Telegaraafka, noocyada, jaantus iyo sawiro

Telegraph ayaa door muhiim ah horumarka bulshada casriga ah. Gaabis ah oo aan lagu kalsoonaan karin gudbinta macluumaadka oo kharribma horumarka iyo dad ah ayaa eegaya hab si ay u dardar. Iyadoo la alifay ee korontada suurto abuurka qalabka, isla gudbinta xogta xasaasiga ah in ka badan masaafo dheer.

Markii waagu beryo taariikhda

Telegraph ee gii kala duwan - ugu da'da weyn noocyada isgaarsiinta. Xitaa wakhtiyadii hore, waxaa jiray baahi loo qabo in macluumaadka meel fog ka gudbiyaan. Tusaale ahaan, Afrika, waayo gudbinta farriimaha kala duwan loo isticmaalo ee durbaanada tom-toms in Europe - dab, iyo mar dambe - isgaarsiinta semaphore. The telegaraafka semaphore ugu horeysay markii ugu horaysay loo yaqaan "tahigraf" - "skoropisets", laakiin ka dibna waxa lagu bedelay naqshada mid ku haboon loo yaqaan "telegaraafka" - "dalnopisets".

Qalabka wuxuu u horeysay

Iyadoo helitaanka ugub ah "korontada" oo gaar ahaan ka dib markii waxbarashada cajiib ah saynisyahan deenishka Hans Kristiana Ersteda (aasaasihii aragtida ah ee electromagnetism) iyo cilmiga Talyaaniga Alessandro kooxda Fluminense bisha - abuure ee ugu horeysay ee gacanta electrochemical iyo batteriga ugu horeeyay (waxaa ka dibna waxaa loo bixiyey "raso voltaic") - waxaa jiray wax badan oo fikrado abuuro telegaraafka electromagnetic .

Isku day soosaarka qalabka korontada gudbinta seenyaalaha gaar ah si meel fog loo dejiyay, laga soo qaaday dhammaadkii qarnigii 18aad. In 1774, telegaraafka fudud la dhisay Switzerland (Geneva), cilmiga iyo hindisa Lesage. Waxa uu ku biiray labada transceivers 24-baakad go'doonsan fiilooyin. Marka aad codsanayso garaaca wadnaha a iyadoo la kaashanayo of mishiinka korontada on mid ka mid ah qalabka dib u dhac ugu horeysay kubada labaad iilata Buzinova dhiganta electroscope. Markaas technology ayaa kor u cilmi-Lomon (1787), bedelida silig 24 ka mid ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, nidaamka this ay adag tahay in wac telegaraafka ah.

Telegraph ayaa sii waday in loo hagaajiyo. Tusaale ahaan, jirka dadka a Faransiis André Marie Ampère abuuray qalab gudbinta ka kooban cirbadaha magnetic 25, ka ulahooda wareejiya, iyo 50 oo silig ka dhigeen ganaax. qalab noocan oo kale ah Si kastaba ha ahaatee, qalab weyn sameeyey waa ficil ku noolyihiin.

Schilling qalab

The Ruush (Soviet) buugaagta dhigayaa in telegaraafka ugu horeysay, ka duwan ka horreeyay hufnaan ay, daacad iyo isku halaynta, ayaa loogu talagalay in Russia Pavlom Lvovichem Shillingom ee 1832. Dabcan, qaar ka mid ah dalalka ku dooday, "kor u qaadida" uu saynisyahano yaraan tayo leh.

Talaaboda Shilinka (kuwa badan oo iyaga ka mid ah, nasiib darro, aan la daabacay) ee telegraphy ku jira mashaariic badan oo xiiso leh of telegaraafka korontada. qalab Baron Schilling waxaa qalabaysan furayaasha oo badalato hadda korontada ee silig ku xira gudbinta iyo helaya apparatuses.

telegraam ugu horeysay adduunka ee, taas oo ka kooban 10 erayada, la ansixiyay October 21, 1832 la telegaraafka ah, lagu rakibay on the guri Pavla Lvovicha Shillinga. alifay sidoo kale sameeyeen mashruuca kaybalka in ay ku xidhmaan telegaraafka on hoose ee Gacanka Finland u dhexeeya Peterhof iyo Kronstadt.

telegaraafka wadista

qalab aqbaliddoodii koobnaa gariiradda, kuwaasoo mid walba uu ka mid silig a xira iyo cirbadaha magnetic ganaax kor gariiradda ku filaments ah. On daah kuwaas oo xoogaystay on mid bakeerigaagu, rinji hal dhinac madow, caddaan kale. Cadaadinaya furaha gariiradda gudbiye irbadda magnetic ka dhacday oo u guuray goobo meel ku haboon. nidaamyada isku darka wareega dhaweynta telegrapher on a xarfaha gaar ah (code) go'aamisay calaamada lagu kala qaado.

