Ductile bir ah, guryaha, Calaamadayn iyo baaxadda

Iron - adag, daxalka u adkaysta, laakiin jilicsan daawaha bir-carbon la content carbon ah C ee kala duwan ee ka 2.14 in 6,67%. Inkastoo jiritaanka dhibaato gaar ah, waxa ay leedahay noocyo kala duwan oo nooc, guryaha, codsiyada. Si balaadhan looga isticmaalaa waa bir ductile kabka.

story

Qoraalkan ayaa loo yaqaan tan iyo BC qarnigii IV ah. e. Isaga oo xididdada Shiinaha waa in VI ah. BC. e. In Europe, sheegidii ugu horraysay ee wax soo saarka warshadaha ee daawaha waxaa taariikhaysan XIV, iyo Russia - qarnigii XVI. Laakiin technology-soo-saarka bir ductile waxaa xiranayo ee Russia qarnigii XIX ah. Ka dib markii horumarinta AD Annosovym.

Tan iyo markii ay birta cirro ku kooban in ay sabab u tahay isticmaalka guryaha farsamo yar yahay, iyo birta - waa qaali waxayna leeyihiin qalbi engegnaantooda aawadeed hooseeyo iyo cimri dherer, su'aasha kacay bir abuurista xoogga lagu kalsoonaan karo, raagaya, adag, halka isagoo kordhay iyo dabacsanaan gaar ah.

bir sameeyey ma aha, si kastaba ha ahaatee, ay sabab u tahay sifooyinka caag ah, laftiisa yaridda in qaar ka mid ah shaqo caag ah (tus, soona bandhigi).

wax soo saarka

Habka ugu weyn ee - dikhaw in Foornooyinka qaraxa.

The qalabka laga bilaabo falanqeeyo qaraxa:

• Charge - iron ore kooban xabagta bir ah qaab Ferum.
• Shidaalka - coke iyo gaaska dabiiciga ah.
• Ogsijiin - waxaa lagu duraa iyada oo warmo gaar ah.
• Fluxes - formation kiimikada ku salaysan manganese iyo Silicon (ama).

Marxaladaha foornada qarax:

1. Recovery of iron saafi by reaction kiimikada ee iron ore la oxygen bixisey dhex tuyeres.
2. Sari of formation coke iyo carbon oxides.
3. Carburizing in reactions birta saafiga ah CO iyo CO _2.
4. Robab of Fe ₃ C leh manganese iyo Silicon ku xiran tahay guryaha la doonayo ee wax soo saarka.
5. Dheecaan ka biraha dhamaystirtay galay wasakhahaasi iyada oo taphole ah; dheecaan ka slag dhex dalool tuubada slag a.

Marka la dhameeyo of wareegga foornada qaraxa qalliinka helay birta, slag iyo gaasaska qiiqa.

alaabta birta domain saarka

Iyada oo ku xidhan heerka qaboojinta, microstructure ee u damaysay carbon iyo daro heli karaan dhowr nooc oo bir ah;

1. Doofaar (cad) carbon foom xidhxidhan, sibidhka hoose. Loo isticmaalaa sida qalab ceeriin for dikhaw kale bir-carbon Alloys processing. Illaa 80% ee domain ka daawaha soo saaray.
2. Macdantu (cirro) carbon qaab graphite gebi ahaan ama qayb ahaan lacag la'aan ah, kuwaas oo u tumeen sidii ay. Malootvetstvennyh loo isticmaalo wax soo saarka ee xubnaha jirka. Ilaa 19% soo saaray shubay foornada qaraxa.
3. Gaar ah: hodan ferroalloys. 1-2% nooca wax soo saarka loo arkaa.

Ductile bir ah loo diyaariyey by daaweyn kulaylka of doofaarka.

Fikradda ah bir-dhismeedka

Carbon la Ferum sameysmi karaa noocyada kala duwan ee Alloys nooca crystal daaqaddii sida ku cad muuqashadii microstructure.

