Dhuumaha: dhuumaha Russia

dhuumaha saliidda Ruush - mid ka mid ah qaybaha ugu muhiimsan ee qaybta shidaalka iyo tamarta ee dhaqaalaha ee. Si aad u taariikhda, Ruushka ka shaqeeya shabakad ballaaran dhuumaha saliidda, dhuumaha gaaska iyo dhuumaha saliidda ee muhiimadda kala duwan. gaadiidka Pipeline links inta badan oo ka mid ah maadooyinka ee Federation, iyo sidoo kale for dhoofinta Consort iyo taagayo ay.

dirka dhuumaha

Dhuumaha kala qaybsan yihiin siday u kala ujeeddo:

• waxyaabaha ku xidha Local gudahood Kalluumaysiga, xarumaha shidaalka iyo gaaska lagu kaydiyo, warshado sifeeya saliidda.
• dhuun Gobolka leeyihiin dherer ah tobanaan dhowr kiilomitir. Loo talaabo u xidhi saldhiga sayidkii, la loading waxyaabaha saliidda (loading) biyaha ama tareenka, dhuumaha ugu weyn on.
• Laf - dhuumaha, taas oo ah in ka badan 50 km, dhexroor iyo biibiilaha ka 200 mm in 1400 mm iyo wixii ka sareeya. Masaafada by taas oo badeecada lagu bixisey kartaa dhuumaha sida, in boqolaal ama kumanaan kilomitir. Shubto waa la fuliyay mid ka mid ma saldhigga hawadda iyo duwan, kullan waddada of dhuumaha. Iyada oo ku xidhan saliidda gareeyeen, dhuumaha ugu weyn waxaa la odhan jiray dhuunta (shubto saliidda cayriin) iyo wax soo saarka (saliid), saliidda madow, baatrool ah, la shito, iyo kuwa kale.

Khadadka jirridda waxaa ka shaqeeya si joogto ah, waxay noqon karaan stop haatan in xaalad degdeg ah, dayactirka ah ee caadiga ah ama beddelaad ah qaybaha.

horumarinta dhuumaha saliidda qaada ee Russia

Taariikhda horumarinta dhuumaha in Russia waxaa ka muuqo lala horumarinta wershedaha shidaalka. In 1901, gobolka soo saarta ku dhawaad nus ka mid ah guud ahaan wax soo saarka saliidda dunida. Iyada oo sii kordhaya Muga of alaabta ceeriin waxaa sii kordheysa kiciyey su'aasha ah ee ay gaadiidka. Bulshda dhaqaale ee dhismaha dhuumaha ayaa la arkay in la yareeyo culayska ee tareenka iyo in la yareeyo kharashka ku baxa gaadiidka.

The dhuumaha ugu horeysay jir Ruush dherer guud ee 1147 km ayaa la dhisay ee Warega of qarniyadii XIX iyo XX oo ku xiran beeraha u dhow ee sifeeya saliidda Baku. Barnaamijkan ayaa ah in la dhiso dhuumaha ugu horeysay ee wax soo saarka ay leedahay DI Mendeleev. Qorshaha ayaa waxaa la hirgeliyey 1906. dhererkiisu dhuumaha of 831 km, 200 mm tuubooyinka iyo saldhigyada kombaresarada 13-kii ahaa ee ugu weyn dunida oo dhan wakhtigaas oo la shito bixisey ka Baku in Batumi loo dhoofiyo.

In ka sano prewar, ee socodka weyn ee wax soo saarka saliida iyo saliid ku jiray badda Caspian, Caucasus iyo berkeddii weysada Volga ah. Waxaa wakiishay Grozny-Tuapse dhuumaha saliidda (649 km, 273 dhexroor mm), Ishimbai-Ufa (169 km, 300 mm) iyo wax soo saarka Mangyshlak - Samara oo Ust-Balik - Almetyevsk.

wareega A cusub oo horumarineed oo ka mid ah dhuumaha saliidda Ruush (markaas USSR) faa'iiday ee sano post-dagaal. Waxaa halkii ugu muddada horumarinta deg deg ah ee macdanta iyo processing saliid ah ee Basin Volga-Urals iyo horumarinta kayd ee Siberia. dhuumaha ilaa dhererka badan in 1200 dhexroor mm ayaa loo dhisay. Thanks to qaar ka mid ah (tusaale ahaan, Surgut - Polotsk), saliidda Siberian waxay bilaabeen inay in la gaarsiiyo gobolada dhexe ee Russia, Belarus iyo Maraykanka bari.

