Cities dunida. megacities

koritaanka dadka magaalooyinka waa mid ka mid ah sifooyinka ugu muhiimsan ee xilligii casri ah. The magaalo ee ugu waaweyn dunida ilaa dhawaan ku yaaliin gaar ah ee gobolka Yurub iyo ilbaxnimo hore ee Asia - China, India iyo Japan.

Laba qarniyo magaalaynta: 1800-2000

Ilaa qarnigii XVIII ka, magaalona kama uusan soo gaadhay marinka hal milyan oo dadka deggan, marka laga reebo Rome ee wakhtiyadii hore: inta lagu jiro boosaska Champions ee ay dadka tirin 1.3 milyan oo qof. In 1800, waxaa jiray oo kaliya mid ka mid ah magaalada ku nool yihiin in ka badan 1 million - Beijing, iyo in 1900, waxay noqdeen 15. miiska ku taxan toban magaalo ee ugu waaweyn ee adduunka ee 1800, 1900 iyo 2000 la qiyaasaha dadweynaha u dhigma.

Rating 1800 ka tarjumaysaa madaxda dadka. Waxaa ka mid ah toban magaalo ugu daawashada, afar waa Chinese (Beijing, Canton, Hangzhou iyo Suzhou).

Ka dib markii in muddo ah inta lagu guda jiro jahwareer siyaasadeed qoyskii Qing ah, Shiinaha waxa ay soo martay muddo dheer nabad ballaarinta dadka. In 1800, Beijing noqday magaalada ugu horeysay ka dib markii Rome (ugu sarreysey ee Boqortooyada Roomaanka), kuwaas oo dadka ka badan 1 milyan oo qof. Markaasuu wuxuu ahaa tiro ka mid ah ee dunida; Constantinople sidoo kale ku jiray hoos u dhac. Markaas waxaa London iyo Paris (labaad iyo shanaad, siday u kala horreeyaan). Laakiin in qiimeynta adduunka ayaa arkay dhaqan Japanese magaalooyinka tan iyo Edo ah (Tokyo) bilaabo qarnigii XIX nus milyan qof, ayaa ku dhow inay dadka Paris, iyo Osaka waa in tobanka ugu sareeya.

Kaca oo Fall of Europe

In 1900, koritaanka ilbaxnimada Yurub ay caddaato. The magaalooyinka waaweyn ee dunida (9 of 10) waxaa iska lahaa ilbaxnimada reer galbeedka labada dhinac ee Atlantic ah (Europe iyo USA). Afarta gobol ee ugu naxaawiga weyn Shiinaha (Beijing, Canton, Hangzhou, Suzhou) waayay liiska, sidaas rumayn hoos u dhaca boqortooyadiisa Shiinaha. Tusaale kale oo dhaca noqday Constantinople. Taa waxaa ka duwan, magaalooyinka sida London ama Paris, si degdeg ah u koray, inta u dhaxaysa 1800 iyo 1900 ay dadka kordhay 7-8 jeer. Greater London ka koobnaa 6.5 million deggan, oo dhaafto tirada dadka dalalka deggan oo sida Sweden ama Holland.

koritaanka Berlin ama New York ahaa xataa more cajiib ah. . In 1800, New York, iyadoo 63 kun oo dadka deggan ma size caasimadda, iyo magaalo yar; Mid ka mid ah boqol sano ka dib, dadka ayaa dhaafto 4 million. Oo ka mid ah 10 magaalo oo adduunka ah, hal-Tokyo keliya - waxay ahayd meel ka baxsan baaxadda dejinta Yurub.

Xaaladda dadka at bilowgii qarnigii XXI ah

By dhammaadkii qarnigii labaatanaad magaalooyinka waaweyn ee dunida lahaa dadka ka mid ah 20 milyan oo deggan kasta. Tokyo wali ballaariyo si ay sida xad in magaalada uu noqday agglomeration ugu toosaa ee dunida, iyadoo dadka ka mid ah 5 milyan oo qof badnaa ee New Yorkers. Sam New York, kaas oo muddo dheer lagu qabtay kaalinta koowaad, hadda on Kii shanaadna wuxuu u tirada dadka deggan yahay wuxuu ku saabsan yahay 24 milyan oo qof.

