Antibiotics Beta-lactam: hab garoomada iyo dirka

Antibiyootikada - Koox ka mid ah dawooyinka la farsamo Etiotropic garoomada. In si kale loo dhigo, daawooyinka, kuwaas oo si toos ah u dhaqmaan on Jidka cudurka (kiiskan, noole yar yahay wakiilka sababaya) iyo sidaas la sameeyo laba siyaabood: baabbi'in microbes (microbicides - benisiliinta, cephalosporins) ama la xakameeyo ay taranka (bacteriostatic - tetracycline'nada, sulfonamides).

Waxaa jira tiro aad u badan oo ah daawooyinka waa antibiotics, laakiin kooxda ugu ballaaran oo ka mid ah - taasi waa a beta-lactams. Waa iyaga oo ku saabsan iyo laga wada hadli doonaa in this article.

Qoondaynta of antibiotics

On hab ay of tallaabo daroogada, kuwaas oo u kala qaybsan yihiin lix kooxood oo waaweyn:

1. Antibiyootikada in la xakameeyo ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee qaybaha xuub cell: benisiliinta, cephalosporins, iyo kuwa kale.
2. Daawooyinka looga hortago hawlaha caadiga ah ee derbiga unug: polyenes polymyxins.
3. Daroogooyinka in la xakameeyo Avv borotiinka: macrolides, tetracycline'nada, aminoglycosides, iyo kuwa kale.
4. Avv RNA Inhibitory at talaabo talaabo ah polymerase RNA: rifamycins, sulphonamides.
5. Avv RNA Inhibitory at talaabo talaabo ah DNA polymerase: actinomycins et al.
6. DNA Avv blockers: anthracyclines, nitrofurans iyo kuwa kale.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, kala soocidda tani ma aha mid aad u sahlan. In nidaamka bukaan eegida, ka dhigay horyaalka soo socda ee antimicrobials:

1. Benisiliinta.
2. Cephalosporins.
3. Macrolides.
4. Aminoglycosides.
5. Polymyxin iyo polyenes.
6. Tetracycline'nada.
7. Sulfonamides.
8. taagayo Aminohinolonov.
9. Nitrofurans.
10. Fluoroquinolones.

antibiotics Beta-lactam. Qaabka iyo hab garoomada

Kooxdaan daroogada saamayn bactericidal iyo liiska ku filan balaadhan oo ah tilmaamo loogu isticmaalo. antibiotics Beta-lactam ka mid ah benisiliinta, cephalosporins, carbapenems, monobactams. Oo kulligoodna waxaa lagu gartaa oolnimada sare iyo sumoobo yar, iyaga qaadashada dawooyinka ugu badan soo qoray si loogu daweeyo cudurada badan.

hab ay of tallaabo of antibiotics beta-lactam ay sabab u tahay in ay qaab-dhismeedka. Aad u badan si faahfaahsan halkan wax, waxaa xusid mudan oo kaliya oo ku saabsan element ugu muhiimsan, taas oo magaca siiyey kooxda oo dhan ah daroogada. Waxaa ka mid ahaa ee u taagoo ee giraanta beta-lactam iyo bixisaa saamayn fahmayaan bactericidal, kaas oo lagu muujiyey by xanibeen ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee qaybaha derbiga unug of pathogene ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, bakteeriyada badan oo ay awoodaan in ay soo saaraan enzyme gaar ah, kaas oo jebiyo qaab-dhismeedka ee giraanta, oon loo diiday antibiotic waa ay hub ugu weyn. Taasi waa sababta isticmaalka daroogada ee daaweynta ee aan lahayn ilaalinta beta-lactamases, xumaada.

Ayaa haatan noqday antibiotics group beta-lactam badan, laga ilaaliyo talaabo ee falgalka bakteeriyada. Ay ka kooban waxaa ka mid ah walxaha in xannibi ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee beta-lactamase, sida clavulanic acid. ilaaliyo antibiotics beta-lactam (sida "Amoxiclav") abuuray jidkaas. inhibitors kale ee eulayska bakteeriyada ka mid ah "Sulbactam" iyo "tazobactam."

