Jasiiradaha South Kuril: taariikhda, raacsan

silsilad ee jasiiradaha u dhexeeya Kamchatka iyo Hokkaido, ARC ee convex taagay inta u dhaxaysa badda Okhotsk iyo Badweynta Pacific, soohdinta reer Russia iyo Japan waa Islands South Kuril - Koox ka mid ah Habomai, Shikotan, Kunashir iyo Iturup. Goobahaas waxaa culeys ku leenahay dalalka deriska ah, kuwaas oo xitaa iyaga ka mid ah hay'ada Japan ee Hokkaido. Waayo meelahan waxaa ka mid ah muhiimadda ay leedahay dhaqaale iyo istaraatiijiyadeed weyn, dagaalka loogu jiro Kuril koonfurta Islands sii sanado badan.

juqraafiga

jasiiradda Shikotan waa on loolka la mid ah sida magaalada Sochi waa fareen, iyo in ka badan hoose - at loolka ee Anapa. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, cimilada jannada waxaa weligii iyo lama filayo. South Kuril Islands ayaa mar walba iska North Fog, laakiin ma caban kartaa cimilada daran cidhifka woqooyi. Halkan qaboobuhu yihiin wax badan ka khafiifsan, xagaa kulul aan aad u kulul. Heerkulka Tani, markii bishii February - bisha ugu qabow - muujinaysaa heerkulbeegga dhif hoos -5 degrees Celsius, xitaa gobolka badda huurka badan u diidaa saameyn xun. Monsoon cimilada qaaradda waxaa si weyn u bedelay sida joogitaanka dhow Pacific jilciyaa saameyn aan ka yarayn dhow Arctic. Haddii waqooyiga Islands Kuril xagaagii 10, celcelis ahaan, ku Islands South Kuril waxaa si joogto ah kor u diiriyo +18. Sochi ma aha, dabcan, laakiin ma Anadyr.

jasiiradaha arc Ensimatic ku yaalla geesta ah Okhotsk waslad khafiif ah oo kor ku xusan zone subduction meesha saxan Pacific dhamaado. Inteeda badan ee Kuril Koonfurta Islands waxa daboola buuraha, jasiiradda of Atlasova ugu sarreysa ugu sareeya - in ka badan laba kun oo mitir. Waxaa jira marno, maxaa yeelay, dhammaan Islands Kurile jiifsan ee Pacific giraanta Kobenhagen dabka. Waxaa jira dhaqdhaqaaq aad u sarreeya iyo seismic. Iyo soddon lix-ka mid ah lixdan marno firfircoon Islands Kuril waa sideed u baahan dhawrid ku joogto. Dhul gariirka waa ficil joogto ah, ka dibna ku soo khatarta ah ee tsunami ee dunida ugu weyn. Sidaas daraaddeed, Shikotan, Simushir Paramushiro joogta ah oo si ba'an u saameeyeen masiibo this. Gaar ahaan tsunami waaweyn ahaayeen 1952, 1994 iyo 2006.

Resources, flora

In aagga xeebta iyo dalka reer jasiiradaha isu yihiin sahamiyey kaydka oo saliid ah, gaaska dabiiciga ah, mercury, tiro badan oo macdanaha non-ferrous. Tusaale ahaan, u dhow volcano ku Curly leedahay kayd adduunka ugu taajirsan la garanayo ee rhenium. Tazhe jasiiradaha Kuril koonfurta caan ku tahay macdanta baaruud ah hooyo. Halkan, khayraadka guud dahab - 1867 tons, iyo lacag aad u badan - 9284 tons, titanium ku dhowaad afartan million tons, bir ah - laba boqol iyo saddex iyo toddobaatan million tons. Haddaba horumarinta khayraadka macdanta sugaya jeer kaga fiican, waxay aad u yar gobolka, marka laga reebo meel sida Southern Sakhalin yihiin. Kuril Islands guud ahaan waxaa laga arki karaa sida dalka ay makhaasiinka khayraadka maalin roobaadka ah. Kaliya labo ka mid ah Straits of Islands Kuril waa navigable sannadka oo dhan, sababtoo ah ma aysan talaagada. Tani waxay jasiiradda of South Kuril ah - Urup, Kunashir, Iturup, iyo iyaga u dhexeeya - Straits Catherine Vries.

