Ammonia - waa antipode iyo analoogga ... biyaha?

gaas ka urayo la og yahay in qof walba - si degdeg ah aad u dareemi kartaa marka aad weel ku furi la ammonia. Wax ku saabsan hantida, waxaa naloo sheegay in dugsiga. Sidoo kale waxaa la ogsoon yahay, si kastaba ha ahaatee, in ay tahay mid ka mid ah waxyaabaha muhiimka ah ee warshadaha kiimikada, kuwaas waa fudud si ay u soo noqdaan nitrogen ah, oo aan jeclahay in aan galo falgalka kiimikada. Ammonia - taasi waa meesha ugu horeysay oo ka kaas oo si ay u bilaabaan wax soo saarka ee xeryahooda badan nitrogen: nitrites kala duwan iyo Nitrate, waxyaabaha qarxa iyo formaldehyde aniline, daawooyinka iyo bacyaal ...

Background

Magaca oo ah walaxda oo ka soo jeeda ee Giriigga «hals ammoniakos», taas oo micnaheedu yahay ammonia. Britain ammonia waa Ahraamta a mid ah qaarkood, vertex dhan yahay eb nitrogen ah iyo meesha ugu hooseysa - saddex atamka hydrogen. formula ee xarunta this - NH3. Under xaaladaha caadiga ah, ammonia - waa gaas midab leh suffocating a ur af badan. Its cufnaanta at -33,35 ° C (heerkulka kulul) si siman u 0,681 g / cm ^3. walax A dhalaashay at -77,7 ° C. mass gaws of ammonia waa 17 grams halkii jirjirroolaha. Cadaadiska of 0.9 MPA heerkulka qolka, sababa ammonia in ay idiinkala hadhin. ay u helaan in industry ee cadaadis via Avv horseed ah hydrogen iyo oxygen. Liquid ammonia - refrigerant a bacriminta aadka u xoog. Iyada oo wax this waa in ay feejignaadaan, sababtoo ah waa sun iyo waxyaabaha qarxa.

xaqiiqooyinka oo xiiso leh

ammonia Liquid waxay leedahay guryaha aan caadi ahayn. Dibadda u eg biyo cad. Like H ₂ O, waxaa si fiican u kala badan organic iyo xeryahooda ka imanba. Inta badan cusbada dhexdeeda beri galay udhigo marka la kala diri. Isla mar ahaantaana, reaction kiimikada, ka duwan biyaha, waxay dhacdaa arrin ka duwan.

Data ee horyaalka waxay keenaysaa in fikirka ah in ammonia dareere ah - deegaan gaar ah qaar ka mid ah cadaanyo sarrifka aan macquul in xal aqueous. Tusaale ahaan:

2AgCl + Ba (NO _{3) 2} = ₃ + 2AgNO BaCl _2.

Maxaa yeelay, NH ₃ waa aqbalana proton xoog, acetic acid, inkastoo xaqiiqda ah in loo arko mid daciif ah, waxaa gebi ahaanba prodissotsiiruet, sida sameeyaan acid xoog leh. Of danta ugu weyn waa xalka ugu fiican ee ammonia dareere Biraha alkali. Back ee 1864, farmashiye ayaa ogaaday in haddii aad siiso waqti qaar ka mid ah, ammonia ee ka baxa, iyo faar noqon lahaa bir daahir ah. Inta badan kaasaa run ah xal cusbo aqueous. Farqiga u dhexeeya waa in biraha alkali, xitaa tiro yar, hase ahaatee jawaabay ammonia, oon la xirrira amides cusbo-sida:

2Na + 2NH ₃ = ₂ + 2NaNH H _2.

Arintaan waa walxaha xad xasilloon, laakiin xiriir la biyaha si degdeg ah burburo:

NaNH2 + H ₂ O = NH ₃ + NaOH.

In baadhitaan oo ka mid ah sifooyinka farmashiye dareere ammonia ogaaday in markii biraha dhexdeeda kala diri, mugga xalka noqdo waaweyn. Waxaa intaa dheer, halka ay hoos u cufnaanta. Tani waa kala duwan yihiin oo kale loo arkaa dareeraha biyaha caadiga ah. Way adag tahay in ay aaminsan yihiin, laakiin xal u urursan oo badhxan ee biraha wax alkali in ammonia dareere aan la qaso kasta oo kale, inkastoo xaqiiqda ah in biraha labadoodaba isku mid! Thanks to tijaabo joogto ah ka helay xaqiiqooyinka cusub oo layaab leh. Sidaas darteed, waxaa la ogaaday in ay xakameeyeen in dareere xal ammonia ee sodium waa iska caabin aad u yar, iyo halkan, NH ₃ waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si loo soo saaro habka superconducting. Ma aha la yaab leh, gaaska iyo xal ay weli ku mashquulsan yihiin maskaxda physicists iyo farmashiye labadaba.