1. Gelinta ee adag xal α-birta - ferrite.
2. Gelinta ee adag xal γ-birta - austenite.
3. Aasaasidda kiimikada ee Fe ₃ C (state ku xidhnaan) - cementite. hoose ayaa waxaa la aasaasay by qaboojinta degdeg ah ee dareeraha ah la shubay. Secondary - hoos u heer-kulka gaabis ka austenite. Tertiary - qaboojinta ee si tartiib ah ferrite ah.
4. isku dar ah si farsamaysan ee badar ferrite iyo cementite - perlite.
5. isku dar ah si farsamaysan ee badar austenite iyo pearlite ama cementite - Ledebur.

Waayo, bir kabka waxa lagu gartaa microstructure gaar ah. graphite waxay noqon kartaa in foomka iyo qaab-dhismeedka xidhxidhan ee kor ku xusan, iyo waxaa laga yaabaa in gobolka oo lacag la'aan ah foomka of nijaasta kala duwan. On guryaha saameeyeen labada badar aasaasiga ah, iyo qaababka kuwan. jajab graphite waa bir tumeen, jajabi ama dhexgalaan.

qaabka caleen waa caadiga ah ee Alloys bir-carbon cawlan. Waxay keentaa ay dabacsanaan iyo unreliability.

Inclusions waa bir ductile qalafsaneyn badan saamayn togan ku saabsan waxqabadkooda farsamo.

Dhismaha graphite spherical sii wanaajinaya tayada ee biraha, saamaynaya korodhka darantahay ingeega, cimri dherer, dulqaadasho ugu rarataan culaysyo weyn. astaamaha noocan oo kale ah ayaa xoog sare bir ah ku tuuray. guryaha bir Ductile sababaha ferrite ama aasaaska pearlite joogitaanka of inclusions graphite kala daataa.

Diyaarinta bir ah ductile ferritic

Waxaa la soo saaray ka doofaarka cad proeutectoid goosimo low-carbon daawaha by annealing la content carbon 2.4-2.8% iyo joogitaanka dhiganta lagu daro (Mn, Si, S, P). oo dhumucdiisuna waxay derbiga qaybo annealed waa in ay ahaadaan aan ka badnayn 5 cm. Castings graphite dhumucdiisuna badan waa qaab taarikada iyo guryaha la doonayo aan la gaari.

Si aad u hesho bir kabka ka birta salka ferritic la dhigayaa in sanduuqyada gaarka ah iyo ku shub ciid. Xidh weel xidhay la saaray in foornada kululaynta ah. Fuliyaan tallaabooyinka soo socda inta lagu guda jiro annealing:

1. Dhismaha waa la kululayn jiray in Foornooyinka in heerkulka 1000? C oo loo ogol yahay in at kulaylka joogto ah u taagan yihiin 10 ilaa 24 saacadood. Sidaas darteed of kala jajabo iyo Ledebur cementite hoose.
2. biraha waxaa la qaboojiyey in 720? C in foornada.
3. At heerkul ah 720? C adkeysi sii dheerayn min 15 ilaa 30 saacadood. Heerkulka Tani waxay xaqiijineysaa daraawiishi ay of cementite sare.
4. At tallaabada ugu dambeysa waxaa mar kale la qaboojiyey la foorno shaqada 500? C, ka dibna ka baxaan in ay hawada.

habka annealing Tan waxaa lagu magacaabaa graphitizing.

Ka dib markii microstructure shaqada waa ferrite la badar ee kala daataa graphite. nooca loo yaqaan "chernoserdechnym" tan iyo nasasho waa madow.

Diyaarinta pearlitic bir ah ee kabka malleable

Noocan ah daawaha bir-carbon, kaas oo sidoo kale billaabay ka cad proeutectoid, laakiin content carbon oo dhan waa sii kordhay, 3-3.6%. Waayo, castings leh saldhig pearlitic, waxay waxaa la geeyaa sanduuqyada iyo ku shub iron ore budo ama dhagax miisaanka la jajabiyey. nidaamka Annealing laftiisa waa la fududeeyay.

