Jirka Faraday: Biography, furitaanka

jirka Ingiriisi Maykl Faradey, kuwaas oo ku soo koray in qoys sabool ah, waxay ahayd mid ka mid ah aqoonyahaniinta ugu weyn ee taariikhda aadanaha oo. Uu guulaha fiican la sameeyey waqti sayniska jiray dad badan oo ku dhashay qolooyinka mudan. In uu sharaf, la odhan jiray unit of capacitance - farad.

Faraday (jirka): Biography gaaban

Maykl Faradey waxa uu ku dhashay on September 22, 1791 ee London, ee caasimada UK. Wuxuu ahaa ilmo saddexaad ee James iyo Margaret Faraday. Aabbihiisna wuxuu ahaa tumaal ah, kuwaas oo ahaa in caafimaadka dadka saboolka ah. Guurka ka hor, oo hooyadiis u shaqeeyey sidii gabadh. qoyska ku noolaa saboolnimada.

13 sano Michael dugsiga hoose, halkaas oo uu ka helay uu waxbarashada aasaasiga ah. Si aad u caawiso qoyska, wuxuu bilaabay inuu ka shaqeeyo Rasuul buugta ah. Wiil Qiiradaan wacdaro uu u shaqayso. Sannad ka dib oo uu ku dalacsiiyay arday maker.

Qabanaya iyo sayniska

Maykl Faradey doonayay in badan oo ku saabsan dunidu ku garato; waxa aan ku xaddidnayn soo celinta buugaagta. Ka dib markii shaqada maalin kasta assiduous, uu ku qaatay dhammaan buugaagta uu waqti free reading oo uu isku maran.

Tartiib tartiib ayuu ogaaday in noqday xiiso sayniska. Waxa uu si gaar ah u jeclaa labada buugaag:

• "Encyclopedia Britannica" - isha aqoonta uu korontada iyo waxyaalo badan oo kale.
• "Wada hadaladii on Chemistry" - 600 pages ku saabsan kiimikada ee la qoray sheeko la heli karo Dzheyn Marse.

Waxa uu ahaa sidaas oo horana oo uu ku bilaabay in ay qayb ka mid ah dakhliga ay yar on kiimikada iyo qalabka ku qaataan si loo xaqiijiyo runta ah waxa la akhriyey.

Ballaarinta aqoontooda cilmiyeed, wuxuu maqlay in saynisyahan caan Dzhon Tatum u sii socotay inay siin taxane ah oo muxaadarooyin dadweynaha ee falsafada dabiiciga ah (physics). Inay ka qayb galaan muxaadarooyin ku lahaa in uu bixiyo lacag dhan hal shilin - aad u badan ee Michael Faraday. Walaalkiis ka weyn, tumaal, qaab u kaliyeeli sii kordhaya in ay sayniska, walaalkiis isaga siiyey tiradii loo baahdo.

Aqoon Hamfri Devi

Faraday qaaday talaabo kale oo xagga sayniska marka William Dance, macaamiisha dukaanka weydiiyay Michael haddii uu haystay doonayo inuu dadka u tikidhada muxaadaro at Hay'adda Royal heli.

Bare, Sir Hamfri Devi, wuxuu ahaa mid ka mid ah aqoonyahaniinta ee caalamka ugu caansan ee ka dambeeya waqtiga. Faraday booday at fursad oo booqday afar muxaadarooyin ku saabsan mid ka mid ah arrimaha ugu dambeeyay ee chemistry - go'aan ka soo baxay ashitada. Waxa uu daawaday tijaabo, kaas oo la sameeyay at casharo Davy ee.

Waxay ahayd caalami ah taas oo uu ku noolaan lahaa. Faraday qoranay, ka dibna sameeyey dheeraad badan oo qoraal ah in lagu sameeyo qoraal gacmeedka 300-bog, taasoo uu qaloocdo iyo Davy diray calaamo of mahadnaq.