macdan ka sokow, waxaa jira ilo kale oo badan oo ka tirsan-aadmiga oo dhan. flora iyo dubato ee Islands Kuril ah. Waxaa si weyn u kala duwan tahay waqooyi ilaa koonfur, sida ay dhererkiisu waa weyn oo ku filan. In waqooyiga Islands Kuril waa Dhirta arrin Finensej, iyo xagga koonfureed - kaynta dhilka cajiib ah beroosh Sakhalin, larch Kurile, gran Ajan. Intaa waxaa dheer, dhirta oo ballaadhkeeduna wuxuu irdo qabtay oo gasiiraddii joogtay oo buuraha iyo kuraha daboolaya aad u firfircoon uga qayb, geedkii kuweyga, Elm iyo Maple geedaha, canabkiinna kalopanax, hydrangeas, Actinidia, lemongrass, xunxun iyo wax ka badan. Xitaa Magnolia on Kushanire halkaas - noocyada duurjoogta ah oo kaliya Magnolia obovate. qaybo badan oo dhirta qurxinta ee Islands South Kuril (photo muuqaalka ku lifaaqan) - baasaboorka Kuril ah, kuwaas oo kaymo aan indhaha u dalcadaha buuraha iyo geesaha kaynta ka qarin. Grass halkan sababtoo ah cimilada khafiif ah oo qoyan waa mid aad u sarreeya oo kala duwan. Dad badan oo berry in la soo saaro kartaa on baaxadda ganacsiga: lingonberry, crowberry, Honeysuckle, blueberries iyo kuwo kale oo badan.

Xayawaanka, shimbiraha iyo kalluunka

Islands Kuril (gaar ahaan kala duwan saaraysa waqooyiga) orso brown qallafsan la mid ah sida in Kamchatka. Koonfurta, waxa ay noqon doontaa kaliya sida ugu badan, haddii aan waayo jiritaanka xarumaha ciidamada Ruush. Jasiiradaha yar yar yihiin, orsada, soo socota si ay gantaallo si dhow in ay ku noolaadaan. Laakiin gaar ahaan wax badan koonfureed oo dawaco, maxaa yeelay, iyaga for feed waxaa aad u badan. bahalaha yaryar - tiro badan oo kala duwan oo ka mid ah noocyada, waxaa kale oo jira aad dhif u ah. From nuujiya dalkii halkan afar Shaqeeyaa: Fiidmeerta (brown fiidmeerta muddo dheer la jeexin, Myotis), bakaylaha, jiirarka iyo jiirka, bahal (oo dawaco, orso, in kastoo ay jiraan dhawr, minkiga iyo Sable).

Of nuujiya badda ee biyaha xeebta ah ee jasiiradda afaer badda live, Anthurium (nooc ka mid ah shaabadda ihina), iyo libaaxyo badda iyo weyl badda. Wax yar ka fog xeebta waxaa jira nasasho cetaceans - hoonbarrooyinka, nibiriyada badda dilaaga, nibiriyada badda, nibiriyada badda, nibiriyada badda shahwada iyo floaters waqooyiga. Accumulations shaabadood jeexin, iyo libaaxyo badda lagu arkay agagaarka xeebta Islands Kuril ah, gaar ahaan wax badan oo iyaga ka mid ah oo ku saabsan Iturup Island. In xilli aad ka arki kartaa deegaanada shaabadood dhogorta, shaabadood la laalo, shaabadood ringed, impellers. decoration nolosha badda - afaer badda. dhogorta qaali ah ayaa qarka u saaran dabar ee la soo dhaafay aad u dhawaan. Hadda xaaladda waxaa si tartiib ah ula talaabsan lahayd afaer ah. Fish in biyaha xeebaha waa muhiim dhaqaalaha weyn, laakiin waxaa jira wax dheeraad ah oo, ay oo clams, iyo xayawaan badeed, iyo khajaarkii badda, oo dhan crustaceans, inta hirku. Tirada dadka ee ka Islands South Kuril waxaa inta badan degan wax soo saarka badda. Guud ahaan, meeshan la odhan karaa waa iyada oo aan buunbuunin mid ka mid ah meelaha ugu wax soo saar ee badaha.

