Diyaaradan "Phantom" (McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II): description, caddaymaha, sawiro

Qaar badan oo diyaaradaha dagaalka iyada oo sababtu tahay isticmaalkooda ama waa la illoobay ay tayo liita, ama halyeey ka noqday run ah, oo ku saabsan taas oo aan xitaa ogeyn kuwa dadka qaba la xiriira diyaaradda lahayn. Arintaan ayaa loo saarin karaa sida, tusaale ahaan, our IL-2, iyo wax badan ka dib American diyaarad "Phantom".

Waxaa laga yaabaa in ugu caansan baabuurta oo dhan American of 1960-1980 mashiinada, ay magaca sanado badan waxa uu noqday isku for dhan Xarakada Ciidamada Cirka ee US. Its highlight ahaa-shaqeynta multi, oo samaynta diyaarad our gaaray wax yar ka dib. Guud ahaan, diyaarada "Phantom" - ma calaamad yar cad ee dagaalkii qaboobaa, ka badan, tusaale ahaan, B-52 qarax.

Muuqaalka gaar ah farsamadaa waxa ay ahayd in la geeyo laga yaabaa inay dhexda lagu gano-duwan oo dhexdhexaad ah in talgaley bam of mishiinka ah. Waxa xiiso leh, ka analogues guriga, markii danbe loo adeegsaday hub ciidan ee MiG-23, oo iyagu waa si xoog leh garabaka design iyo waxqabadka sifooyinka. Chinese The at dhan "talaabsan" abuuray uu diyaarad JH-7. isku mid ah oo ah - ma aha oo kaliya muuqaalka laakiin sidoo kale in matoorada shiidaa isku mid ah iyo xitaa radar. Ma aha la yaab leh, "ayuu Phantom" - diyaarad, taasoo image weli waxaa laga arki karaa wargeysyada badan oo ku saabsan mowduuca ee hubka.

Start horumarka

shaqada Bilowga bilaabay sanadkii 1953, markii Air Force Maraykanka si deg deg ah ka qeyb galay la'aan ugu yar ee horumar ah oo duurka ku ah dagaalka side ku salaysan supersonic. Midkii kowaad wuxuu u shirkad "McDonnell", laakiin mashruuca buuxda uma buuxiyo shuruudaha ciidamada. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, iyadoo ay ku saleysan AH-1 noocooda dagaal-qarxiyay ka dib waxaa la dhisay.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, fashilka of "-fidmad ka horeysay" ahaa sabab in aan fikrad guuldareystay, laakiin in gebi ahaanba dib loo eegay ee 1955, shuruudaha tixraaca ee diyaarad cusub, xaqiiqda ah in Admiral wakhtigaas shaaca ka jecel yihiin in ay leeyihiin on sidayaal diyaaradaha side ku salaysan saafi ah dagaal-interceptor awood gaarey M = 2, gantaalo keliya hubaysan.

By habka, kaasoo sameeyey diyaarada "Phantom"? Waxaan hore u soo sheegnay, "McDonnell". Iyada oo waayo-aragnimo, injineerada ay ahaayeen karin inuu abuuro isagoo mashiin in la kulmo shuruudaha macaamiisha. Arintaan yimid in ay si guul leh, in weli taagan tahay in adeegga adduunka oo dhan.

The prototypes ugu horeysay

Horeba in dhexe ee xagaaga ee isla sanadkaas noocooda ugu horeysay, qoondeeyey F4H-1F, oo uu u duulay muddo saddex sano ah waxaa la aasaasay. Waxaan fadhiya ahay at kantaroolida pilot baaritaan Robert C. Little. diyaarad loo isticmaalay matoorada J79-3A The (2h6715 kgs), laakiin ka dib markii horyaalka koowaad ee konton, waxaa la go'aamiyay in ay ku badasho si ku-J79 GE-2. a waqti badan wax yar ka dib markii, tan dambe ayaa sidoo kale siiyey si ay u model J79-GE-2A (2h7325 kgf). Sidaas daraaddeed waxaa ku a diyaarad "Phantom" of model labaad.

