Chloroform - waa maxay? tallaabo Diyaarinta iyo codsiga of chloroform

helitaanka kiimikooyin badan ma aha ula kac ah iyo shil, inta lagu guda jiro ereygu wuxuu ahaa, ama waxbarasho oo ka mid ah sifooyinka walax. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, qaar badan oo lama filaan ah helay walax uu noqdo mid aad u muhiim ah, waxay waxaa loo isticmaalaa ma aha oo kaliya in chemistry, laakiin sidoo kale daawada, warshadaha iyo beeraha kale. Just in waqtigii walxaha kuwa oo chloroform la xiriira, taas oo dheeraad ah ayaa la hadli doonaa.

magaca

Magaca oo ah walaxda uu leeyahay noocyo dhowr ah. Dhab ahaantii, sida oo dhan xeryahooda organic, waxaa Adeeca shuruucda u taagoo Magac-caadi ah magacyada Ciyaalle iyo horyaalka, ku salaysan halabuurka ah ee Britain ayaa ku.

Sidaa darteed, si ay u chloroform waxaa ka jira dhowr nooc oo magaca:

• trichloride carbon;
• chloroform;
• trichloromethane.

Chloroform: waa maxay? Waxaad u sheegi kartaa xarunta horyaalka, oo ka fiirso kara qaabka joomateri ee Britain ah.

Qaab dhismeedka kelli

Britain chloroform ka kooban yahay saddex atamka ee chlorine iyo mid la eb hydrogen, eb walba ku xiran yahay carbon dhexe. Muhiimad ahaan, Britain trichloromethane - saarka bedelay a xagjirka ah ee atamka hydrogen by atamka chlorine ee Britain methane marka bandhigi shuruudaha qaarkood.

Xaaladdan oo kale, oo dhan oo ka mid ah-C Champions League si buuxda loo siman yahay, si xoog leh kala horjeeda. bonds C-H marka la barbar dhigo bonds kale muuqday Britain ayaa wuxuu noqonayaa kala fogaansho ka sii noqonayaa mid aad u nugul. Sidaa darteed, in processing dheeraad ah ee bond Britain P-H waxaa si fudud ku bakhtiistay, iyo hydrogen waxaa lagu bedelaa atamka kale (tus, chlorine, sidoo kale, la formation of tetrachloride carbon).

Fiirso sida muuqataa chloroform. formula waa: CHCL _3. formula The dhismaha foomka soo socda:

Labada dhismeedka wakiil walax kiimiko ah in xanbaarsan chloroform ah. formula waxay muujinaysaa in Britain ay tahay mid xasiloon iyo in ay fal xaaladaha adag waa in la dalbadaa.

guryaha jirka

guryaha jirka lagu gartaa karaa sida soo socota: trichloromethane:

1. Under xaaladaha caadiga ah (heerkulka qolka, cadaadiska caadiga ah atmosfeerta 100 KPA, qoyaan ma ka badan tahay 80%) oo ah walaxda si xoog leh waa dareere cadar isagoo midab lahayn. Urka chloroform fiiqan ku filan culus, kaasina, sida carafta ether. Dhadhan ah alaabtii macaan, laakiin aad u ma isku dayi kartaa, sababtoo ah waa mid aad u sun ah.
2. Biyaha beelaya, oo awood u kala diridda keliya ee noocyada kala duwan ee qase organic. Tan iyo biyaha ayaa sidoo kale sameysmi karaa hooseeyo-fiirsashada (0.23%) xal.
3. Ujeedadu waxay karaya ee xarunta this ka yar tahay in biyo ku saabsan tahay 62 ⁰ C.
4. barta barafku soo maratay negative, -63.5 ⁰ C.
5. cufnaanta Chloroform ka weyn cufnaanta oo biyo ah iyo ka dhigan tahay in 1,483 g / cm ^3.
6. Strong nooca fahmayaan sun ah oo ah walaxda on saamaynta on shaqeeyo, waxaa loola jeedaa koox ka mid ah xeryahooda maandooriyaha.

