Sharciga Avogadro ee

mabda'a ah in in 1811, qaabeeyey Talyaani Himik Amadeo Avogadro (1776-1856) waa sida soo socota: hoos heerkulka iyo cadaadiska Muga isku siman oo gaasas ku jiri doona tiro isku mid ah u taagoo, iyadoon loo eegayn nooca kiimikada iyo guryaha jireed. Tirada Tani waa joogto ah jirka waa tiro ahaan siman ay tirada u taagoo, atamka, electrons, udhigo ama qayb kale oo ku jira mid ka mid ah bar. Later, xiqiijiyay of Avogadro, xaqiijiyay tiro badan oo ah tijaabo u yimid in la tixgeliyo gaasas fiican, mid ka mid ah sharciyada asaasiga ah, kaas oo soo galay sayniska loo yaqaan sharciga Avogadro ee, iyo cawaaqibka ay dhammaan ku salaysan male ah in jirjirroolaha gaaska kasta oo ay dhacdo xaalad isku mashquulin lahayd mug isku mid, loo yaqaan gaws.

Sam Amadeo Avogadro maleeyey in si joogto ah jirka waa qiimaha aad u weyn, laakiin habab badan oo madax banaan, dhimashada cilmiga loo oggol yahay in experimentally loo ogaado tirada atamka ku jira 12 g ka dib (waa unugga mass qaaradda ee carbon) ama in mugga a gaws gaaska (at T = 273,15 K iyo p = 101,32 KPA) waa loo siman yahay si 22,41 litir. Constant, sida caadiga ah muujinaysaa sida NA ama ka yar L. Waxaa la magacaabay ka dib markii cilmiga ah - si joogto ah Avogadro, oo waa loo siman yahay, waxa uu, ku dhowaad, 6.022 • 1023. Tani waa tirada taagoo of gaaska kasta in mugga a of 22,41 litir, waxaa isku mid nuur yahay gaaska (hydrogen) iyo gaaska culus (carbon dioxide). Law Avogadro ee la xisaab sheegi karaa: V / n = VM, halkaas oo:

• V - mugga of gaaska;
• n - qadar oo ah walaxda, taas oo ah saamiga of mass ah walax in ay mass gaws;
• VM - joogta ah ee dheellitirnaanta ama mugga gaws.

Amadeo Avogadro iska sharaf qoys oo ku nool qaybta waqooyi ee Italy. Waxa uu ku dhashay on 08/09/1776 ee Turin. Aabbihiis - Filippo Avogadro - ahaa Department of Justice shaqaale. Magaca awoowe lahjad uguurtay Dr Makumbe ka dhigan tahay qareen ama rasmi ah oo uu ku milmay dadka. Sida laga soo xigtay xeerkii jira kuwa wakhtigaas, jagooyinka iyo xirfadaha dhaxasheen. Sidaa darteed, muddo 20 sano ah, Amadeo Avogadro helay shahaado oo noqday dhakhtar shareecada (kaniisadda). Physics iyo xisaabta, wuxuu bilaabay inuu si madax-banaan ka baran in 25 sano. In uu shaqada sayniska uu bartay ifafaale korontada iyo cilmi berrinkii electrochemistry. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, taariikhda sayniska Avogadro u tegey samaynta aragtida ah qaaradda waa Intaa waxaa aad muhiim u ah, soo bandhigay fikradda ah qayb yar ee arrinta (molecules) in jiri karaan on gaar ah. Waxa uu ahaa muhiim si ay u sharxaan xiriirka mugga fudud u dhexeeya gaasas, unreacted, iyo sharciga Avogadro ee bilaabay in ay muhiimad weyn u tahay horumarka sayniska iyo waxaa si balaadhan looga isticmaalaa in ku dhaqanka.

Laakiin tani waxay ahayd oo aan xaq. farmashiye Qaar ka mid ah sharciga Avogadro ayaa u codeeyay iyada oo tobanaan sano ah. Dadka ka soo horjeeda ee professor ka physics Talyaani garaaceen maamulka sayniska caan ah oo la aqoonsan yahay sida Berzelius, Dalton, Davy. khaladaadka ay keentay in muran dheer oo ku saabsan formula kiimikada ee Britain oo biyo ah, sidii la dareemay in uusan lahayn inuu rikoor ah H2O, iyo HO ama H2O2. Kaliya sharciga Avogadro ee ka caawiyay dejiso qaab ee ay u taagoo biyo iyo waxyaabaha kale ee fudud oo adag. Amedeo Avogadro sheegay in ay u taagoo of xubno fudud waxay ka kooban yihiin laba atamka: O2, H2, Cl2, N2. From oo waxaa soo socota in ay dareen-celin u dhexeeya hydrogen iyo chlorine, natiijo taas la samayn doonaa chloride hydrogen, waxaa loo qori karaa sida: Cl2 + H2 → 2HCl. In falcelinta ka mid ah Britain Cl2 la mid Britain ee H2, foomka HCL laba taagoo. Volume, kaas oo mashquulin doonaa HCL, waa in ay ahaataa mugga kasta oo galay qaybaha falcelinta laba jeer, i.e. inay loo siman yahay si mugga guud. Kaliya tan iyo 1860, ayaa si firfircoon loo isticmaalaa sharciga Avogadro iyo cawaaqibka ay ka dhigtay in ay suurto gal ah in la dhiso qiimaha dhabta ah ee miisaanka qaaradda ka mid ah xubno ka kiimikada qaar ka mid ah.

Mid ka mid ah gabagabadii ugu weyn barbaro ku saleysan oo dhan, ayaa isla'eg ah ku tilmaamay gobolka gaaska kahyraadka: p • VM = R • T, halkaas oo:

• VM - mugga gaws;
• p - cadaadis gaaska;
• T - heerkulka buuxda, K,
• R - joogta gaaska universal.

Sharcigu waxa uu isku daro gaaska sidii natiijo ah oo sharciga Avogadro ee. At miisaanka joogta ah wax u eg (p • V) / T = n • R = const, iyo foomka wax lagu qoro ay: (P1 • V1) / T1 = (p2 • V2) / T2 ogolaanaya xisaabinta marka gaaska ka mid ah gobolka maraya (tilmaamay by subscript 1) in kale (la index 2).

Law Avogadro iyo keentay in a gabagabo labaad muhiim ah in laga furay jidka for go'aanka tijaabo ah miisaanka kelli ah kuwa walxaha taas oo guurka gobolka gaseous aan baaliyoobay. M1 = m2 • D1, halkaas oo:

• M1 - mass ka gaws gaaska marka hore;
• M2 - mass ka gaws gaaska labaad;
• D1 - cufnaanta qaraabo gaaska marka hore, kaas oo la geliyo hawada ama hydrogen (in hydrogen ah: D1 = M1 / 2, hawada D1 = M1 / 29, halka ay 2 iyo 29 - waa tiro ka gaws ee hydrogen iyo hawada, siday u kala horreeyaan).