Dadyowga Finno-Ugric: taariikhda iyo dhaqanka. Dadka reer kooxda fitnada Al-luuqadeed Finno-Ugric

luqadaha Finno-Ugric la xiriira Finnish casriga ah iyo Hungarian. Dadka hadleen, ka samaysan group Finno-Ugric ku ethnolinguistic. Waxa ay asal ahaan, meelaha dejinta, egyihiin iyo khilaafaadka la eego dibadda, dhaqanka, diinta iyo dhaqanka - maaddooyinka cilmi caalamiga ah ee beeraha ee taariikhda, cilmiga aadanaha, juqraafiga, cilmi afaf, iyo tiro ka mid ah cilmiga kale. Si kooban u muujiyo mawduuca isku day article dib u eegis this.

Dadyowga ka mid ah af Finnish-Ugric group ethnolinguistic

Iyada oo ku saleysan heerka uu u dhow luqadaha, cilmi la wadaago dadka Finno-Ugric shantii kooxaha.

The salaysan koowaad ee Baltiga iyo Finnish, Finnish, iyo Istooniyaan - dadka, waxay leeyihiin dalalka iyaga u gaar ah. Waxay sidoo kale ku nool yihiin Russia. Seth - koox yar oo Istooniyaan - dejin gobolka Pskov ah. Waxaa ugu badan ee Baltiga iyo dadyowga Finnish of Russia - Karelia. Guriga ay isticmaalaan saddex lahjado wadaniga ah, halka luqada suugaaneed ay arkaa in ay Finnish. Intaa waxaa dheer, in koox ka mid ah ay yihiin Vepsians iyo Izhors - quruumaha yar in ay sii raagayaan luqadaha iyo VOD (waxay leeyihiin wax ka yar ka badan boqol qof oo laga badiyay af u gaar ah) iyo Livs.

Second - Sami (ama Lapps) koox hoosaadka. Inta badan dadka u ahaa magac u bixiyeen, degay Scandinavia. Saamaha The Ruush ku nool Peninsula Kola ah. Cilmibaadhayaasha ayaa soo jeedinaya in wakhtiyadii hore dadyowga qabsadeen dhul ka badan, laakiin ka dib ayaa dib u woqooyi u kexeeyey. Markaasaa waxaa jiray bedelay ee luqad u gooni ah, mid ka mid ah lahjadaha Finnish.

The qayb saddexaad hoosaadka oo ka mid ah dadyowga Finno-Ugric - Volga-Finnish - Mari oo ka mid ah Mordvinians. Mari - bulk dadweynaha ee Jamhuuriyadda Mari El, waxay sidoo kale ku nool yihiin Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, Udmurtia iyo xitaa qaar ka mid ah gobollada Ruush. Waxay aqoonsadaan laba af suugaanta (oo, si kastaba ha ahaatee, cilmi oo dhan ku heshiin). Mordvinians - dadka wadaniga ah ee Jamhuuriyadda Mordovia; waqti isku mid ah qayb weyn oo ka mid ah Mordvins degeen Russia oo dhan. Iyada oo qayb ka mid ah umadan - labada kooxood qowmiyadaha, mid kasta u gaar ah oo ay ku qoran luqadda suugaanta.

hoosaadka afraad waxaa lagu magacaabaa Permian ah. Waxaa ka mid ah Komi, Komi-Perm, iyo Udmurt. Ka hor inta October 1917 heerka farbarashada (in kastoo, in Ruush) Komi socdo dadka ugu bartay of Russia - Ruush Yuhuud iyo Jarmalka. Iyadoo la tixgelinayo Udmurt ah, ay lahjad ayaa ku hadhay inta badan tuulooyinka Jamhuuriyadda Udmurt ah. Ku noolaanshaha isla magaalooyinkaas, u muuqdaan inay iska ilaawaan iyo luqadda wadaniga ah, iyo caadooyinka.