Daawooyinka ka tirsan ee benisiliinta: Taariikhda

Diyaargaraw oo taxanahan ahaayeen antibiotics ugu horeysay, saamaynta ku daweynta ee kaas oo lagu yaqaan in ay dad. Muddo dheer ay la ballaaran loo isticmaalaa daawaynta cudurada kala duwan iyo sannadaha hore ee arjiga ku dhow yihiin talogelin. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxa ugu dhakhsaha badan caddaatay in ay ku oolnimada waxaa si tartiib ah ka dhicin, sida horumar ah ee dunida ka mid ah bakteeriyada uusan weli taagan. Micro-noolaha ay awoodaan in ay si deg deg ah ula qabsan lahaa noocyo kala duwan oo xaaladaha adag ee jiritaanka, siinta asaasmeen qarniga iftiin bakteeriyada antibiotic u adkaysta.

Badnaanta penicillin keentay in si weynna u kobcay nooc non-nugul of microbes iyaga, sidaas darteed in ay foomka saafi ah hadda waa daawooyinka kooxdaan waxtar iyo looma isticmaalo. Waxaa ugu fiican loo isticmaalo in lagu daro walxaha taas oo kor ay saamayn bactericidal, oo sidoo kale uu hakiyo habab ilaaliya bakteeriyada.

Diyaargaraw penicillin

Tani waa a beta-lactam antibiotics, kala soocidda of taas oo ah arrin ballaaran:

1. The benisiliinta dabiiciga ah (tus, "penicillin").
2. Anti-staphylococcal ( "Oxacillin").
3. Benisiliinta, dheereeyey-spectrum ( "Ampicillin" "Amoxicillin").
4. Pseudomonas ( "azlocillin").
5. benisiliinta ilaaliyo (weheliso clavulanic acid "sulbactam", "tazobactam").
6. Daroogooyinka, oo ay ku jiraan in ay xubno ka penicillin antibiotics yar.

muuqaalka guud ee daroogada ka tirsan group penicillin ah

The benisiliinta dabiiciga ah si guul leh jebin kartaa hawlaha labada sheyga garaam-positive iyo garaam-negative. Doonana, ugu xasaasi u ah kooxdan oo ah beta-lactam antibiotics Streptococcus iyo sababaha meningitis. Bakteeriyadu waxay haray taariikhda helay hababka difaaca. benisiliinta Dabiiciga ah waa wax ku ool ka dhanka ah anaerobes :. peptokokki Clostridial, peptostreptokokkov iwm daroogada Kuwanu waa ka yar sunta ah oo ay leeyihiin tiro yar oo ka mid ah waxyeello ka soo gaartey, liiska mid ah kaas oo la dhimay inta badan dareen diidmo oo xasaasiyadeed, inkastoo badinta waxaa suurto gal ah iyo horumarinta qalal, iyo muuqaalka kore ee calaamadaha sumowga by xubnaha habka dheefshiidka.

Laga soo bilaabo benisiliinta anti-staphylococcal qiimaha ugu weyn waa antibiotic beta-lactam sida "Oxacillin". Tani waxay u diyaar codsiga cidhiidhi ah, tan waxaa loogu tala galay inta badan si loola dagaallamo S. aureus. Waxaa ka dhanka ah pathogene this (oo ay ku jiraan nooc penitsillinrezistentnyh) "Oxacillin" waa kuwa ugu waxtarka badan. Waxyeelooyinka la mid ah kuwa ka mid ah xubnaha kale ee kooxdan oo ah daroogo yihiin.

Benisiliinta, dheereeyey-spectrum ka ah, flora garaam-negative iyo anaerobic garaam-positive gooni sidoo kale waa firfircoon ka dhanka ah wakiilada sababaya of cudurada caloosha ah. Dhibaatooyinka ay keento ma kala duwan yihiin kor ku xusan, in kastoo daawooyinkan waxaa lagu gartaa itimaalka wax yar sare ee cudurada of nidaamka dheefshiidka.

antibiotic "azlocillin" Beta-lactam (wakiil ka ah kooxda afaraad ee benisiliinta) waxaa loogu talagalay in la qaban aeruginosa Pseudomonas. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, in uu xilligan bulshada ee pathogene muujiyey caabiga daroogada ee taxanahan, taas oo ka dhigaysa in ay la isticmaalo ma aha sidaas wax ku ool ah.

benisiliinta About Ilaaliyo ee kor ku xusan. Sababo la xaqiiqada ah in daroogada waxaa ka mid ah in walxaha Halabuurka ay in la xakameeyo bakteeriyada beta-lactamase soo saara, iyagu waa wax ku ool ah oo lagu daweeyo cudurada badan.