Wakhtigan dayrka dambe ee dukaanka ka, Michael bilaabay inuu sameeyo tijaabo dheeraad ah oo casri ah si ay u abuuraan batteriga korontada ee lacagta birta ah copper iyo saxannada zinc kala warqad qoyan cusbayn. Waxa uu u isticmaalo nabaad walxaha kiimikada, sida magnesium sulfate. In beerta this of chemistry Hamfri Devi ahaa horyaal ah.

Bishii Oktoobar 1812 dhameystirtay tababarka Faraday, wuxuuna bilaabay inuu ka shaqeeyo sidii maker ah loo-shaqeeye kale, oo uu helay haban.

Aan doonaynin waxa ay noqon barako in isbeddel

Oo waxaa jiray mar faraxsanahay Faraday. Sidaas darteed of tijaabo ku guuldareystay Hamfri Devi la dhaawacay, waxaa si ku meelgaar ah u dhibayso awooda uu u qoro. Michael uu karin inuu waayo, maalmo yar si aad uga for Davy, aragti ah buugga, taas oo uu soo diray.

Marka muddada gaaban ee shaqada dhamaaday kaaliyaha, saynisyahan Faraday diray warqad isagoo baryaya inuu shaqaalayaal u kireeyo caawiye ah. Muddo gaaban kaddib, mid ka mid ah farsamo ee Davy waxaa eryay dhaqan xumo, iyo Humphrey weydiiyay Michael, ma jecla hadii uu qaadan lahaa kursiga banaan.

Haddii uu doonayo in uu ka shaqeeyo Hay'adda Royal kula mid ka mid ah aqoonyahaniinta ugu caansan dunida oo dhan? Waxay ahayd su'aal xogsiin ah.

Careers machadka Royal

Faraday qaaday xafiiska March 1, 1813, isagoo jira da'da 21 sano.

Waxa uu si fiican u bixisay oo loo qoondeeyey inuu sii joogo qolka istoodhka ee Institute Royal ah. Michael ahaa mid aad u faraxsanahay, iyo xiriirka ay la leeyihiin hay'adda aan mar dambe la kala gooyey doonaa 54 sano, wuxuu inta lagu guda jiro kuwaas oo maamula si ay u noqdaan professor ah kiimikada.

shaqada Faraday uu ahaa si ay u diyaariyaan qalabka loo sameeyo tijaabo iyo muxaadarooyin ee Hay'adda Royal ah. Markii hore, waxa uu kula macaamilooteen trichloride nitrogen ah, waxyaabaha qarxa oo la isku buuqsan Davy. Michael, sidoo kale, marka uu qaraxu xigta uu si kooban badiyay miyir, iyo marka Humphrey ayaa waxaa mar kale ay ku dhaawacmeen, tijaabooyinka la xarunta ayaa la joojiyo.

7 bilood oo shaqo ah Davy Royal Institution ah Faraday ka dib markii uu qaatay isaga oo leh on safar of Europe, kaas oo socday muddo 18 bilood ah. Inta lagu jiro wakhtigan, Michael ahaa awoodaan in ay la kulmaan culimada waa weyn sida Andre-Marie Ampere ee Paris iyo Alessandro kooxda Fluminense bisha ee Milan. In dareenka, safar uu bedelay oo uu shahaado jaamacadeed - Faraday badan ka bartay inta lagu jiro waqtigan.

Inta safarka, si kastaba ha ahaatee, isagu ma uu ku faraxsan yahay, waayo, Intaa waxaa dheer in ay baaritaan iyo shaqooyinka xogheynta ahaa in ay u adeegaan Davy iyo xaaskiisa. Haweenaydii saynisyahan ma uu isu tixgeliyo si siman u Faraday sababta oo ah asal ahaan.

On uu ku soo laabtay London, wax kasta oo meel ku dhaceen. Machadka Royal dib u bilaabay Michael heshiis iyo Abaal kordhay. Davy xitaa bilaabay in la xuso inuu caawiyo in waraaqaha sayniska.