1. heerkulka birta lagu soo barbaariyey in 1000? C, dhawray 60-100 saacadood.
2. U samaynta qabow la foornada.

Maxaa yeelay, cawlan hoos tallaabada kulaylka jawi macdan diffuses: releasable in graphite daatay cementite caleemaha qayb annealed qaybo lakabka dusha, degida on ore ama slag dusha. Diyaariyey jilicsan, adag oo ductile topsheet "beloserdechnogo" bir ductile la dhexe adag.

annealing Tan waxaa lagu magacaabaa dhamaystirnayn. Waxay bixisaa daraawiishi ay of ledeburite cementite iyo pearlite on waslad khafiif ah oo la graphite ku haboon. Haddii loo baahdo ductile pearlitic granular bir la qalleyf sare iyo plasticity, tuuray ay isticmaalaan qalab dheeraad ah kululeeyo in 720? C. Sayidka loo sameeyay badar ee perlite la inclusions graphite kala daataa.

Guryaha, calaamadeynta iyo codsiga bir ah ductile ferritic

muddo dheer "dhibta" biraha in natiijada foornada geeyo dhamaystiran oo ledeburite iyo cementite in ferrite ah. Sababo la diiniga farsamada, waxaaga aan la content a carbon sare - sifo qaab-dhismeedka ferritic of steel low-carbon. Laakiin carbon keligeed aan tegayaa - tagaa gobolka la xidhiidha bir ah in lacag la'aan ah. saamayn Heerkulka badala qaabka of inclusions graphite in ay kala daataa.

Qaab dhismeedka Ferrite sababa hoos u darantahay ingeega, la kordhiyo qiimaha xoog, joogitaanka sifooyinka sida qalleyf iyo ductility.

Calaamadaynta bir ah fasalka ferrite shaqeeyeen; KCH30-6, KCH33-8, KCH35-10, KCH37-12 meesha:

CN - aqoonsiga noocyada - malleable;

30, 33, 35, 37: σ _ah, 300, 330, 350, 370 N / mm ² - load ugu badnaan in ay u adkeysan karaan oo aan jabiyay,

6, 8, 10, 12 - muruqa, δ,% - index plasticity (qiimaha, ayaa in ka badan nugul daaweynta sare ee biraha cadaadis).

Engegnaantiinna - oo ku saabsan 100-160 HB.

Macluumaadkaan waxaa kuwaas oo qaab waa dhexe u dhexeeya sida bir iyo bir-carbon daawaha waa cawl. Ductile bir leh saldhig ferritic pearlitic liita marka la eego iska caabin ah ay xirtaan, iska caabin ah daxalka iyo xoog daal, laakiin dulqaadasho farsamo sare, ductility, ridaya sifooyinka. Iyada oo ay qiimo yar yahay waxaa si balaadhan looga isticmaalaa warshadaha for soo saaridda ee qaybo ka howlgala xamuulka hooseeyo iyo kuwa dhexdhexaadka ah: geerka, guryo, oo ulahooda wareejiya gadaal, tuubooyinka.

Guryaha, calaamadeynta iyo codsiga of pearlitic bir ah ee kabka malleable

Sababo la hoose annealing dhamaystirnayn, waqti sare iyo Ledebur cementite si buuxda u baabbi'isaa austenite, taas oo at heerkul ah 720? C waxaa loo beddelaa perlite. Arintaan waa isku dar ah si farsamaysan ee badar ferrite iyo cementite jaamacadeed. Dhab ahaantii, qayb ka mid ah carbon weli qaab xidhxidhan, sababa dhismo, qayb ka mid ah - "sii daayay" in graphite daataa ah. Marka perlite this noqon kartaa saxan ama faqayo. Sayidka sameeyay pearlitic bir ah ee kabka malleable. Its guryaha waa sabab cokan dhismeedka adag iyo baxda yar.