Shimbiraha gumeysiga noqonaya ee rookeries baaxad weyn iyo muuqaal dabiici ah. Waxaa fulmars, petrels, cormorants, gulls kala duwan, kittiwake, guillemot, xilku, iyo dad badan oo, dad badan oo dheeraad ah. Qaar badan oo halkan iyo Kitaabka Cas, dhif - albatrosses iyo petrels, duck Mandarin, saratoosiyaha, ayaa gorgorraduna, waana baqalyada, Galaydhka peregrine, Merlin, wiish cas loo caleemo saaray iyo snipe, gorayo daaqdo. Overwinter in Kuriles ka duck - mallard, Buluug, Gogol, Swansea, mergansers, ayaa gorgorraduna badda. Dabcan, wax badan oo caadi ah oo shimbirrood oo cuckoos. Kaliya on Iturup ka badan laba boqol oo noocyada of shimbiraha, kuwaas oo mid ka mid ah boqol - xilliga kulaylaha. The reserve Kuril ku nool afar iyo siddeetan noocyada ka ku qoran Kitaabka Cas.

Taariikhda: toddoba Century The

khilaafka Kuril Islands uma ay muuqan shalay. Ka hor inta ay ka imanayaan Ainu Japan iyo Ruush aan halkaan ku noolaa, kuwaas oo la kulmay dad cusub Erayga "kuru", taas oo macnaheedu yahay in - dadka. Ruush soo gaaray eray, oo ay kaftan oo wuxuu u yeedhay barbariyiintiina "Kuriles". Sidaa awgeed magaca jasiiradaha oo dhan. Japan ayaa ka dhigay map koowaad ee Sakhalin iyo Kuriles oo dhan. Tani waxay dhacday 1644. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ku muran Kuril Islands kacay tan iyo markaas, maxaa yeelay, sanad ka hor maps kale ee gobolka ayaa la sameeyey by Holland, hogaaminayo de Vries.

Earth ayaa lagu tilmaamay. Laakiin waa sax ahayn. Freese, magaca la siiyo iyaga helay cidhiidhi ah, Iturup loo aaneeyey inay u waqooyi bari ee Hokkaido, iyo Urup loo arkaa qayb ka mid ah North America. On Urup waxaa lagu rakibay cross, iyo dhulka oo dhan waxaa loo sheegay in hantida Netherlands. Ruush A halkan u imid in 1646 la duulaan ku ah Ivan Moskvitina, iyo Cossack Kolobov magaca funny mar dambe Nekhoroshkov Ivanovic colorfully sheegay oo ku saabsan Ainu nool la laalo qabtay oo gasiiraddii joogtay. Next, a macluumaad dheeraad ah oo ballaaran yar ka duulaan Kamchatka Vladimir Atlasova yimid 1697.

qarnigii siddeed iyo tobnaad

Taariikhda Kuril Koonfurta Islands ayaa sheegay in si dhab ah Ruush in dalalka yimid 1711. Kamchatka Cossacks ka fallaagoobay, lagu dilay madaxda ah, ka dibna u malayseen si fiican u ah oo ay go'aansatay in ay u helaan Dambi dhaaf ama way wada baabbi'i. Sidaa darteed duulaan ku soo urursadeen inay gaardi dalalka cusub hoosta xarriiqay. Daniel iyo Ivan Antsiferov Kozyrevsky la go'id ah in August 1711 degay jasiiradaha woqooyiga iyo Paramushir Shumshu. duulaan Tani siiyaa aqoon cusub oo ku saabsan xigtaa oo dhan jasiiradaha oo ay ku jiraan Hokkaido. Marka tan la eego, in 1719-m Peter Great amartay sahaminta Ivanu Evreinovu iyo Fedor Luzhin, iyada oo loo marayo dadaalka of kala duwan oo dhan jasiiradaha oo lagu dhawaaqey territory Ruush, oo ay ku jiraan jasiiradda of Simushir. Laakiin Ainu ah, dabcan, adeecana tago hoos xukunka Tsar Ruushka ma doonayaan in ay. Kaliya ee 1778 Antipin iyo Shabalin aaminsiiyey qabiilooyinka Kuril iyo dhalashada of Russia ayaa maray abbaaraha laba kun oo qof la Iturup, Kunashir iyo xataa Hokkaido. Oo 1779th ee Catherine II soo saaray amar lagu sii daayo dhammaan maadooyinka cusub bari ka canshuuraha kasta. Oo xataa markaas khilaafka Japanese bilaabay. Waxay xitaa laga mamnuucay ka qayb Ruush Kunashir, Iturup iyo Hokkaido.