Sanadkii 1960, waxaa la dhigay rikoor xawaaraha waadaxa ah ee 2583 km / h. Laakiin halkan Americans u tageen inay trick yar oo farsamo: qolkii kombaresarada ah waxaa lagu duraa cadaadis isku dar ah oo biyo iyo ethanol, taas oo loo ogol yahay garbaha marawaxadaha hufan qabow iyo si looga hortago in ay u halligmaan kaamerada. beddelid waxa loo qoondeeyey F-4A, ayaa la sii daayay oo kaliya 23 diyaaradaha ee model this.

Dhamaan iyaga ka mid ah loo isticmaalo si gaar ah imtixaanka horyaalka, United States ayaa la helay by Ciidamada Cirka ah. Guud ahaan, "Phantom" - diyaarad (uu sawir waa in maqaalka), taas oo sheekooyinka jirin wax ka yar toban qeybood. Marka la eego in sita oo keliya Maraykanka Waxay ahayd waqti gaaban, waxa loo qaadan karaa rikoor! Haddii aadan aqoon waxa ay u egtahay "Phantom" (diyaarad), waxa ay awoodaan in ay ka dhergin ay aqoon korodhsiga, ka dib markii reading article tani waxay noqon doontaa!

Start ee wax soo saarka, wax ka beddelid

wax soo saarka ee mashiinada, kuwaas oo bilaabay in December 1960-kii. By 1967 th ee Air Force US waxay ahaayeen abbaaraha 637 diyaaradaha ee model this. Ka dibna, ku salaysan noocyada kuwaas oo loo abuuray sirdoonka. Waxaa la soo saaray markii danbe oo aan ka yarayn 500 "nadiif" "Phantoms", tiro ka mid ah diyaaradaha jir (marka laga reebo yaalla tijaabo) ayaa si ee qoraalkii cusub.

Waxa xiiso leh, go'aanka ay qaataan "Phantom" korsaday sidii dagaalka multi-door waxaa loo sameeyey keliya ee 1962. Siyaabo badan, wadatashi this ayaa lala socon halka wada hadal ku saabsan doorka gaariga mustaqbalka. samaynta qaar ka mid ah si degdeg ah loo bixiyey inuu samayn la sameynayo ah dagaalka weerar dhulka analog, halka qaar kalena ay ku adkeystay on fursad u abuuro technology oo ah dagaalyahan saafi ah, oo wakhtigaas waxaa ugu dalbaday by Air Force Maraykanka.

qalabka farsamada iyo hub ciidan

design aerodynamic - caadiga ah, a garabka hooseeyo, trapezoidal, dabeecad u yahay joogitaanka consoles'ka laabma. Empennage xaaqay sameeyo si loo kordhiyo iska caabin ah ay u socodka hawada iyo in la kordhiyo dhaqaajinta ee diyaaradda.

Si ka duwan dagaalka ugu weyn ee sannadka, diyaarada "Phantom" ayaa mechanization aad u horumarsan, tiro ka mid ah beddelka ahaayeen saarnaa nidaamka UPS ah. Sidaas diyaarada la wareegi karto midige ee side diyaarad, oo jillaab ku jejebiyey isticmaalo. Waxaa u adkeysan karaan mashiinada dhulka kor ah oo miisaankeedu yahay ilaa 17 metrik. Dabcan, in caga oo kale waa la heli karaa oo kaliya in ay ku duuliye ugu khibrad leh, kaamil ah dareen uu diyaarad.

Qorshahaa waxa of model mishiinka, radar la isticmaalo AN / APQ-120, iyada oo adag jawaab Ujeedada AN / ASQ-26, AN / AJB-7 nidaamka ayaa mas'uul ka ah navigation iyo diyaaradaha sax ah in la tilmaamo qaraxii ka. Si aad dib bambooyin diyaarad phantom F-4 iyadoo la isticmaalayo qalab sumadda AN / ASQ-9L. shucaaca Radar ogaado by radar cadowga helo AN / APR-36/37 qalab, waayo arko REB-jawaab AN faragelin adag / ALQ-71/72/87.