Marka kala diri ee carbon trehloristy biyo awood u sameynta isku azeotropic. In xal chloroform tani waa 97,5% oo kaliya 2.5% biyaha. Ujeedadu waxay karaya oo xal waa la dhimay marka loo eego in trichloromethane oo saafi ah, waa 52 ⁰ C.

kiimikaad

Like dhan methane warankiilada, chloroform falcelisa lahayn. Sidaa darteed, waxaa jira dareen-celin yar, caadi ah isaga loogu talagalay. Tusaale ahaan, daaweynta taagoo chlorine inta lagu guda jiro habka diyaarinta ee taagayo of koloriin methane. Si aad u dareere ah waxaa loo qaaday chloroform, reactions dhacaan sida laga soo xigtay nooca hab xagjirka ah waxay u baahan yihiin shucaaca sida shuruud iyo quanta iftiinka.

CHCL ₃ + ₂ = Champions League CCL ₄ + HCL

Sida laga soo xigtay isla'egta falcelinta muujinaysaa in wax soo saarka si buuxda u methane warankiilada - tetrachloride carbon. Dareen-celinta noocan oo kale ah waa hal hab oo lagu helo tetrachloride carbon in industry ee.

Sidoo kale kiimikaad waxaa ka mid ah isku dar azeotropic biyo, kaas oo awood u siinaya chloroform. Waa maxay? Taasi waa, xal at karkaraya qaybaha ma mari wixii isbeddel ah sida. By karkaraya walaaqdey aan loo qaybin karaa jajabka.

nooc kale oo dareen diidmo, kaas oo geli karaan chloroform waa la bedelay ee atamka halogeen atamka kale ama kooxo functional. Tusaale ahaan, by reaction la aqueous hydroxide sodium , u yeela copolymer sodium:

chloroform + NaOH (AQ) = copolymer Sodium + chloride Sodium + biyaha

Intaas waxaa sii dheer, ficil ahaan reaction weyn waa falcelinta ee chloroform la ammonia iyo hydroxide potassium (xal urursan) oo sabab u ah is dhexgalka sida, a cyanide.

Chloroform + ammonia + potassium hydroxide = KCN + potassium chloride + biyaha

chloroform kaydinta

In trichloromethane iftiinka waxaa giirte la formation of khatar ah, waxyaabaha sunta ah:

fosjiin Chloroform = + Hydrochloric acid + chlorine + kelli carbon dioxide

Sidaa darteed, shuruudaha lagu kaydin jiray oo chloroform waa in ay ahaataa gaar ah - fijaan oo muraayad madow leh stoppered dhagan. Dhalada laftiisa waa in lagu kaydiyaa ka qoraxda iska.

soo dhaweynta

Diyaarinta chloroform waxaa fuliyey siyaabo dhowr ah.

1. nidaamka A multistage koloriin ee methane in dhacdaa by farsamo xagjirka sarkhaansan iftiinka ultraviolet iyo kulaylkii. Xaaladdan oo kale natiijadu waa chloroform ma aha oo kaliya, laakiin saddexda alaabooyinka kale: chloromethane, dichloromethane iyo tetrachloride carbon. falcelinta waa sida soo socota:

CH ₄ + ₃ = Champions League CH ₂ Champions League + HCL - chloromethane sameeyay iyo hydrogen chloride

Champions League + CH ₃ = CH ₂ Champions League ₂ Champions League ₂ + HCL - dichloromethane iyo hydrogen chloride sameeyay

CH ₂ Champions League ₂ + ₂ = Champions League CHCL ₃ + HCL - trichloromethane sameeyay (chloroform), iyo hydrogen chloride

CHCL ₃ + ₂ = Champions League CCL ₄ + HCL - foomamka tetrachloride carbon iyo hydrogen chloride

In sidan, warshadaha Avv trichloromethane ah.