control Real ee Ruush ma jiro, laakiin liiska ku jiray oo dalka soo saaro. Oo Hokkaido in kasta oo ay ku haysatay dhulkeeda magaalada Japanese waxaa laga soo qoray sida ay leeyihiin Russia. Japan ayaa sidoo kale ku Kurils koonfurta yihiin dad badan oo inta badan, taas oo dadka degaanka iyaga necbaa midig. Kici oo aan run ahaantii lahan awood ay kaga Ainu ah, laakiin dhib yar in ay soo duulay, oo markabka daadka, van gubay. In 1799, Japanese ah ayaa ilaalinta Iturup iyo Kunashir abaabulay. Inkasta oo dadka jillaabta Ruush halkaas ayay degeen waqti hore - oo ku saabsan sano ka 1785-87, - Japanese ah ay beenoobay codsaday inuu ka tago jasiiradda oo baabbi'iyey caddayn oo dhan hortiisa Ruush dalkan. Taariikhda Kuril Koonfurta Islands hore laga bilaabo si ay u bartaan mu'aamaraad ah, laakiin ma jirto cid ogaa waqtiga sida ay noqon doonto muddo dheer socda. Waayo, toddobaatan sano ee ugu horreeya - ilaa 1778 - Russian la Japanese ah xitaa ma kulmay Kuriles ah. Kulanka ayaa ka dhacay Hokkaido, kaas oo waqti weli lama guulaystay by Japan. Japan ayaa yimid ganacsiga la Ainu ah, oo halkan waa qabsado Kalluunka Ruush. Dabcan, Sumarai u cadhooday, waxay bilaabeen inay wada gariiri hubka. Catherine ergo diblomaasiyadeed in Japan diray, laakiin wada hadal ay horey u ahaa lagu guulaysan.

qarnigii sagaal iyo tobnaad - qarnigii dhimis

In 1805, wada xaajoodka ganacsiga sii wadaan in ay isku dayaan caanka Nikolai Rezanov, kuwaas oo soo gaaray magaalada Nagasaki oo ku guuldareystay. way taagnaan kari waayeen ceebta, uu u wakiishay laba weel si ay u duulaan militari u Islands Southern Kuril - muransan dhul saamiga. Natiijadan ayaa waxa ay ahayd aargudasho fiican burburinta warshadaha Ruush, weelasha la gubo oo la Dheereeyey, (kuwa ka badbaaday) kalluumaysatada. Tiro ka mid ah warshadaha Japan oo la baabi'iyay, tuulada on Iturup gubay. xiriirka Ruush-Japanese u imid inaan wejigayga la soo dhaafay pre-dagaal.

Kaliya ee 1855 waxaa lagu kala saaridda ugu horeysay ee dhabta ah ee dhulal. Northern Islands - Russia, South - Japan. Plus wadajir Sakhalin. Waa wax laga xumaado ah, waxay ahayd in la siiyo kalluumaysiga qani ku ah Kuril Koonfurta Islands, Kunashir - gaar ahaan. Etorofu, Habomai iyo Shikotan sidoo kale noqday dalka Japan. Oo 1875, Russia guuleystay xaq u leedahay in hantida Ciddi leh ee Sakhalin for cession oo dhan, iyada oo aan marka laga reebo, Japan, Islands Kuril ah.

