Daaweynta Heat ee Alloys. daaweynta kulaylka

daaweynta Heat ee Alloys waa qayb muhiim ah oo habka wax soo saarka metallurgy ku ferrous iyo non-ferrous. Sidaas darteed nidaamka this, biraha ku jira oo awood u beddelo sifooyinka ay u qiyamka loo baahan yahay. In this article waxaan eegi doonaa noocyada ugu muhiimsan daawaynta kulaylka loo adeegsado warshadaha casriga ah.

daaweynta kulaylka KOOBAN

Inta lagu guda jiro qaybo bir ah semi-dhammeeyayna ay soo saaridda waa kulaylka loola dhaqmo si ay u siiyo guryaha doonayo (xoog, iska caabin ah daxalka iyo xirtaan iska caabin ah, iyo D. sidaas on.). daaweynta Heat ee Alloys - set oo ah hawlgaladii macmal ah, inta lagu guda jiro taas oo Alloys ee heerkulka sare waxaa jira isbadal leh qaabka iyo physico-farsamo laakiinse wuxuu badbaadshay kooban kiimiko oo ah walaxda.

Ujeedada daaweyn kulaylka

alaabta birta ah, in loo isticmaalaa maalin kasta in dhammaan meelaha dhaqaalaha, waa in ay buuxiyaan heerka sare ah ee iska caabin in ay xirtaan. Birta, sida wax cayriin, wuxuu u baahan yahay in la xoojiyo guryaha qaab ku habboon in lagu gaari karaa on gaadhista heerkulka sare. daaweynta Heat ee Alloys, heerkulka sare beddelo qaab dhismeedka oo ah walaxda asalka ah, redistributes qaybaha, kuweeda xajmiga iyo qaabka kiristaalo ah. Waxaas oo dhan waxay keenaysaa in yaraynta of stress gudaha ee biraha iyo sidaas hagaajinaysaa hantida jidh ahaaneed iyo farsamo.

Noocyada daawaynta kaamerada

daaweynta Heat waa la dhimay si Alloys macdan aan qabyo ahayn saddex hannaan: kulaylinta alaabta ceeriin (semi-dhammeeyayna) ka hor inta aan heerkulka la doonayo, waxaa lagu hayo xaaladaha dejiyay iyo wakhtiga qaboojinta si degdeg ah loo baahan yahay. In wax soo saarka maanta adeegsanayaa dhawr nooc oo daaweyn kulaylka, kala duwan ee qaar ka mid ah muuqaalada farsamada, laakiin geynta habka guud ahaan isku mid meel kasta.

By habka daaweynta kulaylka guddiga waa ka mid ah noocyada soo socda:

• Heat (adkaansho, tempering, annealing, gabowga, processing cryogenic).
• processing thermo-farsamo ka kooban heerkulka sare weheliso tallaabo farsamo on daawaha.
• kulaylka Chemical ka dhigan tahay daaweyn kulaylka ee dusha biraha raacay by kobcin ah oo ka mid ah xubno ka kiimikada alaabta (carbon, nitrogen, chromium, iwm).

annealing

Annealing - nidaamka taas oo macdanaha iyo Alloys sakhiray si kululaynta si heer kulka ah loo dejiyay, ka dibna foornada, taas oo nidaamka waa qabow aad u gaabis ah si dabiici ah soo saarta. Ka dib markii annealing maareeyo si loo baabi'iyo inhomogeneity ee Halabuurka kiimikada ee arrinta, ka saarida walaacyada gudaha, si loo gaaro qaab-dhismeedka hadhuudh iyo hagaajin sida, laakiin sidoo kale yareeyo engegnaantiinna of daawaha si ay u fududeeyaan ay processing dheeraad ah. Waxaa jira laba nooc oo ah annealing: annealing nooc ka mid ah koowaad iyo labaad.