By shanaad, Ugric, koox ka mid ah dalka Hungary, Khanty iyo Mansi. Inkastoo qeybaha hoose ee umuliya iyo Severnyy ku Ural kala Sooco ka gobolka Hungarian on badan Danube ee kiiloomitir, dadkan runtii waa qaraabada dhow. Khanty iyo Mansi yar yar yihiin dadyowga ee Waqooyiga.

qabiilooyinka Finno-Ugric bakhtiyeen

By dadka Finno-Ugric iyo quruumaha ka walaacsan, tixraacayo oo hadda sii raagayaan kaliya ee taariikhda. Sidaas daraaddeed, dadka Meria noolaa dhexeeya Volga iyo Oka ee Millennium AD marka hore - waxaa jira aragti ah in uu markii dambe ku biireen la Slavs bari.

wax la mid ah ku dhacay Moore. Tani waa - xataa dad badan hore ee kooxda fitnada Al-luuqadeed Finno-Ugric, mar la deggan yahay pool Oka.

Waxa ay muddo dheer ahayd qabiil bakhtiyeen Finnish ku nool hareeraha webiga Onega iyo Northern Dvina, cilmi Chud loo yaqaan (sida ay hal fikrad, waxay ahaayeen awoowayaasha Istooniyaan casriga ah).

luqadda A caadiga ah iyo dhaqanka

Dhawaaqayay luqadaha Finno-Ugric koox ahaan, cilmi xoogga saaraan in bulshada sida qayb weyn in mideeya dadka hadleen. Si kastaba ha ahaatee kooxaha qowmiyadeed Ural, inkastoo la mid ah ee qaab-dhismeedka luqadaha ay, weli kasta oo kale oo aan had iyo jeer la fahmo. Sidaas daraaddeed, Finn, dabcan, ay awoodaan si ay u sharxaan in, Istooniyaan ku erzyanin - la mokshaninom iyo Udmurtia - Komi. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, kooxdan oo ah dadyowga juquraafi fog ka soo midba midka kale, waa in ay sameeyaan wax badan oo dadaal si loo ogaado in luqado iyaga u gaar ah muuqaalada caadi ah in iyaga caawin lahaa in ay leeyihiin wada hadalka.

qaraabonimo luqadeed oo ka mid ah dadyowga Finno-Ugric la ogan karo ugu horrayn si isku mid ah oo qaababka luqadda. Tani waxay si weyn u saameeyaa formation of fikirka iyo dunida view of dadyowga. In kasta oo ay dhaqamada kala duwan, xaqiiqda ku kordhinaya faham labada dhinac u dhexeeya kooxaha qowmiyadaha.

Isla mar ahaantaana nooc ka mid ah cilmi nafsiga, ay sabab u tahay habka fikirka ee luuqadahan Hodmin dhaqanka caalamiga ah ee ay aragti u gaar ah oo adduunka ah. Sidaas darteed, in la barbardhigo dadka Indo-Yurub, Finno-Ugric dhigin marka la eego nooca gaarka ah. dhaqanka Finno-Ugric siyaabo badan ayaa sidoo kale ka qayb qaatay u doonaya dadkan in ay si nabad ah qabsato deriska ah - guud ahaan waxayna ka jeeclaadeen ma si ay ula dagaallamaan, laakiin si ay u haajiraan inkastoo uu dhowro aqoonsigooda.

Sidoo kale caan ku dadyowga oo ka tirsan kooxda this - furfurnaanta si waydaartaan qowmiyadaha iyo dhaqanka. In search for sidii loo xoojin lahaa xiriirka la dadyowga la xidhiidha ay u ilaaliyaan xiriirada dhaqameed kuwa kuwaas oo isku wareejiyeen oo dhan. Asal ahaan, dadka Finno-Ugric u suurtagashay in ay ilaashadaan luqadda, waxyaalaha dhaqanka ee aasaasiga ah. Isgaarsiinta la dhaqanka qowmiyadaha ee ku yaala goobahan la ogan karo in ay qaranka songs, qoob, music, cunto dhaqameed, dharka. Sidoo kale, waxaannu ka badbaaday xubno badan oo ka mid ah xafladaha ay qadiimiga: aroos, aaska, xusuus.