First, siddeed fiilo ayaa loo baahan yahay, ka dibna ay tirada lagu soo koobay laba isgaarsiinta ah. Si aad u shaqeeyaan telegaraafka noocan oo kale ah ee PL Schilling horumariyo code gaar ah. All alifay xiga ee telegraphy aagga of mabaadi'da gudbinta sireed used.

horumar kale

Ku dhawaad mar telegaraafka dhismaha la mid ah u isticmaali hadda induction horumariyo by saynisyahano Jarmal iyo Weber Ghaus. Horeba 1833 waxay lahaayeen line a telegaraafka at the University of Göttingen (Saxony Hoose) inta u dhaxaysa astronamicheskoy iyo observatories magnetic.

Waxaa la og yahay in qalabka Schilling adeegay sidii noocooda ah ee Telegraph British ah Cook iyo Winston. Cook noqday ogyahay shuqullada hindisa Ruush ah Heidelberg University (Germany). Wada jir ah ula Saaxiibka Winston ay soo hagaagtay qalab iyo tiga. Qalabka wuxuu u riyaaqay guusha ganacsi weyn ee Europe.

kacaanka A yar ee 1838 ka dhigay Shteyngeyl. Ma aha oo kaliya in, uu ku qaatay masaafada line telegaraafka ugu horeysay muddo dheer (5 km), sidaas darteed xitaa qalad ah sameeyey daahfurka in silig ka mid ah oo keliya (qaybta labaad u qabata dhulka) waxaa loo isticmaali karaa gudbinta signal.

Morse telegaraafka

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dhammaan oo ka mid ah aaladaha la dials iyo irbadda magnetic lahaa cillad aan la bogsiin karin - aan loo xasilin karo: gudbinta deg deg ah ee macluumaadka, qalad dhaco iyo qoraalka ma margado. Dhamee shaqo abuurista ah fiilooyin telegaraafka circuit fudud oo lagu kalsoonaan karo oo leh labo guulaysteen by artist American iyo hindisa Samuel Morse. Waxa uu horumariyo oo codsatay code a telegaraafka, taas oo warqad kasta oo alifbeetada waxaa loogu talagalay qaar ka mid ah isu-gaynta dhibco tuura.

Morse telegaraafka dhisay mid aad u fudud. Waayo, circuit iyo kalagoynta hadda isticmaalaya furaha (manipulator). Waxay ka kooban tahay lever ka mid ah biraha sameeyey, dhidibka of taas oo uu ula xiriiro si kaari khadka. Mid ka mid ah dhammaadka lever guga-cudud la isku soo riixayo in ay qarka biraha, banki ayaa si qadanayo, oo dhulkay ku (dhulka loo isticmaalo). Marka telegrapher riixay iyo darafkiisa kale inta gacanta, la xiriira in ay qiyaas kale ku xiran cable batteriga. Halkaa marka ay marayso, hadda gobays ilaa aqbalana a oo ku yaalla meel ka duwan.

Saldhiga aqbaliddoodii on durbaanka gaar ah oo kafantii ku strip cidhiidhi warqad u dhaqaaqdo si joogto ah clockwork. Under saameynta ay electromagnet hadda socda jiidata ul bir ah, taas oo ka mudaa warqada, oon la xirrira isku xigxiga oo ka mid ah jilayaasha.

war abuurashadoodii Academician Södertälje

saynisyahan Ruush, muddo Academician BS Jacobi 1839 1850, abuuray dhawr nooc telegaraafka, qoraal, turnouts-waji falalka synchronous iyo teleprinter ugu horeysay ee adduunka ee. war abuurashadoodii ugu dambeeyay waxay ahayd talaabo cusub ee horumarinta hababka isgaarsiinta. Heshii, waxa inta badan ka sahlan tahay in la isla markiiba ka akhrisan diray dhambaal uu waqti badan ku on iyada qoraalka ku qaataan.

