Afar marxaladood in sifaha horumar ah ee nidaamka caalamiga ah ee lacagta

Si aad u taariikhda, nidaamka caalamiga ah ee lacagta adag yahay a, si degdeg ah horumarinta iyo ekaysiinaya nidaamka. Dabcan, dalalka ugu muhiimsan in la siiyo hal ama dulinka kale, taas oo ay go'aamiso horumarinta nidaamka lacagta dunida, waa dal la dhaqaalaha horumariyo. Tani ma aha la yaab leh, sababtoo ah ciyaartoyda unit dhammaan suuqyada dunida faa'iido aasaasi ah in awoodaha dahab-lacagta.

Waa in la ogaadaa in horumar ah ee nidaamka caalamiga ah ee lacagta ka mid ah afar marxalad dhererka buuxa, kaas oo ku salaysan yahay afar nidaamyada xiriirka lacageed oo caalami ah oo kala duwan. Wejiga kowaad ee horumarinta, ama halkii, marxaladda dhisidda, wuxuu ahaa nidaamka caadiga ah ee loo yaqaan dahab. Nidaamkan, lacag kasta, taas oo ay ku wareegto suuqa gudaha (wadamada badankooda) si fudud loo turjumay karo dahab. Waxaan la aasaasay xiriirka noocan oo kale ah ilaa xad lama filaan ah, oo ay u dhacday qiyaastii dhammaadkii qarnigii 19aad. Waxaa cad in dhammaan heerarka kala duwan ee horumarka nidaamka lacagta dunida, oo ay ku jiraan caadiga ah dahabkii lahaa qaababka ay si gaar ah u gaar ah. Xaaladdan oo kale, waxaa: unug kasta lacagta uu leeyahay content gaar ah oo u dhiganta dahab; convertibility galay oo dahab ah ayaa ka dhacday, gudaha gobolka iyo waxa ka baxsan; formation of xiriir ka dhaxeeya kaydka dahabka ah ee dalka iyo u dhigma lacagta ee wareegga. Marxaladaha Kuwani horumarinta nidaamka lacagta dunida maldahan by joogitaanka heerka sarrifka go'an. Waa in la ogaadaa in heerka go'an muddo la horumarinta xiriirka dhaqaale ayaa laga badiyay macnaheeda oo lagu badalay nidaam isku xidhan oo ah koorasyo.

Heerka labaad, kaas oo uu soo maray horumar ah ee nidaamka caalamiga ah ee lacagta, ayaa noqday Heerka sarrifka dahab ah. Nuxurka nidaamka this yaraynaysaa suurtagalnimada ee sarrifka lacagta on sarrifka waxa loogu yeero shisheeye, in uu yahay, jeegaga, qoraalada promissory, biilasha ee dalalka kale, kuwaas oo, ee jeedo, waxaa si toos ah badelay karaa dahab ah. wejigan, inay sii wadaan horumarinta dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan nidaamka lacagta dunida, ayaa waxaa la qaatay beesha caalamka ee shirka ka Genoa, ee lagu qabtay 1922. Sida aad ogtahay, kaalinta ku dhiga ah ee lacagta oo wakhtigan ah ayaa lagu soo bandhigay in pound British iyo, dabcan, Doolarka Maraykanka. Waxay ahayd tan iyo markaas, oo waxay bilaabeen Lagaga dhabta ah ee lacagta suuqyada dunida.

marxaladda soo socota, taas oo dhacdey horumar ah ee nidaamka caalamiga ah ee lacagta, waxa uu noqday yaqaan in ay na Heerka sarrifka dahab. Nidaamkan waxaa la aasaasay cadaadis ee dynamically beddelo xaaladaha dhaqaalaha caalamiga ah ee muddada 30-kii - sano 50-aad ee qarnigii la soo dhaafay. Waxaa xusid mudan in, in mabda, Haartz, nidaamka la sharciyeeyay in 1944 in Bretton Maraykanka Woods. Xaaladdan oo kale, lacagta lacagta si toos ah beddeleen, iyada oo aan ku lug oo dahab ah, kaas oo ahaa dhinacyada maamulaha ururka xiriirka caalamiga ah ee lacagta. Waa in la ogaadaa in dahab waxaa hadda soo koraya, sida in marxaladaha hore ee horumarinta nidaamka lacagta dunida, ayaa ay shaqo iyo mudnaanta ee dejinta final u dhexeeya dalalka kala duwan.

Tiro ka mid ah dhibaatooyinka caalamiga ah, gaar ahaan tamarta ee 1974, ugu dambeyntii iyo Isguursadaan cadadkii nidaamka Bretton Woods ah. Sanadkii 1976, horumar ah ee nidaamka caalamiga ah ee lacagta ayaa galay mareysaa heer gabagaba ah, ugu yaraan at marxaladda la joogo oo ah horumarinta. feature A ee kala duwan ee tallaabo this ahaa baabiiyo oo dahab ah sida a hawlaha unit lacageed. Waxa uu noqday nooc ka mid ah badeecadda ah, si kastaba ha ahaatee, aad u dareere ah. Iskusoo wada duuboo, markan sameeyay nidaam-ka loo yaqaan heerka sabayn, taas oo aan maanta arko.