Halabuurka The nidaamka navigation duulimaad-F-4E ka mid ah INS AN / ASN-63, resolver AN / ASN-46 iyo altimeters altimeter radio AN / APN-155. Waayo, isgaarsiinta, navigation iyo nidaamka aqoonsiga leeyahay adag AN / ASQ-19 oo ka kooban transceiver a TACAN.

Hub ciidan. At sagaal qanjidhada diyaarad phantom ganaax dibadda F-4 qaadan karaan noocyo kala duwan oo hub ah, oo ay ku jiraan afar SD dhexdhexaad kala duwan AIM-7 "Sparrow". Waxaa suurogal ah in ay hub ku niches of sooctey, diyaaradda kaloo isticmaali kartaa qoriga diyaaradaha model M61A1 ah (rasaasta ee 1200 wareeg halkii qoriga). On guddiga waxaa jira blocks la bambooyin Heerka HAP, taangiyada buufiyo qalabka hawada (VAP) on hakinta garabka.

Diyaaradan "Phantom" (warbixin in uu leeyahay sawir in maqaalka) waa inay awoodaan si ay u fuliyaan on board labada tusaale ee bamka nukliyarka: Mk43, Mk.57, Mk.61 ama Mk.28. miisaanka guud ee hubka macquul tahay oo ku saabsan toddoba tan, laakiin loading noocan oo kale ah mashiinka qaadan kartaa off kaliya haddii haamaha shidaalka aan la si buuxda u buuxsameen. Tani waa - mid ka mid ah ceebaha muhiimka ah ee model this, kaas oo inta badan si cad u muujiyey in Vietnam halkaasoo Mareykanka kula kulmay MiGs Soviet. Our waxqabadka jiiday diyaaradaha ee la xiriirta miisaanka iyo gacanta ahaayeen si weyn sare.

Xogta ku saabsan wax soo saarka

Release of "Phantom" si loo daboolo baahiyaha ciidamada Maraykanka ilaa 1976 wuxuu ahaa (wadar ah oo ku saabsan 4,000 oo diyaarad la soo samatabbixiyey, iyadoo ku saabsan 1,300 oo u baxay inuu badda ee u baahan). Intaa waxaa dheer, waayo, qiyaastii hal iyo badh kun baabuurta samatabbixi lahaa dhoofinta. Laakiin halkan waxa la ogaadaa in qaar ka mid ah baabuurta dhoofiyo waxaa si toos ah laga soo wareejiyay / Air Force Navy ah.

Ma aha la yaab leh in F4 diyaarada "Phantom" waxa uu noqday mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu caansan ee qaybta ka tirsan jet ee wakhtigaas, sida kaliya ee u suurtagashay in ay soo saaraan in ka badan shan kun oo gogo '. Ugu dambeyntii, ka 1971 si ay u 1980 ee Japan dhisay 138 diyaaradaha, waa nuqul shati ah "Phantom" American, ka version aasaasiga kala duwan qaar ka mid ah isbedel ku kooban of hub ciidan iyo hage.

astaamaha farsamo

The Raven guud ahaa 11.7 mitir, dhererka sooctey - 19.2 m, height ugu badan ee jirka ka mid ahaa 5 mitir, meesha garabka of 49.2 mitir oo laba jibbaaran ka. miisaanka qaadataan-off ugu badnaan 25 ilaa 26 metrik dhaxaysey. Diyaarad Blank F 4 "Phantom" (shidaalka iyo hubka ganaax aan) miisaamay 13.760 kg ee shidaalka haamaha shidaalka gudaha yaaliin lix tons, afar tan oo lagu shubo karaa taangiyada joojinta.

Motors iyo sifooyinka duulimaadka

Sida geedka xoogga Turbojet isticmaalo laba GE. Daydo sidoo kale waxay ahaayeen laba: J79-GE-8 (with a ugu badan ku riixdaan 7780 kgf), J79-GE-17 (sareeya dabeecad kala jar ah taas oo ahayd 8120 kgf).