Kooxdu waxay soo dhaafay - waa isku dhafan ee dhowr wakiilada penicillin, is-wada xoojinaya kasta oo kale ee ficil.

Afar ka ab ka tirsan bakteeriyada

antibiotics Beta-lactam iyo cephalosporins yihiin. daawooyinkan, sida penicillin, luuqeeyo ay spectrum balaadhan oo ah tallaabo oo waxyeelo yar.

Waxaa jira afar kooxood (Qarni) cephalosporins:

1. The wakiillo ugu fiican qarnigan ugu horeysay - "Cefazolin" iyo "Cephalexin". Waxaa ugu horayn loogu talagalay in lagula dagaalamo ✰Malax mid, streptococci, meningococci iyo gonococci, iyo sidoo kale qaar ka mid ah noolaha garaam-negative.
2. Jiilkii labaad - waa "Cefuroxime" antibiotic beta-lactam. Isaga oo goobaha ay masuulka ka mid ah sheyga inta badan garaam-negative.
3. "Cefotaxime", "Ceftazidime" - wakiillo ka socda kooxda saddexaad ee kala soocidda. Waxay aad wax ku ool ka dhanka ah enterobacteria yihiin oo burburin kara ee flora ee nosocomial (nooc isbitaalka of sheyga).
4. qarniga afraad ah ee wax soo saarka ugu weyn ee - ". Cefepime" Waxay leedahay dhammaan faa'idoyinka ka mid ah daroogada kor ku xusan, weliba, waa mid aad u deggan bakteeriyada beta-lactamases oo uu leeyahay dhaqdhaqaaqa ka dhanka ah aeruginosa Pseudomonas.

Cephalosporins iyo antibiotics beta-lactam oo dhan waxa lagu gartaa saamayn bactericidal fahmayaan.

Maxaa yeelay, dhibaato maamulka daroogada dareenka ugu mudan yihiin xogta cadaanyo kala duwan (finan ka yar si naf-gooyada ah, sida lama filaan ah anaphylactic), mararka qaarkood cudurada oo ka mid ah xubnaha dheefshiidka.

lacag reserve

"Imipenem" - antibiotic beta-lactam ka tirsan group carbapenem ah. Wuxuu, sidoo kale ma caan ka yar "Meropenem" saameynta waxqabadka on caabiga daroogooyinka kale ee microflora siin kartaa qalmay xataa cephalosporins jiilka saddexaad iyo kan afraad.

Beta-lactam antibiotic ka tirsan ee carbapenems - daroogada loo isticmaalo xaaladaha si gaar ah u daran, marka wareer ah ma aha kasteba daaweynta by daroogooyinka kale.

Taageero ka dhigan tahay tiro laba

"Aztreonam" - Wakiilka ugu caansan ee monobactams, waxaa lagu gartaa qaybaha kala yara cidhiidhi ah garoomada. Tani antibiotic beta-lactam waa ugu waxtarka badan ee laylinta garaam-negative. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waa in la ogaadaa in sida "Imipenem" "Aztreonam" si xooga xasaas ah in beta-lactamases, taas oo daroogada ah ee doorashada noocyada halista ah ee cudurada laaluusheen by wareer ah, kuwaas oo ka dhigaysa, gaar ahaan marka daaweynta failure antibiotics kale.

spectrum ee ficil of antibiotics beta-lactam

In kooban, waxaa la ogaadaa in ay diyaar ah kooxahaas saameyn ku leh tiro badan oo ka mid ah noocyada of wareer ah. hab ay of tallaabo of antibiotics beta-lactam sida in ka tago fursad uma microbes badbaaday: derbiga unug Go'doominta Avv - xukun dil ah bakteeriyada ah.

Gram-positive iyo Gram-negative noolaha, laylinta iyo anaerobic ... intaas oo dhammu waxay wakiillo ka flora pathogenic jiro daroogada aadka wax ku ool ah. Dabcan, waxaa ka mid ah, kuwaas oo antibiotics iyo qalab heer sare ah oo gaar ah waa, laakiin wax badan oo diyaar u ah inay dhowr wakiilada faafa dagaalamaan. antibiotics Beta-lactam waa in ay u adkeysan xataa wakiillo ka flora nosocomial awoodaan, ayaa ah kuwa ugu adkaysi u yeesho daawada.