Halka 1900 tobankii agglomerations magaalooyinka ugu waaweyn mid ka mid ah oo kaliya ay ahayd meel ka baxsan gudbikaraa Yurub, xaaladda hadda si buuxda u yahay mid kasoo horjeeda, tan iyo mid ka mid ahaa tobankii megalopolis ugu dadka ma iska leh ilbaxnimada Yurub. The toban magaalo ee ugu waaweyn waxaa ku yaalla Asia (Tokyo, Shanghai, Jakarta, Seoul, Guangzhou, Beijing, Shenzhen iyo New Delhi), Latin America (Mexico) iyo Africa (Lagos). Tusaale ahaan, in Buenos Aires, taasoo weli waa bilowgii qarnigii XIX waxay ahayd tuulo, waxay tageen meeshii 6 th la yihiin tirada guud ee 11 milyan oo qof sanadkii 1998.

koritaanka qarxa arag ee Seoul, halkaas oo tirada dadka deggan in ka badan nus qarnigii la soo dhaafay ayaa kor u kacay 10 jeer. Sub-Sahara Africa waxay leedahay caado ah magaalooyinka iyo waa uun bilowga aad geedi socodka this, laakiin mar hore waxaa jira-million multi magaalada Lagos ayaa dadka ka mid ah 21 milyan oo qof.

About 2.8 bilyan oo degan magaalooyinka ee 2000

In 1900% oo earthlings 10 kaliya ku noolaa magaalooyinka. In 1950 ay hore u ahaayeen 29%, iyo 2000 - 47%. The magaalooyinka dadka dunida ayaa si weyn u kordhay, ka 160 million ee 1900 si ay 735 million ee 1950 si ay 2.8 billion sanadkii 2000

koritaanka Urban waa arrin caalami ah. In Africa, size ee degsiimooyinka qaar ka mid ah Laab toban sano kasta oo uu ahaa natiijo of koritaanka qarxa in tirada dadka deggan dhulka miyiga ah iyo ka haajirid degdeg ah. In 1950, ku dhawaad dal kasta oo sub-Sahara Africa, saamiga dadka reer magaalka ah waxay ka hooseeyaan 25%. In 1985, xaaladan ayaa waxaa sii raagayaan kaliya ee saddexaad ka mid ah dalalka, iyo in 7 dalalka tirada muwaadiniinta ka adkaaday.

Town iyo Country

In Latin America, ayaa dhanka kale, magaalaynta bilaabay waqti dheer ka hor. Waxaa gaadhay heerkii ugu qeybtii hore ee qarnigii XX ah. Dadka reer magaalka weli waa in laga tirada badan yahay, oo kaliya aad u yar oo ka mid ah dalalka ugu saboolsan Central America iyo Caribbean (Guatemala, Honduras, Haiti). In dalalka ugu dadku ku badan yihiin Boqolkiiba dadka magaalooyinka u dhiganta kuwa dalalka horumaray ee West ah (75%).

Xaaladda Asia waa aadu uuga duwan. In Pakistan, tusaale ahaan, 2/3 dadweynaha ku nool dhulka miyiga ah, Hindiya, Shiinaha iyo Indonesia - 3/4; in Bangladesh - in ka badan 4/5. Tuulada ay inta badan ciyaarta heysatay. Inta badan dadka weli ku nool meelaha miyiga ah. fiirsashada ee dadka reer magaalka ah waxaa ku koobnayn ah meelaha yar ee Bariga Dhexe iyo gobollada warshadaha ee East Asia (Japan, Taiwan, Korea). Waxa ay u muuqataa in mugga dadweynaha miyiga sare xaddidaya madhxiya iyo oon ka hortagtaa magaalaynta xad-dhaaf ah.

