu muhiimsan ee copper yihiin korontada, difaaca, tamarta, warshadaha baabuurta. 90% oo ka mid ah kaydka ka mid ah biraha tani waa xoog in shan gobol oo ka mid ah dunida oo dhan:

• South Africa.
• Chile.
• qaybta galbeed ee dalka Mareykanka.
• Kazakhstan.
• Kanada (aagga Sudbury).

Noble (qaali) Biraha

khayraadka Macdanta dunida leeyihiin qiimo ka duwan. The ugu qaalisan ee Biraha (marka laga reebo dhulka dhif ah) waa waxa loogu yeero sharaf platina, dahab, iyo lacag. Gold - bir ah cufan, jilicsan iyo malleable leh midab huruud ah dhalaalaya iyo luster. Waa mid ka mid ah xubno ka kiimikada Waxyeelo ugu yaraan xaaladaha caadiga ah adag. Sidaa darteed, biraha waxaa inta badan laga helaa aasaaska lacag la'aan ah (dabiiciga ah), oo ah qaab Oofirna ama Granik dhagaxyo dhexdooda, xididdada iyo kayd alluvial. In ka yar caadiga ah ee macdanta. Markii hore, mugga ugu waaweyni waxay ahaayeen Oofirna in raadineysay macdan qodayaasha ah. Haddaba, ugu dahab ah soo saaray warshadaha gaar ah, oo dhagaxa baaraandegi leh content sare ah alaabta ceeriin qiimo leh.

Shiinaha, Australia, USA, South Africa waa soo saare ugu weyn ee dahab ah ee dunida. anigaa A of the Witwatersrand - xarunta keentay macdanta dahabka dunida. Waxa kale oo jira ah meelaha ugu waaweyn ee wax soo saarka ka mid ah: Rand Fields Kimberley Livingstone, Cape of Good Hope, Natal, iyo kuwa kale. Kanada ayaa sidoo kale soo saare dahab la taaban karo. ilayska Ruush buuraha Ural, Baikal iyo Trans-Baikal, iyo maddiibad Lena ah. Ogaansho dabeecada gobolka Kolyma si weyn u dhammaaday. Dad badan oo dahab miino ee Maraykanka (Alaska, California, gobolka Mountains Rocky ah), Australia (Kalgoorlie, Yampi, Mount Morgan), India (Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh).

khayraadka Macdanta ah ee dunida; miiska

khayraadka macdanta qiimo leh yihiin qiyaastii 200 oo noocyada kala duwan ee qalabka biraha, Consort, macdanta, injineernimada iyo dhismaha. Ka fikir noocyada ugu muhiimsan ee alaabta ceeriin iyo madaxda dalka ee ay wax soo saarka:

hawlaha Macdanta waa in la sameeyaa "la il mustaqbalka." Waddamo badan ayaa soo saartay ay duurka, wajahay wax-u gaajo khayraadka. Si loo taageero dhaqaalaha, waxay ku qasban yihiin inay dhoofiyaan alaabta ceeriin. adeegsiga qumman ee khayraadka dabiiciga ah - fure u tahay barwaaqo muddo dheer.