Isla mar, diyaarad "Phantom" ah, astaamaha farsamo ee ku jira maqaalka, ayaa noqday halyeey Air Force Maraykanka ee sababta aad in sifooyinka diyaarad ay ahaayeen kuwo aad u wanaagsan. Diyaaradaha la degdegsiimada laga yaabaa in 2300 km / h, gaari height dhaqanka qaadista ugu jiray 16 ilaa 600 mitir, dardargelinta xawaaraha - 220 m / s, kala duwan oo 2380 kilomitir.

Dhererka runway hor qaadataan-off ahaa 1340 mitir, iyadoo baarashuud ah ku istaago, waayo, gaariga waxaa gebi ahaanba la joojiyey 950 mitir. On sidayaal diyaaradaha, taas oo loo isticmaalo jillaab ku, diyaarad Maraykan ah "Phantom" joognay oo ku saabsan 30-40 mitir. dollar xawaaraha ugu sareeya gaaray intii uu socday howlgal la taaban karo, waxay ahayd 6,0G.

muhiimadda iyo dagaal Isticmaalka

Mareykanka waa mid aad u jeclaan of diyaarad "Phantom" ah (sifooyinka of taas oo aynu hore u tilmaamay), sida unit ee model this muddo dheer ku hadhay habka aasaasiga ah ee Air Force Fadilmo hawada iyo Navy. The ugu horeysay ee loo yaqaan isticmaalka dagaalka ee qaybtii ugu dhacay on April 2, 1965, intii lagu jiray dagaalka ee Vietnam. Waxaa jira diyaaradaha ee model this wajahay la MiG-17F, oo waxaa loo soo dhiibay North Vietnam ee dalkeenna.

Tan iyo 1966, in mucaaradka in ay dhacdooyin ay ku lug MiG-21F ah, ayaa sidoo kale siin USSR. Air Force oo Navy Maraykanka maleeyey in "Phantom" si deg deg ah ku guuleysan doono Fadilmo hawada, tan iyo markii ay kooxda ahayd on-guddiga hub xad awood badan, radar oo tayo sare leh, iyo sidoo kale xawaaraha wanaagsan iyo xawaare safar. xaaladaha intaas oo dhammu waxay siiyeen rajo natiijo fiican dogfighting.

Faa'iidada iyo faa'iido darrada

Laakiin dhab ahaan waxa ay ka leexatay in shil leh sifooyinka dhaqaajinta diyaarado American ma ahaayeen kuwo aad u caan ah. Waxay lahaa heerka hoose garabka tiriyaa a load hawl weyn, doorkeeda beddelay xadaynta dollar (6.0 dhanka ah 8.0 ee MiG). Waxaa sidoo kale lagu ogaaday in xagal jeestay baabuurta American yar maaraysay yar wax ku ool ah. Riixdaan-to-miisaanka hub ka diyaaradaha Soviet ayaa sidoo kale ka fiican.

Faa'iidooyinka waxaa ka mid ah dardargelinta degdeg ah (faraqa la MiG ee - ku saabsan toddoba ilbiriqsi Maraykanka), mishiinka si deg deg ah ay helaan doona sare, duuliye sare waxaa lagu qiimeeyaa aragti ka koobka qol ah "Phantoms" iyo joogitaanka xubin shaqaale labaad. offloads Last inta badan duuliyaha, sida si joogto ah loola socdo degaanka ee u Safra ama gadaal iyo ugu digo yaabaa taliyaha hanjabaad ayaa waxaa kacay.

meelaha kale ee dagaalka isticmaalka

Waxaa la rumeysan yahay in markabka ugu hufan ee dagaalkii Vietnam noqday tijaabo ah oo Navigator S. Ritchie C. Bellevue, at account dagaalka in, sida laga soo xigtay Maraykanka naftooda, waxaa jiray shan MiGs Vietnamese ah. Tan iyo dabayaaqadii 60-mada ay diyaaradaha model bilaabeen inay ka ballaaran u wareejiyay sokeeye Israeli of America. Iyada oo qayb ka mid ah mashiinada Ciidamada Cirka ee Israel ayaa aad u wanaagsan naftooda la xaqiijiyay.