The gudbinta qalab si toos ah-daabacaadda Jacobi koobnaa dial ah fallaadh oo xiriir ah ee durbaanka. On wareegga sare ee waraaqaha dial shubo iyo lambarada. Qalabka wuxuu u qaata ayaa dial ah fallaadh, iyo marka lagu daro, si kor loogu qaado iyo electromagnets daabacaadda iyo noocyada wheel. On wheel a caadiga ah xardhan oo dhan xarfaha iyo lambarada. At bilowga ah ee koorsada of qalab isugu gudbiyo oo ka mid ah digir hadda ka yimid line ah, qalab daabacaadda helaya electromagnet la kiciyay cadaadisay web warqad si wheel tijaabada iyo ku daabacan tahay warqad helay calaamada.

qalab Hughes

hindisa American David Edward Hughes ansixiyey jidka telegraphy in hawlgalka synchronous, dhisey 1855 teleprinter la wheel Heerka wareeg joogto ah. gudbiye qalab this ahaa biyaano nooca-keyboard, iyadoo 28 furayaasha madow iyo caddaan, kuwaasi oo ay ku Qabanay xarfaha iyo lambarada.

In 1865, mashiinada Hughes ayaa lagu rakibay ururka adeegga telegaraafka dhexeeya St. Petersburg iyo Moscow, ka dibna ku faafay Russia oo dhan. Qalabka Kuwan waxaa si balaadhan looga isticmaalaa ilaa 30-mada ay qarnigii XX.

Bodo qalab

qalab Hughes laga heli karin taararka xawaaraha sare iyo isticmaalka wax ku ool ah link. Sidaa darteed, si uu u bedelo qalabka kuwanu waxay ka iman qalabka telegaraafka badan, loogu talagalay in 1874tii by injineer Faransiiska Georges Emilem Bodo.

Bodo Qalabka wuxuu u ogolaanaya gudbinta isku mar dhowr operator telegaraafka isla line dhowr telegrams labada dhinacba. qalab ka kooban qaybiyaha ah, iyo dhowr gudbinta iyo helidda qalabka. rada gudbiye ka kooban yahay shan furayaasha. Si loo hagaajiyo tayada isticmaalka khadadka isgaarsiinta loo isticmaalo qalab Bodo qalab gudbiye sida, taas oo xogta lagu kala qaado waa la encoded telegrapher gacanta.

Mabda 'hawlgalka

qalab gudbinta (keyboard) mashiinka mid Idaacadda waxaa si toos ah ugu xiran iyada oo khadka muddo gaaban u qaata kala. si ay xiriir iyo bedesheen daqiiqado saxnimada of kulan la siiyaa qaybiya. Xawliga telegaraafka shaqada waa beego shuqulka qaybiya. Burush filtarka gudbinta iyo soo dhaweynta waa synchronously iyo wajiga shaandheyn. Iyadoo ku xiran tirada gudbinta iyo helidda qalabka ku xiran qaybiyaha ah, qaab telegaraafka Bodo u dhaxeysa 2500-5000 erayada saacadiiba.

The unug oo kuwii hore lagu rakibay on Bodo "Petersburg - Moscow" telegaraafka 1904. In mustaqbalka, qalabka hubkaas ayaa loo isticmaalaa in network telegaraafka ee USSR ah oo loo isticmaalo ilaa 50 jir ah.

qalab Inching

telegaraafka Inching calaamadeeyay marxaladda cusub ee horumarinta technology telegaraafka. Qalabka wuxuu u yar yahay, waana dheeraad ah u fudud in ay ku shaqeeyaan. Waxaa keyboard style teeb waxaa loo isticmaalay markii ugu horeysay. Faa'iidooyinka waxay ku keentay in xaqiiqda ah in ay dhamaadka 50s mashiinada Bodo ayaa si buuxda u saaray dhibcood silig.

kaalin weyn horumarinta qalabka bilowga-stop gudaha leeyihiin A. F. Shorin iyo L. I. Treml, kaas oo la horumariyo hoos warshadaha ee qoyska ee 1929 bilaabeen in ay soo saaraan habka a telegaraafka cusub. Tan iyo 1935, gudbiye si toos ah (gudbiye) iyo circuit aqbalana a (reperforator) bilaabay daydo qalabka wax soo saarka ST-35, ee 1960-kii ee iyaga Waxaa la soo saaray.

