Galaas indhaha la ah meelaha convex-concave: saaridda, isticmaalka. Lens, galaas weynaynaya

galaas indhaha - waxaa si gaar ah ka dhigay muraayad, taas waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida qaybaha for qalabka indhaha. Waxaa ka duwan ka khayroon daahirnimo caadiga ah iyo hufnaan, midayso iyo midab. Waxa kale oo si adag isu qeybin firidhsan iyo xoogga Refractive. Compliance shuruudaha sida siyaadiyaa kakanaanta iyo kharashka wax soo saarka.

story

Waxaad ka heli kartaa tusaalooyin badan oo ka mid ah isticmaalka gudaha ee lenses, sida weyneyso ah - weyneyso caadiga ah - waa ka caawisaa si ay u abuuraan qiyaas yar oo ka phone caadi ah smart, laakiin muraayadaha indhaha ma ay waqti dheer ka hor.

lenses ayaa loo yaqaan tan iyo wakhtiyadii hore, laakiin isku day ugu horeysay ee halis ah in la abuuro daaqad in ay la mid tahay in loo isticmaalo qalabka casriga ah, ayaa loo saarin karaa in qarnigii XVII ah. Sayidka, farmashiyaha Kunkel Jarmalka mid ka mid ah uu shuqulladiisa ku xusan acid phosphoric iyo boric acid in qayb galaaska. Waxa uu sidoo kale ka hadlay wax taaj oo borosilicate, kaas oo ku dhow yahay inuu qalabka qaar ka mid ah Halabuurka casriga ah. Tani waxay la odhan karaa waayo-aragnimo ugu horeysay ee guul ka soo saaridda ee dhalooyinka, isagoo guryaha indhaha qaarkood iyo shahaado ku filan sinnaan jirka iyo kiimikada.

In warshadaha

Warshadaha muraayad indhaha heer warshadeed bilaabeen qarnigii hore XIX. lala Gian Swiss la Fraunhofer soo bandhigay mid ka mid ah warshadaha ee Bavaria hab xasilloon soo saarka leh muraayad oo kale. Guusha soo dhaweynta waxaa dhalaali isku qasin isticmaalaya tirid vertical Hawiyaha ul galaas dhoobo. Sidaas darteed, waxa suurto gal ahayd in la helo hal galaas oo ah indhaha tayo lagu qanci karo, ballaciisu yahay ee 250 mm.

wax soo saarka casri ah

In diyaarinta midab muraayad indhaha qalabka daro isticmaalo copper, selenium, dahab, iyo lacag, iyo macdanaha kale. Karinta ka timaadaa Dufcaddii. Waxaa la raran galay dheriyo dabka, taas oo, markeeda, waxaa la dhigayaa in foornada barafku galaas. Halabuurka Kharashka waxaa ka mid ah ilaa 40% ka mid ah galaas qashinka, meesha ugu muhiimsan waa in kooban of cullet galaas iyo cunto karinta. Glass dhalaali inta lagu guda jiro cunto karinta si joogto ah kiciyey leh qalab of dhoobada ama platina sameeyey. Sidaasay u gaari gobolka dhqaalaha.

Marmar, dhalaalid loo qaadayo maxkamad, taas oo tayada gacanta. tallaabo muhiim ah waa bleaching Kulayl: in galaas ka clarifiers walax asal ahaan ku daray in ay ka kooban of amarka, bilaabo xulashada xaddiga la taaban karo ee gaasaska. Foomamka goobooyin waaweyn in si deg deg ah ku kici, boobka waqti isku mid ah goobooyinka yar ciday ku sameeyay inta lagu guda jiro habka cunto karinta.

Gebogebadii, dheryihii waxaa laga soo foornada dabka ah oo ka dibna si tartiib tartiib ah uu qaboobo. Qaboojinta, farsamooyin gaar ah u gaabiyaa, socon kartaa ilaa siddeed maalmood. Waa in aysan noqon uniform, ama la abuuri laga yaabaa in mass ee walaacyada farsamo taas oo keeni dildilaaca.

guryaha

galaas indhaha - wax soo saarka ee lenses. Waxay, ee jeedo, waa kala nooca ah ee ururinta iyo Firdhisan. Ururiyay loola jeedaa gashto biconvex iyo plano-convex iyo concave-convex, waxbay ushafeeci idanka magaca "la ogeyn xilliga positive".

muraayadda indhaha leeyahay tiro ka mid ah sifooyinka:

• index Refractive waxaa lagu go'aamiyaa laba xadhig spectral, kuwaas oo loo yaqaan doublet sodium,
• kala duwanaanshaha celcelis ahaan, oo waxaa lagu qeexaa sida farqiga u dhexeeya index ka Refractive oo ka mid ah khadadka cas iyo buluuga ah ee qaybaha kala ah;
• factor firidhsan - tirada siiyo by ratio of kala firidhsan celcelis ahaan iyo index Refractive.