Laakiin xitaa waxaa, in shilalka la Masaarida MiG-21, kuwaas oo ku yiil ee xilka ka mid ah duuliyayaasha Soviet, ogaato oo dhan cillado isku mid ah. Dhibaatada waxa ay tahay sidaas u weyn in Israel ku adkeeyey in dhulkeeda la sii daayo Xarakada Faransiis "Ciise Muse", oo taas waxay xitaa ma quudhsaday inuu wax xado oo qayb ka ah waraaqo farsamo. In mustaqbalka, "Phantoms" ayaa dib u habeysay si wax looga qabto weerar kadob markii diyaarad in of model this si ay ula qabsadaan oo aan cabashooyinka kasta.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, duuliye naftooda ma ka this faraxsan tan "Phantoms" waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida baabuurta weerar ahaayeen, siday khasaare dareemi (ilaa 70% of raxan ka mid ah baabuurta). Mar kale, waxa ay ahayd sabab u ahaa xaqiiqada tani ma aha tayada xirfad sare oo ka mid ah duuliyayaasha Masar iyo xirfadaha wanaagsan ee dejinta ee Soviet ee Soviet SAMs isku.

diyaarado Later ayaa la isticmaalay intii lagu jiray isku dhac ka dhexeeya Iran iyo Ciraaq (1980-1988 sano), laakiin ugu yaraan faahfaahin qaar ka mid ah ay u isticmaalaan dagaalka sanadihii weli kuwa aan weli la ogeyn. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, by markii ugu xagxagasho ugu horeeyey ee diyaaradaha iyo diyaaradaha qumaatiga u kaca, marka Mi-24 ahaa awoodaan in ay reebtay ciidamada cirka Ciraaq weeraray uu gantaalaha "Phantom" "hawada-to-hawada."

Waxaa kale oo la og yahay in sanadkii 2012 ay Suuriya Ciidamada Cirka hoos u toogtay ah "Phantom" Turkey, taas oo tan dambe ayaa loo isticmaalaa sida indheynta ah.

Qaar ka mid ah khubarada berrinkii qalab iyo hub ay aaminsan yihiin in diyaarada "Phantom" - US dagaal-qarxiyay qarnigan "saddexaad", waqtiga ay abuurista si dhab ah ka hor inta uusan mar smogshy. Qaar ka mid ah shuruudaha ee opinion noocaas ah waa, sababta oo ah model ayaa ahaa mid aad u guulaystay, iyo qaar ka mid ah sifooyinka ay sii caan ah ilaa maantadan la joogo.

Maanta noocan ah diyaarad ku sii Ciidamada Cirka ah: Masar (qiyaastii laba darsin baabuurta), dadka Gariigta ah, waxaa jira ah oo ku saabsan konton casriyeeyey "Phantoms", ie ay sidoo kale ku jiraan Iran, laakiin diyaaradda Iran back to sano ee dhismaha 60 th, iyo tirada ka harsan tahay mishiinada aan shaqeyn aan la garanayn. Waxa uu isticmaalaa nooca la mid ah diyaarad Turkey, halkaas oo hubka South Korea (konton) Japan ugu yaraan boqol iyo konton casriyeeyey "Phantoms",, (boqol diyaaradaha) leeyihiin. Waa in la ogaadaa in Japanese la isticmaalay noocyo ka mid ah uu dhismaha u gaar ah, kaas oo aynu hore u kor ku xusan.

aragtiyada casriga ah

mashiinada Cirka ee haray maanta ballaaran u dayac tiray ee drones lama filaan ah aad u daran, iyo sidoo kale diirada u saaran radio ay gacanta loogu talagalay ciidamada cirka tababarka iyo difaaca hawada shaqaalaha xisaabinta. Americans qoro in "aadanaha" qaybtii ugu duulimaadka ee la soo dhaafay "Phantom" dhacay bartamihii April-2013 (tilmaamayaa in diyaarad dhulka Maraykanka). Ka hor "ee la soo dhaafay of Mohicans ah" waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay mashiin tiro dabada 68-0599, dhigay diyaarad ay saldhigyo ku Desert Mojave ah January 18, 1989, oo ha duusho tan.