Waa maxay nooc isbitaalka?

Waxaan ka hadleynaa micro-organisms ka jira hay'ado caafimaad. Ilaha ay muuqaalka bukaanadda iyo shaqaalaha caafimaad u adeegaan. Gaar ahaan, foomamka qarsoon khatar caajis cudurada. Hospital - meel ku fiican in la soo ururiyo dhammaan sidayaal suurto galka ah ee cudurada faafa. Xadgudubka of xeerarka nadaafadda iyo caadooyinka waa dhul rays for flora this ayaa helay Daaqad Misbaax ku ah jiritaanka, halkaas oo ay ku noolaan karaan, sirdoonka iyo u bartaan caabiga daroogada.

caabin High nooc isbitaalka ugu horayn ay sabab u tahay xaqiiqada ah in, by isbitaalada degaanka ay, bakteeriyada ay awoodaan in ay la noocyo kala duwan oo daroogo xiriiraan. Dabcan, saamaynta maandooriyayaasha on noolaha dhacdaa by fursad, oo aan haysan si ay u dumiyaan bartilmaameedka, iyo in yar ka qaataan, iyo this kordhinayaan in xaqiiqda ah in wakiilo ka microflora isbitaalka horumarin karaan ilaalinta ah ka dhanka habab burbur si ay u bartaan si ay u caabin ah. Iyo muruq u muuqdaan in ay la tacaalayaan in ay tahay mid aad u adag, iyo mararka qaar waxa ay u muuqataa in ay tahay wax aan macquul aheyn.

antibiotics Beta-lactam in tiro ka mid ah qaab ama mid kale ay isku dayayaan si ay u xaliyaan dhibaatada this adag. ka mid ah wakiilo ka socda in ilaa xad si guul leh xitaa ugu dareen la'aan bakteeriyada daroogada ka qaban karin. daroogada Tani reserve. Isticmaalkoodu waa xadidan tahay, sida ay u soo magacaabay oo kaliya marka uu u baahan yahay. Haddii antibiotics, kuwaas waxaa loo isticmaalaa baahneyn inta badan, ka dibna, u badan tahay, ay dhammaan doonto dayrta ee waxtarkooda, sababtoo ah markaas bakteeriyada fursad u leeyihiin inay la macaamilaan qaadasho yar oo ah daroogada, kuwaas oo, si ay u barato iyo horumarinta jidadka ilaalinta.

Marka ay maamusho antibiotics beta-lactam?

Tilmaamayaasha ay u isticmaalaan kooxdan daawooyinka ah sabab ugu horrayn si ay spectrum of talaabo. noqon lahaa fiican in uu magacaabo antibiotic beta-lactam ah ee cudurka, oo pathogene waa xasaasi u ah tallaabada of daroogada.

Benisiliinta waxaa si wanaagsan loo habeeyey ee daaweynta ee pharyngitis, qumanka, pneumonia, qandho iyo casaan, qoorgooyaha endocarditis bakteeriyada, actinomycosis, cudurada anaerobic, leptospirosis, salmonellosis, xundhurta, cudurrada faafa ee maqaarka iyo unugyada jilicsan. Ha illoobin ku saabsan daroogada in la aeruginosa Pseudomonas dagaalami karnaa.

Cephalosporins leeyihiin spectrum la mid ah dhaqdhaqaaqa, oo sidaas daraaddeed muujinaya iyaga muddo ku dhow yihiin la mid ah sida in benisiliinta. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waa in la sheegay in waxtarka cephalosporins, gaar ahaan labada jiil la soo dhaafay, ma in tusaalaha kore.

Monobactams iyo carbapenems waxaa loogu talagalay in lagula dagaalamo cudurka ugu daran oo liidata la daweyn karo, oo ay ku jiraan kuwa sababa nooc isbitaalka. Waxa kale oo ay wax ku ool ah sepsis iyo shoog septic yihiin.