qarnigii labaatanaad, oo soo gaartay iyo guushii

War The Ruush-Japanese ee 1905 Russia, inkastoo layliga geesinimo songs Cruiser istaahila iyo gunboats in dagaal aan qummanaynu, adkaaday, badiyay la dagaal iyo badh of Sakhalin - koonfureed, ee ugu qiimaha badan. Laakiin bishii February 1945, markii guushii ay ka gaareen Nazi Germany ayaa waxaa horay loo dejiyay, Midowga Soofiyeeti waxay xaalad of Great Britain iyo Maraykanka ka sameeyey, oo uu ku guuleysan doonaa, oo Japanese ah, haddii aan soo noqon dhulka iska lahaa Russia: Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Islands Kuril ah. Xulafadooda ballan qaaday, iyo in July 1945 Midowga Soofiyeeti ayaa xaqiijiyay sida ay uga go'antahay. Horeba bilowgii September, Islands Kuril ah ayaa si buuxda u qabsadeen ciidamada Soviet. Oo February 1946, waxa uu soo saaray amar ah oo ku saabsan dhismaha ka mid ah gobolka South Sakhalin, oo ay ku jiraan Islands ee Kuril oo buuxa, taas oo qayb ka ah Territory Khabarovsk noqday. Sidaas daraaddeed waxaa ku soo laabashada South Sakhalin iyo Russia Kuril Islands ah.

Japan ayaa lagu qasbay inuu saxiixo heshiis nabadeed ee 1951, kaas oo sheegay in aysan waxaa loogu tala galay oo aan la xaq u leeyihiin xuquuqda, horyaal iyo sheegashada marka la eego Islands Kuril ah. Oo 1956, Midowga Soofiyeeti iyo Japan ayaa diyaar u ah inay la soo wareegto Baaqa Moscow, taas oo Xaqiijiyay dhamaadka dagaalka ka dhexeeya dalalka. Oo calaamad u ah niyad samida Midowga Soofiyeeti isku raaceen si ay u gudbiyaan labada jasiiradood Kuriles Japan ee: Shikotan iyo Habomai, laakiin Japan ay diideen in ay iyaga ku aqbali sabab ah in ay tahay sheegashada jasiiradaha kale ee koonfurta - Iturup iyo Kunashir - ha quusan. Halkan mar kale saameyn ku Maraykanka si loo khalkhal xaaladda, marka hanjabay in ay dhacdo saxiixa qoraalkani u taagan yahay ma inuu ku soo laabto jasiiradda Japan ee Okinawa. Taasi waa sababta ilaa hadda ka Islands South Kuril - muransan yahay dhulalka.

maanta The Age, kow iyo labaatanaad ayaa

Maanta, dhibaatada of Kuril Koonfurta Islands weli la xiriira, iyadoo ay jirto in muddo dheer taagan nolosha nabad ah oo degan gobolka oo dhan. Iyada oo Japan Russia shaqeeyaa si firfircoon ku filan, laakiin waqti ka waqti hadal ah oo ku saabsan accessories Kuril Islands baxdo. In 2003 wuxuu ahaa aqbalay Plan Action Ruush-Japanese ah oo ku saabsan iskaashiga u dhaxeeya labada dal. Madaxweynaha iyo ra'iisul wasaare ku badelay booqashooyinka, qotomiyey bulshooyinka badan oo saaxiibtinimo Ruush-Japanese ah oo heerar kala duwan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, si joogto ah oo dhan sheegashada isla waxaa lagu soo bandhigay by Japanese ah, laakiin ma aqbali Ruush.

League ee midnimo loo soo celiyo dhulal ah - isagoo wafdi ka socda ee NGO, caanka ah ee Japan, waxay ahayd sanadkii 2006 in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk. In 2012, si kastaba ha ahaatee, Japan ayaa buriyey ereyga "shaqo sharci daro ah" ee la xiriirta Russia ee arrimaha la xiriira Islands Kuril iyo Sakhalin. Oo Islands Kuril sii horumarinta khayraadka in barnaamijka federaalka ee horumarka gobolka, sii kordhaya xaddiga maalgelinta, waxaa la aasaasay zone la dhiirigelin canshuurta, jasiiradda la booqday by saraakiisha dawladda ugu sarreeya ee dalka.

