Xubno Chemical magacaabay ka dib markii saynisyahano. asal ahaan ka mid ah magacyada xubno ka kiimikada

Chemistry - saynis ah oo leh taariikh dheer. In ay horumar ayaa qeyb ka saynisyahano badan oo caan ah. Eeg milicsiga ah guulaha ay tahay in miiska xubno ka kiimikada, halkaas oo ay goobjoog ka ahaayeen walax la odhan jiray in ay sharaf. Waa maxay iyo waxa taariikhda muuqashadii? Ha ka fikiro si aynu si faahfaahsan.

einsteinium

Ku bilow inaad Liiska xubno ka kiimikada magacaabay ka dib markii saynisyahano, kuwaas oo mid ka mid ah ugu caansan taagan. Einstein waxaa kiimikaysan soo saaray oo loo magacaabay in sharaf of physicists ugu weyn ee qarnigii labaatanaad. element An tiro qaaradda ee 99, waxa uu leeyahay no isotopes deggan iyo transuranic loola jeedaa, kuwaas oo furay kii toddobaad. Kooxda reer saynisyahano ayaa loo aqoonsaday Ghiorso bishii December 1952. Raadi suurto gal einsteinium ee ciidda, taas oo weli ah iyada oo sababtu tahay qarax thermonuclear. Markii ugu horeysay waxaa la shaqeeya ayaa lagu fuliyay Laboratory Shucaaca ah, University of California, ka dibna ku Argonne iyo Los Alamos. The bar-nolosha isotopes labaatan maalmood, samaynta Einstein canaasiirta radioactive ugu khatarta badan. waxaa Waxbarashada waa kuwo ku adag sababta oo ah dhibaatada of helo giisa. In bir la Degenaansho sare waxaa laga heli karaa by reaction kiimikada la lithium ah, ee kiristaalo helay kala duwan doonaa qaab-dhismeedka cubic fool-xuddun. In xal aqueous, element siinayaa midabka cagaaran.

curium

History of daahfurka oo ka mid ah xubno ka kiimikada iyo geedi socodka la xiriira waa wax aan macquul aheyn oo aan sheegin shuqullada qoyska this. Mariya Sklodovskaya iyo Per Kyuri kaalin weyn ku horumarka sayniska dunida. Shaqadooda sida aasaasaha sayniska ee shucaaca ka tarjumaysaa element la odhan jiray siday u kala horreeyaan. Curium iska leh qoyska of actinides oo uu leeyahay tirada qaaradda 96. isotopes ma deggan u leeyihiin. Waayo, markii ugu horeysay ee uu helay in 1944 ee Maraykanka Seaborg, James iyo Ghiorso. isotopes Qaar ka mid ah curium kala duwan bar-nolosha cajiib dheer. In nuclear-ka nuclear la abuuri karaa in tiro kiilo marka la neutrons uranium ama plutonium gubaa. element curium waa bir lacag dhibic barafku ee kun iyo saddex boqol iyo afartan degrees Celsius a a. Laga soo bilaabo actinides kale, waxaa la kala by farsamooyinka sarrifka ra'iyi. exotherm A xoog leh lagu jiro suuska radioactive ogolaanaya isticmaalkeeda for soo saaridda ilaha hadda is haysta oo cabbirkooda. xubno kale oo kiimiko ah loo magacaabay ka dib markii saynisyahano, kuwaas oo inta badan aan haysan codsiga wax ku ool ah oo dhab ah oo ku filan, curium sidoo kale uma shaqayn karo si ay u abuuraan matoor, oo awood u leh in ay ka shaqeeyaan muddo dhawr bilood ah.

mendelevium

Waa wax aan macquul inay iska ilaawaan Abuuraha reer binu ugu muhiimsan ee taariikhda chemistry nidaamka qoondaynta. Mendeleev ahaa mid ka mid ah aqoonyahaniinta ugu weyn ee la soo dhaafay. Sidaa darteed, taariikhda daahfurka oo ka mid ah xubno ka kiimikada muuqata ma aha oo kaliya in ay miiska, laakiin sidoo kale in magacyada uu sharaf. walax ayaa lagu helay in 1955 by cilmibaadhe oo Maraykan ah Harvey, Ghiorso, Choppinom, Thompson iyo Seaborg. element Mendelevium iska leh qoyska of actinides oo uu leeyahay tirada qaaradda 101. Waa shucaaca iyo dhacdaa inta lagu jiro dareen-nuclear lug Einstein. Sidaas darteed, ay tijaabo ugu horeysay ee cilmibaadhe oo Maraykan ah ku guulaysteen in ay helaan mendelevium toddoba iyo toban atamka, laakiin xitaa lacagtaas oo ku filan si loo ogaado hantida iyo meelaynta of miiska wareegsan.