Kuwani, marka la barbar dhigo ferritic leedahay daxalka sare, xirtaan u adkaysta guryaha, ay cimri dherer waa sareeyaa, laakiin hoose ductility iyo sifooyinka castability. Nuglaato si stress makaanikada kordhay dusha halka xafidaada ee engegnaantaada iyo qalleyf ah ee badeecada asaasiga ah.

Calaamadaynta pearlitic bir ah ku sameeyey: KCH45-7, KCH50-5, KCH56-4, KCH60-3, KCH65-3, KCH70-2, KCH80-1,5.

First lambar - xoog naqshada: 450, 500, 560, 600, 650, 700 iyo 800 N / mm ^2, siday u kala horreeyaan.

Second - ductility δ muruqa sal,% - 7, 5, 4, 3, 3, 2 iyo 1.5.

codsiyada Pearlite ductile bir helay injineernimada farsamada iyo qalab for naqshado in shaqeeyaan xamuulka sare - labadaba ma guurto ah oo firfircoon: camshafts, crankshafts, qaybo ka mid xajin, pistons, xira dhengedihii.

daaweynta kulaylka

Qoraalkani wuxuu ku helay ay sabab u tahay daaweynta kulaylka, kuwaas oo, annealing waxaa laga yaabaa in lagu qaado noqnoqda hababka saamayn heerkulka. Ay ujeedada ugu weyn ee - xataa xoog weyn, cimri dherer, caabiga daxalka iyo in gabowga.

1. Tempering loo isticmaalo dhismayaasha u baahan engegnaantiinna sare iyo qalleyf; soo saaray kululaynta in 900? C, qaybo ka mid yihiin la qaboojiyey heerka celcelis ahaan 100? C / sec la isticmaalayo saliidda engine ah. Ka dib waa inay noqdaan fasax sare leh kululaynta si 650˚S iyo qaboojinta hawada.
2. Caadi loo isticmaalaa qaybo fudud dhexdhexaad foorno by kululaynta in 900? C, bidix taagan heerkulka this muddo 1 ilaa 1.5 saacadood iyo qaboojinta xiga hawada. Troostite bixisaa perlite granular, ay heleen adayg iyo isku halaynta of khilaaf iyo xirtaan. Waxa loo isticmaalaa anti-khilaaf bir ah malleable kabka leh saldhig pearlitic.
3. Annealing waxaa loo sameeyaa si joogta ah ee soo saaridda ee antifriction: kululaynta - in 900 C, haysta at this kulayl muddo dheer, qaboojinta la foornada?. ferritic bixiyo ama ferritic-pearlitic dhismeedka antifriction bir ductile.

Kulaylinta alaabta birta kabka la fulin karo degaanka ama adag. Waayo, hadda ee hirka sare loogu dhaqmo la mariyo ama olol alxamaad (haya demin). Waayo adag - foornada kululaynta. Marka kululaynta deegaanka oo kaliya lakabka sare waa sii qallafiyey, waxay kordhisaa engegnaantaada iyo xoog, laakiin wuxuu la hadhay ductility iyo ku nafwaayay indices ee asaasiga ah.

Waxaa muhiim ah in la tilmaamo oo ildheer oo bir ah in aan macquul ahayn, ma aha oo kaliya sababtoo ah sifooyinka farsamo ku filnayn, laakiin sidoo kale sababta oo ah dareenka sare isbedel heerkulka lama filaan ah, taas oo ah lama huraan marka la qaboojinta biyo demin.

Anti-khilaaf bir ah malleable kabka

kala duwan Tani waxay sidoo kale khuseysaa malleable, iyo doped, iyagu waa cawl (ASF), soona bandhigi (APC) iyo xoog sare (ACHV). APC waxaa loo isticmaalaa bir ah ee kabka ductile wax soo saarka, kaas oo la hoos geliyey wax annealing ama caadi. hababka loo fulinayo si loo wanaajiyo hantida farsamo iyo formation of sifooyinka cusub - xirtaan iska caabin ah in khilaaf la qaybaha kale.