Annealing nooc ugu horeysay ku lug leedahay daaweynta kulaylka, taasoo keentay in isbedel ee gobolka wajiga of daawaha yihiin dayac badan ama aan jirin. Waxa kale oo uu leeyahay noocyo ay: Hda - heerkulka annealing ee 1100-1200, in Alloys Xaaladahan oo kale ay da'doodu for 8-15 saacadood, recrystallization (haddii t 100-200) waxa loo isticmaalaa steel annealing riveted, i.e. iyo hadda la qabow doorinaynaa.

nooca labaad ee kaftan ah u keenaysaa in a la taaban karo isbedel wajiga daawaha. Waxa uu sidoo kale leeyahay noocyo dhowr ah:

• annealing Full - kulaylinta daawaha si kor heerkulka muhiimka ah ee 30-50 calamado, sifo xoolahayaga iyo la sheegay in heerka qaboojinta (200 / saacad - steel carbon, 100 / h iyo 50 / h - steels low-alloyed iyo-daawaha sare, siday u kala horreeyaan).
• Part - ilaa kulaylinta inay dhibic muhiim ah iyo qaboojinta gaabis ah.
• Sida- - annealing heerkulka ee 1100-1200.
• Isothermal - kululaynta waa isku mid sida la annealing buuxa laakiin intaas ka dib qaboojinta si degdeg ah waxaa la sameeyaa si heer kulka yar hoos muhiim ah oo loo ogol yahay in ay ku qaboojiyo in hawada.
• Caadiga - anneal buuxa raacay by qaboojinta biraha in hawada, halkii ay foorno.

Adkaan

Adkaan - khalkhalgelinta ah daawaha, kaas oo ujeedadiisu tahay in la gaaro bir Isbadal martensitic, bixinta hoos u dhac ku alaabta ductility iyo kordhiyaan xoogga. Tempering, iyo sidoo kale annealing lug kulaylinta biraha in foornada dabka ah oo kor ku heerkulka muhiim u ah farqiga u heer-kulka demin waa heerka weyn qaboojinta taas oo qaadataa meel qubeyska a dareere ah. Iyada oo ku xidhan biraha iyo xitaa qaabka uu u adeegsaday noocyada kala duwan ee qalbi engegnaantooda aawadeed,

• Adkaansho jawi isku mid ah, i.e. qubeyska ah ee dareeraha ah (biyo - waayo qaybo badan, saliid - qaybo yar yar).
• Adkaan aan go'aysa - qaboojinta maraa labada tallaabo oo isku xigta; marka hore in dareeraha (meeldhexaadka ah af badan ka badan) si heer kulka ah ee qiyaastii 300, ka dibna hawada ama qubeyska kale oo saliid ah.
• Tallaabada - sheyga si ay u gaaraan heer kulka engegnaantooda aawadeed, waxaa la qaboojiyey muddo cusbada la shubay, raaceen by qaboojinta hawada.
• Isothermal - technology waa mid aad la mid ah tallaabo-demin, ka duwan yahay oo kaliya in waqti lagu hayo ee alaabta heerkulka a of Isbadal martensitic.
• Demin iyo is-tempering ka duwan noocyada kale ee xaqiiqda ah in biraha kulul waxaa gebi ahaanba aan la qaboojiyey, ka tago dhexe ee meelaha diiran ee dalka. Sidaas darteed salaysayn khalkhalgelinta ee alaabta qaadataa on sifooyinka xoog u kordhay dushiisa iyo dhexe ee ku nafwaayay sare. isku darka Tani waa lagama maarmaan, waayo, alaabtii durbaanka (dubbayaal, chisels, iwm).

fasaxa

Fasax - heerka ugu dambeeya ee thermally baaraandegidda Alloys ee qeexaya qaab-dhismeedka final biraha. Ujeedada ugu weyn ee tempering waa in la yareeyo brittleness ee alaabta birta ah. Mabda 'wuxuu ka kooban yahay in kulaylinta qaybo ka mid ah si heer kulka ah ee hoos ku qaboojinta ee muhiimka ah. Tan iyo xaaladaha daaweyn kulaylka iyo heerka of qaboojinta alaabta birta ah ujeedooyin kala duwan ku kala duwan yihiin kartaa, ka dibna waxaa jira saddex nooc oo ah fasaxa:

• heerkulka kululaynta of 350-600 inay qiimo ka hooseeya qiimaha muhiimka ah - High. Hanaankani wuxu inta badan loo isticmaalo dhismayaasha birta ah.
• Dhexe - daaweyn kulaylka at t 350-500, ku baahday alaabooyinka guga iyo ilo.
• Low - kulaylinta heerkulka badeecada aan ka badan 250 ogol yahay si loo gaaro xoog sare oo xiran qaybo.

gaboobaya

Gabowga - daaweyn kulaylka of Alloys ah, geedi socodka sababta suuska supersaturated bir ka dib markii demin. Natiijadu waxay tahay kororka of da 'kala duwan oo qalbi engegnaantooda aawadeed, xooggayga iyo cimri dherer of alaabta dhamaystirtay. Da'da saameeyaa bir ah ma aha oo kaliya, laakiin sidoo kale Biraha non-ferrous, oo ay ku jiraan Alloys aluminium si fudud deformable. Haddii alaabta birta waa sii qallafiyey istaagi heerkulka caadiga ah, waxaa jira geedi socodka, taasoo keeni kororka shaqo xoog iyo hoos u dhac in ductility. Tan waxaa lagu magacaabaa biraha gabowga dabiiciga ah. Haddii khalkhalgelinta isku sameeyo xaaladaha heerkulka sare, waxaa loogu yeedhi doonaa gabowga aan dabiici ahayn.

daaweynta cryogenic

Isbeddelka ku dhismeedka of Alloys, oo sidaas daraaddeed xoolahooda waxaa lagu gaari karaa oo keliya ma aha sare, laakiin sidoo kale heerkulka aad u hooseeya. daaweynta Heat ee Alloys at t hoos ku eber waxaa lagu magacaabaa cryogenic. Technology Tani waxaa si balaadhan looga isticmaalaa in qaybaha kala duwan ee dhaqaalaha lagu dhamaystiro si kululeeyo daawaynta la heerkulka sare, maxaa yeelay waxa ay u ogolaanaya in ay si weyn u yareeyo kharashka la xidhiidha geedi socodka alaabta Adkaan kaamerada.

daaweynta Cryogenic of Alloys waxaa lagu fuliyaa at t -196 processor cryogenic gaar ah. Technology Tani waxay suuro gelineysaa in si weyn loo kordhiyo nolosha adeeg ka mid ah qaybaha loola dhaqmo iyo guryaha anti-daxalka ah, iyo sidoo kale la baabi'iyo baahida loo qabo in daawaynta soo noqnoqda.

daaweynta thermomechanical

Habka cusub ee Alloys processing isku daraa processing ee biraha at heerkulka sare leh lahayo ku farsamoyaqaanka of articles ee gobolka caag ah. daaweynta thermo-farsamo (TMT) in hab galeen laga yaabaa in saddex nooc:

• -Kulka Low daaweynta thermomechanical ka kooban yahay laba marxaladood: lahayo ku caagga ah soo raacay by demin iyo tempering qayb ka mid ah. Farqiga ugu muhiimsan ee ka soo noocyada kale TMO - heerkulka kululaynta gobolka austenitic of daawaha.
• TMO High ku lug kulaylinta daawaha gobolka martensitic isku dhafan oo lahayo ku caag ah.
• Pre - lahayo ku sameeyo t 20 raaceen by demin iyo tempering ee biraha.

daaweynta kulaylka Chemical

Beddel qaab-dhismeedka iyo sifooyinka Alloys iyo laga yaabee in la isticmaalayo daawada kiimikada-kaamerada, kaas oo isku daraa saamaynta kulka iyo kiimikada on biraha. Himilada kama danbaysta ah ee nidaamka this, marka lagu daro inay ku ekaadaan inay xoog kordha, qalbi engegnaantooda aawadeed, xirtaan iska caabin ah oo la siiyo wax soo saarka details iska caabin acid iyo iska caabin dab. Kooxdan waxaa ka mid ah noocyada daawaynta ee soo socda kulaylka:

• Cementation la fuliyaa siiyo dusha workpiece xoog dheeraad ah. Nuxurka nidaamka waa in saturate biraha carbon ah. Cementation waxaa la sameyn karaa laba siyaabood: carburizing adag iyo gaaska. In kiiska ugu horeysay wada wax ka baaraandegi leh dhuxusha iyo activator lagu meeleeyo foorno oo kulul si heer kulka gaar ah, waxaana ku xiga u da 'ah ee dhexdhexaad ah iyo qaboojinta. In the case of saarka gaaska carburizing la kululeeyo foorno in 900 ka yar jet joogto ah carbon gaaska ku jirto.
• Nitriding - daaweynta kiimikada-kulka ah ee alaabta birta ah markii ay heleen robab ee dusha sare ee jawiga nitrogen ah. Natiijada nidaamka waa in kor loogu qaado waxyaabaha xadka xoog iyo in la kordhiyo iska caabin ah daxalka ay.
• Cyanidation - bir u damaysay labada nitrogen iyo carbon. dhexdhexaad ah ayaa waxaa laga yaabaa in dareeraha ah (shubay carbon- iyo nitrogen-ka kooban cusbada), iyo gaseous.
• metallization sida- waa hab casri ah si loo gaaro iska caabin kulul article macdan ah, iska caabin acid iyo cimri dherer ah. dusha sare ee Alloys sida cokan Biraha kala duwan (aluminium, chromium) iyo metalloids (Silicon, boron).

Guryaha daaweynta kaamerada birta

Macdantu Alloys bir kulaylka-daweeyey technology wax yar ka duwan yahay ka Alloys bir aan ferrous. Iron (cirro, xoog sare, alloyed) maraa daaweynta kulaylka soo socda: annealing (at t 500-650), caadi, adkaansho (adag, isothermal, dusha sare), tempering, nitriding (bir ah ee kabka cirro) aluminizing (bir ah ee kabka pearlitic), chrome. Dhammaan oo ka mid ah nidaamka iyadoo ay sabab u si weyn u hagaajiyaan guryaha oo ka mid ah articles final oo bir ah; kordhay nolosha adeegga, la baabi'iyo khatarta ah in arrinkaas lagu jiro isticmaalka sheyga, la kordhiyo iska caabin xoog iyo kulayl bir ah kabka.

daaweynta Heat ee Alloys ferrous

Biraha Non-ferrous iyo Alloys leeyihiin guryaha aad u fiican ka soo midba midka kale, si baaraandegi by hab oo kala duwan. Sayidka, Alloys copper of Halabuurka kiimikada loogu talagalay in lays la kulantay annealing recrystallization. Waayo, naxaas ah waxaa la siiyaa farsamo annealing low-heerkulka (200-300), maxaa yeelay, daawaha waxaa loo dhigin ee jawi qoyan si arrinkaas lama filaan ah. Naxaas ah oo sakhiray in homogenizing annealing at ilaa 550 t. Magnesium annealed, hagaajiyey, oo sakhiray in ay gabowga macmal ah (gabowga dabiiciga ah ma dhici karto in magnesium waa sii qallafiyey). Aluminum, iyo sidoo kale magnesium, waxaa la hoos geliyey daaweynta kululeeyo saddex hababka: annealing, demin iyo gabowga, ka dib markii taas oo ka Alloys aluminium deformable si weyn u kordhiyaan xoogga. Processing daawaha titanium ka kooban yahay: annealing recrystallization, demin, gabowga, nitriding iyo carburizing.

oo kooban

daaweynta Heat biraha iyo Alloys waa geedi socod weyn, labadaba metallurgy madow iyo non-ferrous. technology Modern uu leeyahay noocyo kala duwan oo habab daaweyn kulaylka si loo gaaro guryaha la doonayo ee nooc kasta oo Alloys baaraandego. biraha kasta wuxuu leeyahay heerkul sifo muhiim u gaar ah, taas oo macnaheedu yahay in daaweyn kulaylka Waa in la fuliyo iyada oo la tixgelinayo maalkii dhismaha iyo dhegyadii physicochemical. In dhamaadka, ma gaari doonaan oo kaliya natiijooyinka la doonayo, laakiin sidoo kale inta badan si loo dardar geedi socodka saarka.