Laakiinse haatan Waaxda Difaaca Mareykanka ayaa saadaaliyay in "Phantoms" oo dhan ugu dhakhsaha badan, by hadda in kaydinta laga saari doonaa ilaalinta ee mass oo loo dhisi. Waxaa la og yahay in, sida maanta, iyadoo kaydinta laga saaray ugu yaraan 316 gaari oo ah nooca this.

Waxa ay qaban doonaa "Phantom"?

shirkad American BAE Systems ku hawllan yahay habayn ka mid ah diyaaradaha iyo Ebana wax ku xiga ee ah bartilmaameed QF-4C radio maamusho. Waxaa la og yahay in ugu danbeyn dhammaan baabuurta waxaa loo dhiibi doonaa si gaar ah 82 Qiimeynta bartilmaameed radio maamusho (Anteenada Bartilmaameedyo Qiimeynta - ATRS). Waxay ku salaysan tahay in Florida.

Muuqday on wejiga "joofane" diyaaradaha noqon kartaa si fudud distinguished ka caadiga ah, tan iyo markii ay dhamaatay baalashii oo ay guushu ku yihiin rinjiyeeyay midab casaan dhalaalaya (waxaad ka arki kartaa sawirka diyaarada "Phantom" ee noocan ah article). Waxaa horay loo yaqaan ku saabsan a laba boqol oo amar ku bixiyay iyo hoos unugyada dhismaha. diinta sida oo qiimo leh si mishiinka loo isticmaali karaa sida dagaalka.

Si ay u muujiyaan awoodooda dagaal oo ka mid ah diinta "Phantoms" ee January 2008 on board mid ka mid ah la bilaabay dibad kuwaas oo ahaa horreeyey waxaa la sameeyey gantaallo "air-dal". Waxaa la rumeysan yahay in diyaaradda UAV gediyay la ool ah loo isticmaali karaa si loo xakameeyo hab difaaca hawada cadowga. Inkasta oo ku oolnimada of technology laftiisa, khasaaraha ka mid ah duuliyayaasha ay caanihii ma dhici doonto, taas oo badbaadin doonaa nolosha duuliye u tababaran.

Inta badan, in tobankii sano ee soo socda, ugu danbeeyay "Phantom" in "drive aadanaha" la dambeyntii noqday doonaa adeega wadamada mashiinada sida weli waa ay qabtaan oo dhan. Ka dibna eegto mishiinka halyeeyga noqon karaa in matxafyada ama marka booqanaya ururinta diyaarad gaar loo leeyahay. Ugu dambeyntii, diyaarad sawirka "Phantom" aad mar walba awood u yeelan doonaan in ay arkaan on bogagga warqad this.

Duuliyayaasha Our fursad si ay u qiimeeyaan koobka "Phantoms." Waa in la sheegay in khubaro Soviet hadlay sare ee mashiinka this dhowr tilmaamayaasha, gaar ahaan annaga oo ogaaney tayada guud ee sancada, qalabka korontada aad u fiican, hufnaan degtey iyo hawlgalka duuliyaha. Sidoo kale, "foolproof" ayaa waxaa si fiican-la aasaasay diyaaradaha ee model this. Sidaas darteed, in hab dhulka, waxa ay ahayd wax aan macquul aheyn in aan bilowno gantaal ama si qalad ah u isticmaalaan hub kala duwan. Waxaa hoogtay, sida mararka qaar dhacaya duuliye our MiG, kuwaas oo, isagoo ka daalin, si fudud aan tegi karin in ay wax miiran ...