Taariikhda A kooban oo ka mid ah dadyowga Finno-Ugric

The asal ahaan iyo taariikh hore oo ka mid ah dadyowga Finno-Ugric ilaa maantadan la joogo ayaa weli ku xiran ka mid ah dood cilmiyeed. Ka mid ah cilmi-ugu ballaaran rumeysan yahay in wakhtiyadii hore, waxaa jiray koox keliya oo ah dad, ku hadlaan ka-af hoggamiye isla Finno-Ugric. Awoowayaasha dadka Finno-Ugric ka hor dhamaadka Millennium BC saddexaad. e. suurtagelisay midnimada qaraabo. Waxay deganaa ee Urals iyo Urals Western degaanka, iyo laga yaabee sidoo kale meelaha qaarkood ku wareegsan.

In xiliyo hore, loo yaqaan-Finno Ugric iyo qoysaskooda xiriir la-Indo Iiraaniyiin ah, taasoo ku muuqata in khuraafaadka iyo kuwa kala afka. Inta u dhaxaysa tobankii saddexaad iyo kan labaad ee BC. e. sooci doonaa mid kasta oo ugric Perm-laan kale oo Finnish. dadka dambe, oo degeen dhinaca galbeedka ka mid ah, si tartiib ah u soo baxay istaagay oo noqday go'doonsan hoosaadka madax banaan luqadaha (Baltiga-Finnish, af Finnish-Volga, Perm). Sidaas darteed of kala guurka ah ee dadka wadaniga ah ee North Fog on mid ka mid ah Fal Finno-Ugric Sami sameeyay.

Kooxda Ugric luqado kala jabeen dhexe ee aan Millennium BC. e. qeybinta ah ee Baltic Finnish dhacay bilowgii of our Zaman. Perm socday wax yar ka dheer - ilaa qarnigii siddeedaad. doorka A weyn ee horumarinta goonida ah luuqadahan soo ciyaaray xiriirada qabiilooyinka Finno-Ugric ah, la Baltic, Iran, Slavic, Turkic, dadyowga Germanic.

Dhulka dejinta

dadyowga Finno-Ugric in maalmood our inta badan ku nool yihiin ee North-Western Europe. Juqraafi ahaan, waxay degeen dhulka ugu badan ka Scandinavia si ay Urals, gobolka Volga-Kama, Tobol hoose iyo kuwa dhexe. Hungary - oo kaliya dadka group fitnada Al-luuqadeed Finno-Ugric, kuwaas oo ay gobolka gooni u sameeyey qabiilooyinka kale xigaalo - ee gobolka Carpathian-Danube.

Tirada dadka Finno-Ugric

Tirada guud ee dadyowga ku hadla luqadaha Uralic (this ka mid ah-Finno Ugric la Samoyed), waa 23-24 million. The ugu badan yihiin wakiillo ka socda dalka Hungary ka. Way ka sii badan 15 milyan oo qof oo dunida ee. Waxay la raacay by ee dadka Finnishka ah iyo Istooniyaan (5 iyo 1 million, siday u kala horreeyaan). Inta badan kooxaha kale ee Finno-Ugric qowmiyadaha ku nool Russia.

Finno-Ugric qowmiyadaha gayiga Russia

degayaasha Ruush, awelna loola tirade ilaa dalkii reer dadyowga Finno-Ugric ee qarniyo XVI-XVIII. Inta badan, habka of iyaga gelida meelahakan ka dhacay si nabad ah, laakiin qaar ka mid ah dadka (tusaale ahaan, Mari) dheer oo xoog iska caabiyay goysiga ah ee ku laayeen gobolka Ruush.

Diinta Christian, qoraal ahaan, dhaqan magaalooyinka, adscititious Ruush, ugu danbeyn bilaabay inuu bedelo aaminsan yahay deegaanka iyo Fal. Dadka u guuray magaalada, dhaqaaqay Siberia iyo dalka Altai ah - halkaas oo luqadda ugu weyn oo caadi ahayd Ruush. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, wuxuu (gaar ahaan ay lahjad waqooyiga) ayaa nuugo badan oo ka mid ah erayga Finno-Ugric - gaar ahaan si duurka oo magacyadooda meesha iyo magacyada dhacdo dabeeci ah.