ah ee megacities

dadka deegaanka Urban si tartiib tartiib ah u badan yihiin oo u xoog badan in agglomerations toosaa. In 1900, tirada magaalo iyo dadka ka badan 1 milyan oo qof wuxuu u dhigmaa 17. Ku dhowaad dhammaan iyaga ka mid ah ayaa ku yaalaan ilbaxnimada Yurub - ugu badan ee Europe (London, Paris, Berlin), Russia (St. Petersburg, Moscow) ama in laantiisa North American (New NY, Chicago, Philadelphia). The kaliya ee ka reeban tahay magaalo yar oo leh taariikh dheer oo xarumaha siyaasadda iyo warshadaha oo ka mid ah dalka ay la mugga dadweynaha sare: Tokyo, Beijing, Calcutta.

qarnigii Half dambe, 1950, muuqaalka dhirta ee magaalooyinka ayaa si weyn bedelay. The magaalo ee ugu waaweyn ee dunida weli iska gudbikaraa Yurub, laakiin Tokyo ayaa ka 7-dii meel 4aad sara kacay. Iyo astaanta ugu hadalyaqaan ah ee hoos u dhaca West waa dayrta ee Paris ka 3rd meel 6aad (inta u dhaxaysa Shanghai iyo Buenos Aires), iyo sidoo kale London ay meel hoggaamineed ee 1900 ay tirada 11 1990.

The magaalo iyo isku raranta ah ee dunida saddexaad

In Latin America iyo dheeraad ah ee Africa, halkaas oo daryeel u ah dunida oo si lama filaan ah ka bilaabay, magaalooyinka waa dhibaato aad u qoto dheer. Xawliga horumarinta ee laba ilaa saddex jeer ku Hadhi ka danbeeya saamiga koritaanka dadweynaha; xawaaraha magaalaynta hadda waa qodobka uga sii daraya: xawaaraha ee horumarka tignoolojiyada iyo Caalamiyeynta xaddido awood u leh in la abuuro shaqooyin cusub oo ku filan, halka dugsiyada iyo jaamacadaha sannad kasta siin on suuqa shaqada, malaayiin qalin cusub. Nolosha Magaalooyinka ee noocan ah waa ben la Jahwareer in ay ku quudiyaan xasillooni siyaasadeed.

Waxaa ka mid ah 33 agglomerations leh in ka badan 5 milyan oo qof sanadkii 1990, 22 ay ka socdeen dalalka soo koraya. wadamada ugu saboolsan ee magaalada u muuqdaan in ay noqdaan ugu weyn dunida oo dhan. Korriimadooda xad-dhaaf ah oo ku sugan weeyaan dhibaato magaalooyinka sida raranta waxbarashada iyo shanties, dollar kaabayaasha iyo xaalad xumeyd ee asturi bulshada, sida shaqo la'aanta, dembi, amni, daroogada iyo wixii la mid ah D..

sii fido megacities: Hore iyo Future

Mid ka mid ah qaababka ugu duwanyihiin of horumarinta waa formation of magaalooyinka, gaar ahaan dalalka soo koraya. Sida laga soo xigtay qeexidda UN, waa degsiimooyinka leh ugu yaraan 8 milyan oo deggan. koritaanka dhismayaasha magaalooyinka waaweyn waa arrin cusub in uu ka dhacay in ka badan nus qarnigii la soo dhaafay. In 1950, kaliya labo magaalo (New York iyo London) waxay ahaayeen in this category. By 1990, magaalooyinka dunida ka mid ah 11 degsiimooyinka: 3 ayaa ku yaal Laatiin America (Sao Paulo, Buenos Aires iyo Rio de Janeiro), 2 ee North America (New York iyo Los Angeles), 2 - in Europe (London iyo Paris), iyo 4 - Aasiya (Tokyo, Shanghai, Osaka iyo Beijing). In 1995, 16 ka mid ah 22-qaraniga ahee magaalooyinka ku yaal dalalka soo koraya (12 Aasiya, 4 ee Latin America iyo 2 ee Africa - Qaahira iyo Lagos). By 2015, tirada kor u 42. iyaga ka mid ah, 34 (ie 81%) waxay ku yaalaan wadamada kobcin.Waxa oo kaliya 8 - horumariyo. Cities dunida in tirada ugu badan (27 ka mid ah 42, xisaabiyenimo laba meelood oo ku saabsan) waxaa laga helaa Asia.

dalalka shuruud la'aan taasoo keentay in tiro le'eg yihiin magaalooyinkiinna-milyaneerka yihiin Shiinaha (101), India (57) iyo Mareykanka (44).