2. dhexgalka u dhaxeeya budada bleaching iyo khamriga ethyl. Habkani shaybaarka.

3. Diyaarinta chloroform electrolytic (hadda korontada) si chlorides biraha alkali in jawiga of acetone ama khamriga ethyl. Sidoo kale habka shaybaarka soo saarka trichloromethane ah.

nadiifinta

Ka dib markii chloroform la helo, waxaa loo baahan yahay in la nadiifiyaa. Ka dib oo dhan, haddii loo isticmaalo ujeeddooyin caafimaad, content ee nijaasta ahaa waxa ku jira si fudud waa la aqbali karin. Haddii caddaymaha codsiga bartilmaameed, content ee walxaha shisheeye waa in la koobnayn.

Waxaa laga yaabaa in nijaasta kala duwan oo ka kooban chloroform. Waa maxay? Maxay yihiin?

• khamriga Ethyl.
• chloride hydrogen.
• Fosjiin.
• Koloriin.

Waxaa jira laba siyood oo ugu weyn si aad u nadiifiso nijaasta ahaa, kuwaas oo ka chloroform:

• mudda biyo ku mayrin raacay by qalajinta (oggolaadaan in gebi ahaanba laga takhaluso ethanol ah);
• trichloromethane maydhay xoog acid, ka dibna la alkali xoog badan, waxaana ku xiga biyaha. daaweynta Xiga waa qallalay, adigoo isticmaalaya wakiilka dehydrating - calcium chloride. Qoraalkani wuxuu ku dibna fractionally debeda on column ah.

History of daahfurka

Tan iyo markii lagu yaqaan chloroform? Waa maxay iyo waxa ka hor loo isticmaalo? Isku day inaad si ay u fahmaan.

Xusuuso hore ee walax this khuseeyaan 1831. Taasi waxay ahayd markii farmashiyaha ka Guthrie Harbor helay trichloromethane. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ujeedada waxaa ka mid ah ma ahaa walaxda, waxay ahayd wax soo saarka by-ugu fiican. sidoo kale farmashiyaha baadhay qase waayo, caag, tijaabiyay oo lama filaan ah helay chloroform.

Isla sanadkaas, oo sannad ka dib laba cilmibaadhe oo kale si madax banaan laga heli by tijaabo walax this. Waxaa Yustas Libih (kuwaas oo kaalin weyn horumarinta chemistry) iyo Eugen Subereyn. Ay hawl ahaa in la helo daawada suuxinta ah, oo waxay ku helay. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaan ka helnay oo ku saabsan saamaynta this of chloroform oo bilaabay inuu mar dambe loo isticmaali, keliya 1840s ah.

formula The dhismaha iyo is dhexgalka ee atamka gudahood Britain ay ku bartaan iyo maamushaa dhiso farmashiyaha Dumas in 1834 sano. Wuxuu soo jeediyay oo xaqiijisatay chloroform ee magaceeda, taas oo la siiyey in sharaf of Qudhaanjadu. In formiata fahmayaan qudhaanjada Laatiin, sida ku qoran cayayaanka kuwaas formic acid waa inay awoodaan inay u sameeyaan ka chloroform. Iyadoo ku saleysan, iyo si ay u aqoonsadaan magaceeda.

Saamaynta noolaha on aadanaha

Waxaa xaq isticmaalkeeda sida chloroform ah suuxinta. Saamaynta on dadka waa mid aad u gaar ah, oo daboolaya dhowr qaababka xubnaha kala waaweyn.

heerka uu saameyn ku xidhan tahay qodobo ay ka mid yihiin:

• fiirsashada neefsado walax;
• muddada isticmaalka,
• Jidka helitaanka gudaha.