Faa'iidooyinka gaadiidka dhuumaha

horumarka ugu xoogan ee dhuumaha saliidda iyo gaaska Russia heshay qeybtii labaad ee qarnigii XX ah. Maanta, mugga iyo maamuus u gaar ah oo ka mid ah dhuumaha shidaalka qaadaa si tartiib ah waa ay barakiyeen siyaabo biyaha iyo gaadiidka tareenka ee alaabta saliid iyo saliid. Faa'iidooyinka ugu weyn ee dhuumaha saliidda iyo gaaska waa:

• kala duwan oo muhiim ah laga shubto, qaliin dhib-free, bandwidth weyn, khasaaraha ugu yar.
• A kala duwan oo ku nafwaayay balaadhan oo ah saliid gareeyeen.
• hawlgalka deggan goobaha cimilada kala duwan.
• Waxaa laga yabaa in dhismaha dhuumaha ah ee dhammaan goobaha.
• heerka sare ee mechanization dhismaha.
• nidaamyada qalabaynta for gacanta u ah hababka farsamada.

Faa'iida ugu weyn ee gaadiidka dhuumaha waxaa loo arkaa inay maalgelin ku filan weyn ee wajiga dhismaha.

The ugu weyn dhuumaha saliidda Ruush

1. Baku - Novorossiysk - dhuun lisidda saliid Caspian in ay dekedda leh ee Novorossiysk.
2. Balakhani - Black City - waa dhuumaha ugu horeysay ee Russian saliid lagu rido hawlgalka ee 1878. dhuumaha jirridda xira Balakhani kalluumaysiga on Peninsula Absheron ah oo awood lagu safeeyo oo goobta joogay ee Baku.
3. network dhuumaha Baltic. awoodda Design - 74 million tons oo saliid ah sanadkiiba. Waxaa isku xira dekedda ah ee Primorsk ka shidaalka ee reer galbeedka Siberia iyo gobolka Ural-Volga.
4. Eastern Siberia - Badweynta Pacific - dhuunta isku xidha beeraha Siberian la dekedda oo saliid ah Kozmino dhow Nakhodka. operator dhuumaha - OJSC "AK" Transneft ". Length ee 4188 km ka dhigayaa suurto gal ah in dhoofin saliid Ruush suuqyada Asia-Pacific iyo Maraykanka.
5. Dhuunta saliidda "Druzhba" - nidaamka ugu weyn dunida ee dhuumaha ugu weyn, dhisay wax soo saarka saliida iyo batroolka ee dalalka hantiwadaagga ee Bariga Yurub. Hadda waxa ka shaqeeya in loo dhoofiyo Europe.
6. Grozny - Tuapse - dhexroor ugu horeysay ee Russian dhexdhexaad dhuumaha jirridda, ka dhisay horrantii qarnigii labaatanaad saliidda Caucasian ilaa xeebta Badda Madow gaadiidka.
7. Dhuunta ayaa Caspian Pipeline Consortium (CPC) isku xira duurka ku taal galbeedka Kazakhstan in terminal ah xeebta Badda Madow oo ku dhow Novorossiysk.
8. Murmansk dhuunta oo qaadi kara 80 million tons xira shidaalka ee reer galbeedka Siberia iyo dekedda Murmansk.
9. Surgut - Polotsk - dhuumaha saliidda ee isku xirta Western Siberia la Belarus ka dibna dalalka Baltiga iyo Poland.
10. A dhuumaha kulul u gaar ah ugu muhiimsan saliidda Uzen - Atyrau - Samara.

Dhoofinta via dhuumaha saliidda qaada

Currently, ugu dhuumaha saliidda Ruush lagu xisaabiyo 84% ee laga dhoofiyo dalka oo saliid ah. The haray 13% waa gaadiidka tareenada iyo 3% - gaadiidka aqueous iyo webiga. OJSC "AK" Transneft "- wadaha kaliya ee dhuumaha saliidda qaada ee Russia. Waxa la xisaabay in 97% ka mid ah saliidda gaadiid soo saaray dalka. Dhererka nidaamka dhuumaha shirkadda ka -. In ka badan 217 oo kun oo kiiloomitir, taas oo isku xirta gobollada ugu muhiimsan ee wax soo saarka saliidda ee Russia iyo suuqyada iibka ee Europe. 46.7 thous. Km nidaamka guud ee gaadiidka la xidhiidha dhuumaha saliidda iyo Km 19.3 thous. Waa in dhuumaha ah.

dhuumaha saliidda Main ee Russia, ay ku lug leeyihiin dhoofinta:

• The awoodda dhuumaha Baltic - 74 million tons sannadkii;
• nidaamka dhuumaha "Druzhba". Mid ka mid ah laamihii dhuumaha aado Poland, kii labaadna wuxuu ahaa - in Slovakia. awoodda Total - 90 million tons,
• Black Sea dhuumaha saliidda - 43 million tons.

Meesha ugu wanaagsan ee horumarka ah ee dhoofinta saliidda Ruush waa Siberian Bari, ay sabab u tahay koritaanka boobsiis in isticmaalka saliid ee Shiinaha.