Maanta, Magaalooyinka ugu waaweyn ee Yurub - Moscow, taas oo dhacdey 15-kii iyadoo 16 milyan oo qof. Waxaa la raacay by Paris (meel 29 th la 10.9 million) iyo London (32th la 10.2 million). Qeexidda "Magaalooyinka" Moscow heshay dhamaadkii qarnigii XIX ah, marka tirakoobka ee 1897 la diiwaan geliyey 1 milyan oo qof dayidiisii.

Musharaxiinta ee qaraniga ahee magaalooyinka

agglomerates badan oo ugu dhakhsaha badan u tallaabay sideed caqabad ku millionth. iyaga ka mid ah -. Hong Kong City, Wuhan, Hangzhou, Chongqing, Taipei-Taoyuan, iwm In Maraykanka, musharaxiinta ilaa hadda ka dambeeya marka la eego tirada dadka. Waxaa agglomerates ee Dallas / Fort Worth (6.2 million), San Francisco / San Jose (5.9 million), 5.8 million Houston, magaalada Miami, Philadelphia.

guul Total of 8 milyan oo ilaa iyo haatan ka adkaan kaliya 3 magaalooyinka American - New York, Los Angeles iyo Chicago. Tirada dadka afaraad ee ugu weyn ee Maraykanka iyo ugu horeysay ee Texas waa Houston. Magaaladii uu ku yaalaa on 64 meesha liiska ka mid ah degsiimooyinka ugu weyn ee dunida. Rajada ee Maraykanka iyo koritaanka weli waa conurbations yar. Tusaalooyinka hay'adaha kale waa Atlanta, Minneapolis, Seattle, Phoenix iyo Denver.

Xoolaha iyo Saboolnimada

Macnaha magaalaynta hyper kala duwan tahay qaaradda in qaaradda oo ka mid ah dalka in kale. profile si weyn u kala duwan dadka, dabeecadda dhaqdhaqaaqyada dhaqaale, nooca guryaha, tayada kaabayaasha, koritaanka, taariikhda dejinta. Tusaale ahaan, magaalooyinka reer Africa, waxaa jira ee la soo dhaafay ma jirin, oo si lama filaan ah ay noqday daadadku la soo qulqulaya weyn oo joogto ah tahriibayaal reer miyiga saboolka ah (inta badan beeraleyda), iyo sidoo kale in ay ballaariso sabab u ah kororka dabiiciga sare. Heerka ay koritaanka ku saabsan yahay laba jeer celcelis ahaan dunida.

In East Asia, halkaas oo mugga dadweynaha waa mid aad u sarreeya, conurbation weyn, kuwaas oo mararka qaarkood dabooli aag aad u ballaaran oo ka mid ah network ah tuulooyinka deriska ah, waxay ahayd sabab u ah xaaladaha dhaqaale ee soo hagaagtay.

On the megacities yarta Hindiya sida Bombay, Calcutta, Delhi, Dhaka iyo Karachi, u muuqdaan in ay ballaariso kharash ku saboolka ah ee dhulka miyiga ah, iyo sidoo kale bacriminta xad-dhaaf ah. In Latin America, sawirka waa yara kala duwan: Magaalaynta ayaa halkan ka dhacay ka badan sidii hore, waxaana uu u dhac tan iyo 1980; door muhiim ah ka noqoshada this u muuqataa in ay soo ciyaaray ah siyaasadaha sixitaanka dhismaha.