Waxyeellooyin

Sida aynu hore u sheegay, ka antibiotics beta-lactam (daawooyinka ka tirsan kooxdan yihiin kor ku xusan) waxaa lagu kala duwanaayeen tiro yar oo ah waxyeellada jirka. gariir Rare iyo astaamaha cudurada dheefshiidka aan ahayn naf-gooyada ah. The run ahaantii halis noqon kartaa cadaanyo ba'an ama daran kiciyay waxaa daawada ka mid ah antibiotics beta-lactam.

Finan, pruritus, rhinitt iyo conjunctivitis ma aha naf-gooyada ah, inkasta oo aad u xun. Waa maxay run ahaantii waa in laga cabsado, maxaa yeelay, waa dareen diidmo oo aad u daran sida cudurka anjioedema (gaar ahaan aagga of dhuun ah, kaas oo la Ulasocto dyspnea daran ilaa awoodin in aad neefsato) iyo shoog. Sidaa darteed, daroogada lagu soo bandhigay kartaa oo keliya ka dib markii performing baaro xasaasiyadda.

Macquulka ah Dareenada isu tallowga. antibiotics Beta-lactam, kala soocidda taas oo ka dhigan joogitaanka tiro badan oo ka mid ah kooxaha daroogada, qaab aad u la mid ah in kasta oo kale, taas oo macnaheedu yahay in ay dhacdo dulqaad in mid ka mid ah, qof kasta oo kale loo arko doonaa by jidhka sida xasaasiyadda keena.

A ereyo kooban oo ku saabsan arrimaha ay tahay kordhiyo iska caabin ah bakteeriyada

Hoos u dhaca si tartiib ah in waxtarka daawooyinkaan bakteeriyada (oo ay ku jirto antibiotics beta-lactam) ay sabab u tahay si aan macquul ahayn soo noqnoqda iyo inta badan sax ahayn, waayo, codsiga. Dabcan aan dhamaystirnayn oo daaweynta, isticmaalka yar ka qaataan daweynta ma aha sahla soo kabashada, laakiin hortago sheyga fursad ay ku "tareenka", Been iyo horumarinta hababka ilaalinta daroogada. Sidaas darteed waa yaab kasta oo dambe noqon natiijo la'aan muddo?

Inkastoo haatan antibiotics oo aan la sii daayay ka farmashiiyaha warqad dhakhtar la'aanteed si ay u dhan aad ka heli karaan. Taas macnaheedu waa in ay is iyo dhibaatooyinka la xiriira (waqtiga oo dhan daroogada isla, kala go 'aan macquul ahayn ee therapy, qiyaasta aan sax ahayn iyo wixii la mid ah oo isticmaalaya.) Sii doonaa, abuurista xaaladaha for beerista of nooc daawada u adkeysata.

Waxaa halkan waa in ay sii joogaan iyo in-isbitaalka flora, isagoo fursad u helayaan inay si firfircoon uga daawooyin kala duwan xiriiraan iyo ku been abuuran habab cusub si ay u hortagaan.

Maxaa la samaynayaa? Ha isku darin is-daaweyn, raac talooyinka dhakhtarka ee masuulka ka ah: qaado daawada ilaa inta loo baahdo, iyo qiyaasta saxda ah. Iyada oo dabiiciga ah, dabcan, way adagtahay in la dagaallamo, laakiin weli waa suurtagal. Xoojinta caadooyinka nadaafadda iyo hirgelintooda adag waxay yareyn doontaa suurtagalnimada in la abuuro xaalado wanaagsan oo loogu talagalay soo saarida dhirta adkeysiga leh.

Ereyada yar ee gabagabada

Mawduuc aad u ballaaran ayaa ah antibiyootikada beta-lactam. Farmashiyada (sayniska daroogooyinka iyo saameynta ay ku leedahay jirka) waxay u sharraxeysaa cutubyo yar oo iyaga ka mid ah, kuwaas oo aan ka mid ahayn astaamaha guud ee kooxda, laakiin sidoo kale waxaa ku jira sharaxaadda ugu caansan wakiiladeeda. Qodobka isku midka ahi maaha inuu ku dhamaysto, oo kaliya isku dayga in la ogaado qodobbada muhiimka ah, taas oo si buuxda lagama maarmaan u ah in la ogaado waxyaabaha ku saabsan daawooyinkaas.

Noqo mid caafimaad qaba oo ha iloobin: kahor isticmaalida antibiyootikada, si taxadar leh u baro tilmaamaha oo raac talooyinka, iyo xitaa si fiican u tasho takhasusle.