Goobaha ka mid ah dadyowga Finno-Ugric of Russia qasan Turkiga, diinta Islaamka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, inta badan waxaa ka mid ah ayaa weli waxaa hayeyna Ruush. Sidaa darteed, quruumahaas marnaba ka samaysan intooda badan - xataa kuwa Jamhuuriyadda in ay magacayga hor geeyo.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sida laga soo xigtay tirakoobka sanadkii 2002, dalka Ruushka waxa jira oo aad u ballaaran in tiro ka mid ah group-Finno Ugric. Waxaa Mordvinians (843 kun oo qof), Udmurts (ku dhowaad 637,000), Mari (604 000), dadyowga Komi (293,000), ka Komi-Permian (125 kun), Karels (93,000). Tirada dadka qaar ka mid ah aan ka badnayn soddon kun oo qof, oo Khanty, Mansi, Veps. Izhors warsan 327 oo qof, oo dadkii VOD - dadka kaliya 73. Waxay ku nool yihiin Russia iyo Hungary ay, dadka Finnishka ah, Istooniyaan, saamaha.

Horumarinta dhaqanka Finno-Ugric ee Russia

Lix iyo toban ka mid ah dadyowga Finno-Ugric ku nool Russia. Shantood waxay leeyihiin dhismaha maamul-goboleedyo u gaar ah, laakiin labadii - qaranka iyo dhulka. degeen inta kale ee kala firdhiyey guud ahaan dalka.

In Russia sooco ilaalinta ee aqoonsiga dhaqanka dhaqameed deggan dareenka badan kooxaha qowmiyadeed. At heer qaran iyo kuwa maxalliga ah, barnaamijyada lagu horumariyo oo taageero ah kuwaas oo wax ka barato dhaqanka oo ka mid ah dadyowga Finno-Ugric, caadooyinka iyo lahjado.

Sidaas daraaddeed, Sami, Khanty, Mansi lagu barto dugsiga hoose, iyo Komi ah, Mari, Udmurt, luqadaha Mordovian - dugsiyada sare ee gobolladaas, halka ay jiraan kooxo badan oo ka mid ah kooxaha qowmiyadaha kala duwan. Waxaa jira sharciyo gaar ah oo ku saabsan dhaqanka, afka (Mari-El, Komi). Sidaas daraaddeed, in Jamhuuriyadda Karelia, sharciga ku saabsan waxbarashada, abuurayaa xaq ah Veps iyo Karelia baray afkooda hooyo. horumarinta Mudnaanta oo ka mid ah dhaqanka dadyowga Xeerka qeexayaa dhaqanka.

Sidoo kale, in Jamhuuriyadda Mari El, Udmurtia, Komi, Mordovia, in Khanty-Mansi Banaan Area leeyahay barnaamijyada horumarinta qaranka fikradaha u gaar ah oo. La aasaasay oo ka shaqeeya dhaqamada Sanduuqa Horumarinta Dadkii Finno-Ugric (dhulka Jamhuuriyadda of Mari El).

dadyowga Finno-Ugric: muuqaalka

Awoowayaasha dadka Finno-Ugric ka dhacay ay sabab u tahay isku qasin paleoevropeyskih iyo Paleo-Asiatic qabiil. Sidaa darteed, in bannaanka u ah dadyowga oo ka tirsan kooxda Waxaas oo dhan waxaa ka jira labada muuqaalada Yurub iyo Mongoloid. Culimada qaarkood ayaa xitaa hormartay aragtida ah jiritaanka jinsiyadaha oo kala duwan - Urals ah, waa "dhexe" dhexeeya Yurub iyo Aasiya, laakiin version this leeyahay taageerayaasha yar.