Midabka leh muraayad indhaha loo isticmaalo wax soo saarka ee filtarrada nuugista. Iyada oo ku xidhan wax ka, waxaa jira saddex nooc oo waaweyn oo muraayad indhaha:

• imanba,
• Plexiglas (organic);
• macdanta iyo organic.

Halabuurka ee muraayadda imanba ka mid ah oxides iyo fluorides. Dhisnayd muraayad indhaha sidoo kale la xidhiidhaa imanba (formula kiimikada SiO _2). Quartz leeyahay index Refractive hoose iyo index sare gudbinta iftiinka, waxaa lagu gartaa caabiga kulaylka. kala duwan hufnaanta Wide waxaa loo isticmaali karaa in isgaarsiinta casriga ah (fiber optic cable, iwm), sidii muraayad silicate waa lagama maarmaan in soo saaridda ee lenses indhaha, tusaale ahaan, ka dhigi weyneyso ah quartz ah.

On ku salaysan Silicon

Transparent galaas silica noqon kartaa indhaha iyo farsamo. Indhaha soo saaray by barafka crystal dhagax weyn, oo kaliya si helay qaab-dhismeedka si buuxda dhqaalaha. The koob Doolaal ayaa mas'uul ka ah midabka ah ee goobooyin gaas yar gudahood wax ku.

Waxa intaa dheer in galaas silica soo saaray saldhig Silicon iyo kuwa lagu magacaabo galaas Silicon ah, kaas oo, inkasta oo salka la mid ah wuxuu leeyahay sifooyin indhaha kala duwan. xubno Silicon The diffract karaa X-rays iyo shucaaca infrared noqotay.

plexiglass

The wax-u galaas looxa ku salaysan yahay wax polymer dardaro. Macluumaadkaan waxaa hufan oo adag waa thermoplastic ah oo inta badan loo isticmaalo inuu bedel u yahay muraayad quartz. Plexiglas adkaysi u arrimo badan oo deegaanka ah sida qoyaan iyo heerkulka hooseeyo, laakiin waa ka jilicsan oo sidaas daraaddeed dheeraad ah oo u nugul stress makaanikada. Sababtoo ah debecsanaanta muraayadda indhaha organic kaliya ee processing - waa karaa "qaado" xataa qalabka fudud for jarida birta.

Macluumaadkaan waxaa uu yahay mid ku haboon daaweynta laser ah, waa ay fududahay si aad u dalbato qaab ama xardho. Sida gelis, si fiican ayuu ka tarjumaysaa rays infrared laakiin gudbiya iftiinka ultraviolet iyo X-rays.

codsiga

galaas indhaha waa loo isticmaalo for lenses soo saaro, taas oo, markeeda, waxaa loo isticmaalaa in nidaamka badan oo indhaha. gashto ururinta Single loo isticmaalaa sida weyneyso ah. lenses farsamo waa qayb muhiim ah oo hoose ama nidaamyada sida casriga, scopes, microscopes, theodolites, telescopes, kamaradaha iyo qalab.

Waxaa sidoo kale muhim tahay muraayadda indhaha ee baahida indhaha, sababta oo ah iyaga oo aan u adag ama aan macquul aheyn in la saxo ayaa haddana ceebaha hortiisa (myopia, astigmatism, hyperopia, qas hoy iyo cudurrada kale). Ookiyaalaha la diopters waxaa lagu sameyn karaa mid ka galaas quartz, iyo caag ah oo tayo sare leh.

xiddigaha

muraayadaha indhaha waa muhiim oo ka kooban ugu qaalisan ee xoqad kasta. Taageerayaasha badan oo isu soo ururin refractors, waxay u baahan tahay in yar oo ah, laakiin waxa ugu muhiimsan - plano gashto galaas.

Bilowga ee qarnigii la soo dhaafay si ay u sameeyaan mid ka mid ah sumalka uguma lenses awood badan, iyo in ka badan si hufan ay la safeeyey, waxay qaadan kartaa dhowr sano. Tusaale ahaan, 1982, si ay u taajir ee Charles Yerkes jeestay madaxa ee University of Chicago Vilyam Harper weydiinaya fiirinta maaliyadda. Yerkes rido oo ku saabsan saddex boqol oo kun oo doolar, iyo afartan kun oo lagu kharash gareeyay iibka ah ee lenses ee ugu awooda badan waqtiga xoqad ee caalamka. Observatory ayaa loo magacaabay ka dib markii maalgeliyaha Yerkes ah, oo ilaa hadda la gashto refractor this ballaciisu yahay ee 102 cm waxaa loo arkaa ugu weyn ee dunida.

Telescopes ballaciisu weyn tahay if, waxaa jira element muraayad light-goynta ah.

Waxaa jira nooc kale oo lenses loo isticmaalo xiddigaha, iyo indhaha - galaas leh dusha convex-concave, oo la yidhaahdo jilibka ah. Waxay noqon kartaa mid ah laba nooc: ku jejebinta iyo kulan. qayb ku laayeen xarunta dhumuc weyn ayaa la ogeyn xilliga jejebinta iyo khafiifsan ee ururinta waa qayb ka mid ah gobolada dhexe.