Marka ay timaado in saafi ah, chloroform caafimaad, ka dibna ay la isticmaalo si adag si sax ah oo degaanka duraa. Sidaa darteed, sababo ay suuragal tahay fulin oo kaliya dhowr. Haddii aynu ka hadlayno chloroform si uumi ee hawada iyo qayb ka neefsado uu qofka, tallaabada halkan wax badan oo halis ah iyo burbur.

Sayidka, neefsasho ee trichloromethane inta lagu jiro 10 daqiiqo dhici karaa barar marin-haweedka, dabac pulmonary, qufac, dhuun xanuun. Haddii saamaynta ma joojin sumowga isla markiiba dhacdaa. Waxaa lagu dhuftay doonaa by habka dareemayaasha jirka (iyo madaxa iyo laf-dhabarta), waxaana suurto gal dilaa.

Sidoo kale saamayn dhaawici on beerka, kelyaha iyo xubnaha dheefshiidka ayaa chloroform. Its saamayn gaar ahaan waxyeello haddii qaaday xal. Kuurgalay socda cadaanyo u shaqeeyo ee soo dhawaynta ee chloroform:

• wareer;
• matag iyo lallabo,
• madax xanuun joogta ah;
• nidaamka diiqada wareerka dhexe iyo sida natiijada, daal,
• qandho,
• finan xasaasiyad, casaan maqaarka.

Cilmi Baarista iyo tijaabooyinka on xoolaha kala duwan ayaa muujiyey natiijooyinka soo socda:

1. Isticmaalka muddada dheer ee chloroform galay dareere ah sababa kala go 'ee uurka, cudurada kala duwan iyo mutagenesis jiilalka mustaqbalka.
2. Marka noolyihiin Hawada xoolaha chloroform ayaa depress yahiin, daalid iyo muddada ay nolosha waxaa si weyn u dhimay.
3. Iyada oo ku saleysan tijaabo jireen jiirarkii, waxaa lagu soo gabagabeeyey trichloromethane carcinogenicity.

Natiijooyinkaasi waxay la helay farmashiye iyo dhakhtarro daraasadda of saamaynta on noolaha ee chloroform nool.

Loo isticmaalo daawada

Xusuuso hore ee isticmaalka caafimaad oo ah walaxda waa la rujin sannaddii 1847. Waxay ahayd markaa in cilmiga ah, dhakhtar, farmashiyaha a Holmes Coote ugu horeysay soo jeediyay isticmaalka chloroform sida suuxinta. Saamaynta on dadka waxay lahayd xilliga qalliinka waa positive - xiritaanka dhamaystiran oo miyir, maqnaanshaha dareenka kasta.

Laakiin ka dib, marka bukaanka dib u miyir, waxaa loo waxyooday in uusan joojin lallabo, matag. Markaas horay loo sameeyey xeerar dheeraad ah saxda ah ee codsiga oo ah walaxda si looga fogaado cawaaqib sida.

door aad u muhiim ah A ee hordhaca ah in ay chloroform daawo ciyaaray dhalmada Ingiriisi Dzheyms Simpson. Waxa uu ahaa kii cadaato saamaynta togan ee xarunta iyo inta ay socoto dhalashada.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa jiray habab cusub, ammaan iyo casriga ah ee suuxdinta badan chloroform muddo ka badan. Its isticmaalka daawada waa ficil la waayay. Maanta, waxaa loo adeegsanayaa qaab:

• cadar qayb codsiga dibadda;
• sida dheeraad ah oo ka mid ah suuxinta isku dhafan oo walxaha kale, oo kaliya at caddad aad u yar yahay,
• sida dhibicyo yareeya lalabo iyo matag.

Codsiyada warshadaha

warshadaha ayaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa chloroform. Its codsi la xidhiidha syntheses kala duwan kiimikada, halkaas oo ay kaalin ee degreaser dareeraha, aasaasiga ah ama qayb ka sare ee walxaha muhiim isticmaalay dhammaan meelaha dhaqdhaqaaqa aadanaha.