The dadyowga Finno-Ugric waa Nuurre Aw eego anthropological. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ku caan muuqaalada "Ural" in mid ka mid ah ama qaab kale waxay leedahay xubin kasta oo ka mid ah dadyowga Finno-Ugric. Waxaa, sida caadiga ah, height dhexdhexaad ah, midab timo aad u fudud, "Uma Socdo" sanka, wejigaaga ballaadhan, gadhka halkii khafiif ah. Laakiin sifooyinka waxyaalahan waxaa loo muujiyey in siyaabo kala duwan. Sidaas daraaddeed, Mordvins-Erzya - dhaadheer, heystana timaha degay oo indhaha buluuga ah. Mordvins-Moksha - on lid ku ah, gaaban, sare-cheeked, timo madow. The Udmurts iyo Mari dabeecad caadi ah "Mongol," isha la laab gaar ah geeska hoose ee isha - epicanthus wejigooda aad u ballaadhan, gadhka a dareere ah. Laakiin halka ay timaha inta badan waa degay iyo casaan, oo ay indhihiisii u - buluug ama cawl, taas oo ah caadiga ah ee reer Yurub, laakiin ma Mongoloids ah. "Xeradan Mongoliyaan 'ayaa sidoo kale laga helay Izhora, Codadka, Karel iyo xataa Istooniyaan. Komi eegi kala duwan. Xaggee jiraan guur isku qasan oo leh Nenets ah, wakiilada biraha oo quruuntayada iyo madow-lehba. Kale Komi, dhinaca kale, ka muuqan ka badan sida Scandinavians ah, laakiin si ka badan ballaadhan-soo foodsaarayso.

Finno-Ugric cunnada dhaqanka ee Russia

Inta badan oo ka mid ah suxuunta of cunnada ay soo jireenka ah ee dadka Finno-Ugric ah Urals iyo Trans-Urals, dhab ahaantii, oo aan la sii raagayaan ama la huba misstated. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ethnographers maamushaa si loo raad qaar ka mid ah qaababka guud.

Fish waxay ahayd wax soo saarka ugu weyn ee dadyowga Finno-Ugric awoodda. Waxaa kaliya ee aan la daaweyn siyaabo kala duwan (dubay, vyalili, brewed, diyaarid, qalajiyey, cunay cayriin), laakiin sidoo kale si ay u diyaariyaan nooc kasta oo ay jidka u gaar ah, kaas oo noqon lahaa dhadhan fiican gaadhsiiyey.

Ka hor dhalashada hubka habka ugu weyn ee ugaarsadaan kaynta dabin. Waxaan inta badan qabteen shimbir kaynta (grouse, grouse) iyo kulanka yar, inta badan bakayle. Hilibka iyo digaagga Ayskiriim, la kariyey oo waxay ka dubtay, wax badan ka yar - shiilay.

Khudaarta loo isticmaalo bagalka iyo radishes, iyo geedo yaryar - kordhaya watercress kaynta, parsnip lo'da, malayga, basasha, goutweed dhallinyarada. dadyowga Western Finno-Ugric Dhawa cunay likaha, waqti isku mid ah loogu talagalay bari, iyagu waa qayb muhiim ah cunto. Noocyada horrayn hadhuudh lagu yaqaan in ay dadyowga kuwa - oo shaciir ah iyo sarreen (heed). iyaga ka soo diyaariyo Boorash, gele kulul iyo kOOsaaR for bolse oo macmal ah.

waajihid Modern Kuliyadda oo ka mid ah dadyowga Finno-Ugric leeyahay sifooyin qaranka aad u yar, sida waxaa si xoog leh u saameeyay Ruush, Bashkir, Tatar, Chuvash iyo cuisines kale. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ku dhowaad kasta iyo quruun ayaa ka badbaaday hal ama laba cunto dhaqameed, rasmi ah ama dabaal in ay ka badbaaday. Isku soo xooriyoo, waxay siin fikrad guud oo ka mid ah cunto karinta Finno-Ugric.

quruumaha Finno-Ugric: Diinta

Inta badan oo ka mid ah dadyowga Finno-Ugric qirayaa iimaanka Christian. Finns, Istooniyaan iyo Western Lapps waa Lutheran. Ka mid ah dalka Hungary ka heysatay by Catholics, in kastoo aad sidoo kale la kulmi kartaa Kaalfiniintu iyo Lutherans.

The dadyowga Finno-Ugric ku nool qaybta Yurub ee Russia, - badan Orthodox Masiixiyiin ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dadka Udmurt iyo Mari ayaa loo ilaalin goobaha qadiimiga ah (animistic) diinta, iyo dadyowga Samoyed iyo dadkii degganaa Siberia - shamanism.