Deji

Tan iyo qalabka PT-35 ee loo isticmaalo qalabka isgaarsiinta telegaraafka oo ay la socdaan Bodo, code gaarka ah №1, taas oo ka code caadiga ah ee caalamiga ah ee baabuurta bilowga-stop khilaafeen (№2) code ayaa la sameeyey iyaga.

Ka dib markii u furfuridda qalabka Bodo mar dambe uma baahan in la isticmaalo ee dalka waa non-caadiga ah code bilowga-stop ah, iyo dhammaan CT-35 park ee hadda lagu wareejiyay code caalamka №2. naftooda, sida a casriyeeyey, iyo design cusub oo ay hindiseen, helay magaca ST-2 Milyan iyo EERK-2 Milyan (leh horgalayaal qalabaynta).

mashiinada Rolling

horumar dheeraad ah ee Midowga Soofiyeeti ayaa Guutale ka soo hor jeedda, si ay u abuuraan telegaraafka ah oo duudduuban sare hufan. Its peculiarity waa in qoraalka lagu daabacay line by line on xaashida balaadhan oo ah warqad, sida printer dhibic-shax. waxqabadka sare oo awood u leh inay wareejiso xaddi badan oo macluumaad ahaayeen muhiim ma aha oo kaliya dadka caadiga ah, laakiin maamulka xarumaha iyo hay'adaha dawladda.

• Round Wire T-63 mashiinka qalabaysan saddex diiwaanka: Laatiin, Ruush iyo digital. Iyada oo taageero ka cajalad feeray si toos ah ka heli kartaa iyo gudbiyaan xogta. Daabacaadda qaadataa meel liiska waraaqaha 210 mm ah.
• Iswada duudduuban telegaraafka electronic PTA-80 wuxuu kuu ogolaanayaa inaad dhigay sida ay u gacanta ama si toos ah u soo dirto iyo hesho mail.
• Qalab RTM-51 iyo PTA-50-2 waxaa loo isticmaalaa fariin lagu qoro khad cajalad 13-mm iyo width a caadiga ah warqad duudduuban (215 mm). daabacayaa Mashiinka per ilaa daqiiqadii in 430 characters.

Contemporary

Telegaraafka, photos of kaas oo laga heli karaa bogagga buugaagta iyo bandhigyo museum, door muhiim ah in dardar horumarka. Inkastoo horumarinta deg deg ah ee isgaarsiinta telefoonka, qalabka aan galay lagay, iyo Maarraynta ah mashiinada fax casriga ah iyo telegaraafka elektaroonik ah oo dheeraad ah oo casri ah.

Rasmi ah, silig ee la soo dhaafay telegaraafka, ka hawlgalaan gobolka Indian of Goa, ayaa la xidhay July 14, 2014. Inkastoo baahida weyn (5000 telegrams maalin walba), adeegu uu ahaa mid aan waxtar lahayn. In Maraykanka, shirkada soo dhaafay telegaraafka Western Union ayaa joogsatay si ay u fuliyaan hawlaha tooska ah ee 2006, oo diiradda saaraya xawaaladaha. Dhanka kale, xilligii of telegaraafka ma waxaa u sarreeyey, iyo dhaqaaqay deegaanka electronic. Central Telegraph Russia, in kastoo shaqaalaha si weyn u dhimay, sii si ay u gutaan waajibaadka, tan ma aha in magaalo walba degaanka ugu badan waxaa suurtagal ah si ay u qabtaan khadka telefoonka iyo internetka.

In ka channels telegaraafka muddo dambeeyay qaadeen taararka inta jeer, inta badan soo abaabulay by cable iyo Relay radio links. Faa'iidada ugu weyn ee telegraphy inta jeer ahaa xaqiiqada ah in ay u saamaxdo channel a telefoonka caadiga ah in uu abaabulo 17 ilaa 44 channels telegaraafka. Intaa waxaa dheer, taararka inta jeer u saamaxaaya in ay fuliyaan shiidaa fog isgaarsiinta kasta. network isgaarsiinta ayaa ka kooban inta jeer channels xarkaha, dayactirka fudud, iyo sidoo kale waxay leedahay dabacsanaan u ogolaanaya abuuraya wareegnay failure jihada of jihada line xudunta u ah. taararka Frequency ahaa sidaas u sahlan, dhaqaale oo lagu kalsoonaan karo, taas oo hadda waa channels telegaraafka DC waxaa loo isticmaalaa wax ka yar iyo wax ka yar.