waxyaabaha lagu raaxeysto dhibaato

Sidee baad ma aqbali karaan waraaqaha saxiixay bishii February 1945 Yalta ah, halkaas oo shirka dalalka ka qayb isbahaysiga anti-Hitler go'aansaday qaddar ee Islands ee Kuril iyo Sakhalin, kuwaas oo ku soo laaban doona Russia isla markiiba ka dib guushii ay ka gaareen Japan? Iyo Japan ayaa saxiixay Baaqa aabbo ka dib saxiixa camal horyaalka ee is dhiibin ah? Uu saxiixay ka dib oo dhan. Oo waxaa si cad u muuqata in ay xukunka ku eg tahay jasiiradda of Hokkaido, Kyushu, Shikoku iyo Honshu. Wax kasta! Second September 1945 Qoraalkan waxa la saxiixay by Japan, sidaas darteed, iyo shuruudaha halkaas uga jeednaa, ayaa la xaqiijiyay.

Oo siddeedaad September 1951 heshiiskii nabadda ee San Francisco ah la saxiixay, halkaas oo ay qoraal diidnay dhamaan sheegashada in Islands Kuril iyo jasiiradda Sakhalin in jasiiradaha ku xiga. Taas macnaheedu waa in ay xukunka deegaannada, helay ka dib markii dagaalka 1905 Ruush-Japanese, mar dambe ma aan dhicin. In kastoo halkan Maraykanka u dhaqmeen si khiyaano badan, isagoo intaa ku daray qandaraaskiisa aad u adag, taas oo ay sabab u tahay Midowga Soofiyeeti, Poland, Czechoslovakia iyo heshiiska aan la saxeexin. Dalkani waa, sida had iyo jeer, hadalka lagu ma ay xajin, iyadoo ay jirto had iyo jeer waa la hadasho ee dabiiciga ah ee siyaasiyiinta ay 'haa', laakiin qaar ka mid ah jawaabaha ula jeeddaan doona - ". lahayn" US tagay khaanadda banaan oo heshiis ee Japan, kaas oo wax yar ka leefleefeen nabarka iyo sii daayo, si ka badan ka dhacay, warqad wiish qaraxii nuclear ka dib, ayaa soo cusboonaadey sheegashada ay.

dood

Oo waxay ahaayeen sida soo socota:

1. In 1855, ku Treaty of Shimoda Kuriles dhigay in domains isirka ee Japan.

2. booska rasmiga ah ee Japan waa in jasiiradaha Chishima kuma jiraan silsilad Kuril ah, si Japan ayaa dayriyay, u saxiixay heshiis ee San Francisco.

3. Midowga Soviet ma saxiixin heshiis ee San Francisco.

Sidaas dhul sheegashada Japan ayaa waxaa lagu soo bandhigay in jasiiradaha Southern Kuril of Habomai, Shikotan, Kunashir iyo Iturup, kuwaas oo deegaanka guud ahaan waa 5175 kiiloomitir laba jibaaran, oo dhulka waxa loogu yeero waqooyiga, tirsan Japan. Marka la barbardhigo Russia ayaa sheegay in dhibic ugu horeysay in dagaalka Ruush-Japanese baajiyay Treaty of Shimoda, on dhibic labaad - in Japan saxiixday bayaanka ah oo ku saabsan dhamaadka dagaalka, taas oo, inter alia, ayaa sheegay in labada jasiiradood - Habomai iyo Shikotan - USSR ahaa diyaar bixin ka dib saxiixa heshiis nabadeed. On dhibic saddexaad Russia oggolayn: haa, Midowga Soofiyeeti ma saxiixo warqad la xiriira wax ka Xantoodii. Laakiin dalka sida ma joogo, si aan u sii wado ku saabsan.

In mar uu hadal USSR ee ku saabsan sheegashada dhul u horseedi lahaa bartey xanibayo, laakiin markii ay burburtay, Japan lahaa geesinimada. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sida muuqata, iyo hadda, kuwaas oo proclivities aan micne lahayn. Inkastoo sannadkii 2004 Wasiirka Arrimaha Dibadda oo sheegay in uu ogolaaday in ay ka hadlaan meelaha Japan, si kastaba ha ahaatee, mid ka mid ah wax waa cad yahay: wax badalina uma Islands Kuril ma dhici kartaa.