Calaamadeeyay: 1-APC, APC-2. Loo isticmaalo wax soo saarka ee crankshafts, geerka, fikirtaan.

Saamaynta of daro on guryaha

salka bir-graphite ka reebo oo ay leeyihiin in ay ka kooban, iyo waxyaalo kale oo, kaas oo sidoo kale keeni guryaha bir ah ee kabka, manganese, Silicon, fosfooraska, baaruud, qaar ka mid ah xubno ka alloying.

Mangan hagaajinaysaa flowability bir la shubay, iska caabin ah daxalka iyo xirtaan iska caabin ah. Waxay kordhinayaan in ay engegnaantaada iyo xoog ku qabanaya of carbon bir in formula kiimikada Fe ₃ C, formation of perlite granular.

Silicon kale oo uu leeyahay saamayn togan ku isbeddello ah ee daawaha la shubay, waxay kordhinayaan in daraawiishi ay of cementite iyo inclusions graphite qoondaynta.

Baaruud - negative, laakiin qayb lama huraan. Waxay yaraynaysaa guryaha farsamo iyo kiimikada, wuxuu kobciyaa formation of dildilaaca. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xidhiidhka ka buuxa leh ay ka kooban tahay xubno kale (tus, manganese) canaanto geedi socodka microstructural. Sidaas darteed, markii ratio Mn-S 0,8-1,2 perlite waxaa loo kaydiyaa at kasta oo saamayn heerkulka saacado. By kordhinta saamiga ilaa 3 waxaa suurtagal ah in la helo qaab-dhismeedka kasta oo la doonayo ku xiran xuduudaheedu horena.

Fosfooraska la beddelo, waayo, isbeddello si fiican u saameeyaa xoogga, hoos u kacaa kufka iyo ductility, saamaynta on muddada graphitization.

formation Chromium iyo wiiqi molybdenum of jajabi oo graphite, ee ku jira qaar ka mid ah kor u formation of perlite granular.

Tungsten kordhisaa iska caabin ah inay xirtaan marka ka hawlgala meelo ka mid ah heerkulka sare.

Aluminum, nickel iyo copper gacan ka graphitization.

By hagaajinta qadarka xubno ka kiimikada uu ka samaysan yahay daawaha bir-carbon ah, iyo sidoo kale ay saamiga, waxay saamayn kartaa guryaha final oo bir ah ee kabka.

Faa'iidada iyo faa'iido darrada

wax Ductile chugun- isagoo isticmaalka baahsan ee farshaxanka. Faa'iidooyinka ugu wayn waxaa weeye:

• heerarka sare ee engegnaantiinna aawadeed, xirtaan iska caabin ah, xoog, oo ay la socdaan isbeddello ah;
• astaamaha caadiga ah ee qalleyf iyo ductility;
• processability by daaweyn cadaadis, in la barbardhigo birta kabka cawlan,
• sifooyinka item embodiments saxo kala duwan hoos hababka qaar ka mid ah daaweynta kaamerada iyo kiimikada-kulka,
• kharash yar.

darrada waa sifooyinka shaqsi:

• dabacsanaan,
• joogitaanka of inclusions ah graphite;
• waxqabadka liita ee goynta;
• miisaanka weyn castings.

In kasta oo ay ka dhiman haatan, bir ductile qaadataa mas'uul ee metallurgy iyo injineernimada farsamada. From waxaa soo saaray faahfaahinta muhiimka ah sida crankshafts, qaybo pads kala jejebiyey, geerka, pistons, xira dhengedihii. Isagoo kala duwan yar oo noocyada, Misbaax shaqsi in industry ee degan bir ah ductile. Its codsiga waa caadiga ah ee load ka yar taas oo isticmaalka qalabka kale ee lagama yaabo.