nobelium

Furitaanka of xubno ka kiimikada badanaa dhacaa sabab u ah geedi socodka macmal ah shaybaarka. Tani waxay khusaysaa in ay Nobel, taas oo marka hore la soo saaray 1957 by koox ka mid ah aqoonyahaniinta ka Stockholm, kuwaas oo soo jeediyey in ay magacaabi sharaf ah aasaasaha ee aasaaskii abaalmarinta sayniska caalamiga ah. At tirada qaaradda ee element ah 102, waxaa iska leh qoyska of actinides. xogta lagu kalsoonaan karo oo ku saabsan isotopes of nobelium ayaa lagu helay cilmi ee demoqaraadiyad ah ee Midowga Soofiyeeti, kaas oo ahaa madaxa Flerov ah. Waayo, U Avv xuduntii, udhigo PU iyo Am ayaa gubaa leh O, N, Ne. Sidaas darteed of isotopes tirooyin mass ka heli jiray ka 250 si ay u 260, inta badan kaas oo ahaa element muddo dheer jiray oo leh bar-nolosha ee saacad badhkeed oo dherer ah. Degenaansho chloride nobelium mid ah in actinides kale, sida natiijada helay tijaabo in laboratories.

lawrencium

element Chemical of qoyska ka mid ah actinides tirada qaaradda 103, sida badan oo kale oo la mid ah, kiimikaysan helay. isotopes xasiloon Lawrence waxaa. Waayo, markii ugu horeysay waxa uu ahaa awoodaan in ay synthesize ah cilmibaadhe oo Maraykan ah, madax Ghiorso, 1961. Natiijada tijaabada mar dambe ma dhici karto, laakiin waxa ay asal ahaan wuxuu ahaa magaca element ee la doortay isku mid. Warbixin ku saabsan isotopes ku heli kari lahaa physicists Soviet machadka Wadajirka ah ee nukliyeerka Research in Dubna. Waxay iyaga helay by cindiga of americium degdegsiimada udhigo oxygen. Waxaa la og yahay in Lawrence xuduntii shanqarta shucaaca iyo badh-nolosha ku saabsan tahay kala bar hal daqiiqo. In 1969, saynisyahano ka Dubna suurtagashay in ay hesho isotopes kale ee element ah. Physicists oo ka tirsan jaamacadda Berkeley ku abuuray cusub in 1971. Lambaradooda waxay mass dhaxaysey 257 in 260, oo soo baxday in isotope ugu xasiloon oo leh bar-nolosha ee seddex daqiiqo oo dherer ah. guryaha kiimikada ee lawrencium eg-yihiin kuwa of actinides kale culus - waxaa la aasaasay by dhowr tijaabo cilmiyeed.

Rutherfordium

Taxaya waxyaalaha kiimikada magacaabay ka dib markii saynisyahano, kuwaas oo waa in si xaqiiqo ah xuso this. Rutherfordium uu leeyahay tiro ka mid ah serial 104 iyo waa qayb ka mid ah kooxda afaraad ee nidaamka wareegsan. element transuranic First si ay u abuuraan kooxda maareeyey ee saynisyahano ka Dubna 1964. Tani waxay dhacday California nuclei duqeymo la eb carbon. element A cusub ayaa lagu go'aansaday in la magacaabay ka dib markii farmashiyaha Rutherford ka New Zealand. In dabiiciga ah, Rutherford helay. The isotope dheer ku noolaa ayaa bar-nolosha dheer shan iyo lixdan ilbiriqsi. codsiga la taaban karo ee element this miiska wareegsan ma joogo.

Seaborg

daahfurka ayaa ka mid ah xubno ka kiimikada uu noqday qaybta ugu weyn ee jirka dadka shaqo Albert Ghiorso ka Maraykanka. iyaga Seaborgium helay in 1974. Tani waa curiye kiimiko ee kooxda lixaad ee horyaalka wareegsan isagoo tiro qaaradda ka mid ah 106 oo miisaan 263. Waxa la ogaaday iyadoo ay sabab u duqeymo ka dhameeya oksajiinta nuclei atamka californium. Geedi socodka soo baxay oo kaliya a atamka yar, si baadhitaan faahfaahsan oo ka mid ah sifooyinka element ahaa adag. In dabiiciga ah, ee biraha radioactive seaborgium ma dhici karto, sidaas darteed waxaa kaliya oo xiiso sayniska.

Boriy

Taxaya waxyaalaha kiimikada magacaabay ka dib markii saynisyahano ah, waxaa haboon this xusay. Boriy loola jeedaa koox toddobaad oo ka mid ah wareegsan nidaamka of Mendeleev. Waxay leedahay tiro qaaradda ka mid ah 107 oo miisaan 262. Markii ugu horeysay u helay in 1981 ee Germany, taasoo ah magaalada Darmstadt. Seynisyahanno Armbrust iyo Munzenberg ay go'aansadeen in ay magacaabaan oo lagu sharfayo Niels Bohr. element Diyaarinta ayaa dhacay iyadoo ay sabab u ah nuclei chromium duqeymo la eb bismuth. Boriy loola jeedaa in biraha transuranic. kaliya atamka yar helay in tijaabo ah, taas oo aan ku filan daraasad dhamaystiran. Waa kuwee waa laga qabanin, ee dabiiciga ah, Boriy arrimaha si gaar ah qaabka guud ee danta sayniska, si la mid ah sida kor ku xusan Rutherford, sidoo kale abuuray kiimikaysan shaybaarka.