In 1816, at 24 jir, Faraday siiyey cashar ugu horeysay oo ku saabsan sifooyinka arrinta. Waxaa lagu qabtay falsafada City ee Society. Markaas ee "joornaal sayniska Quarterly", ayuu daabacay uu warqad cilmiyeed ugu horeysay on falanqaynta ee hydroxide calcium.

In 1821, isagoo jira da'da 29 sano Faraday loo dalacsiiyay madaxa ee beerta iyo shaybaarka ee Institute Royal. Isla sanadkaas wuxuu guursaday Sarah Barnard. Michael iyo xaaskiisa ku noolaa machadka inta badan 46 sano ee soo socda, ma aha sofiitada iyo qolka raaxo leh in mar degan Hamfri Devi.

In 1824 Biography of Faraday (physics) waxaa lagu calaamadeeyay by doorashada xubin ka mid ah Society Royal ah. Waxay ahayd aqoonsi ah oo dhab ah in uu ahaa aqoonyahan caan ah.

In 1825 Faraday jirka noqday agaasimaha shaybaarka.

In 1833 wuxuu noqday professor Fuller oo ah kiimikada ee Hay'adda Royal ee Great Britain. Faraday, meel uu qabtay ilaa dhimashadiisii.

In 1848 iyo 1858 uu la weydiiyey inay madax Society Royal ah, laakiinse wuu diiday.

guulihii sayniska

Si ay u sharxaan helitaanka Faraday in physics, waxay u baahan yihiin wax ka badan hal buug. Aan by fursad Albert Eynshteyn in uu xafiiska dhawray sawirada kaliya seddex saynisyahano: Isaaka Nyutona, James Maxwell iyo Michael Faraday.

Qaab daran oo ku filan, in kasta oo nolosha ka mid ah cilmiga waxay bilaabeen in ay isticmaalaan erayga "physics", isaga qudhiisuse wuxuu ku ma jeclaan, oo wuxuu had iyo jeer isaga qudhiisa u yeedhay Faylasuuf ah. Faraday jiray nin, kuwaas oo u baxay inuu helay iyada oo tijaabo, oo waxaa la og yahay in uu marnaba diidnay fikradaha oo u yimid inuu dareen sayniska mahad.

Haddii uu u maleeyay in fikradda ahaa u qalantaa, ayuu sii waday in ay tijaabiyaan, inkastoo ay dib u dhacyo badan, waxa uu weli ma soo gaadhay filayo ama aan weli ku qanacsanahay in Hooyo Nature ayaa xaqiijiyay qaldan isaga, taas dhacdo aad u dhif ah.

Sidaas Faraday helay physics? Halkan waxaa ku qoran qaar ka mid ah guulaha ugu caan ah oo uu.

1821: daahfurka ee wareeg electromagnetic

Waxay ahayd harbinger ka mid ah waxa ay ugu danbeyn keentay in la abuuro of motor koronto. Furitaanka ahayd mid ku salaysan aragtida ah ee guryaha Oersted magnetic of silig ka kaas oo qulqulka hadda korontada.

1823: liquefaction gaaska iyo qaboojiye

In 1802, Dzhon Dalton soo jeediyay in dhammaan gaasas lagu liquefied karaa marka heerkulku hooseeyo ama cadaadis sare. Jirka Faraday u siman cadaato. Waxa uu marka hore soo jeesteen chlorine iyo ammonia ee dareeraha.

ammonia Liquid weli xiiso u xaqiiqda ah in, sida uu u sheegay Maykl Faradey, ka physics ay uumi sababa qaboojinta. Mabda'a of qaboojinta iyada oo macmal ah uumi la si cad u soo bandhigay by William Cullen Edinburgh 1756 ee Sayniska The bamka ah hoos u cadaadiska in sibraar la ether, taas oo keentay in ay uumi deg deg ah. Tani waxay sababtay qaboojinta ah, iyo dibaddeeda oo sibraar ka qoyaan Hawada sameeyay baraf.

muhiimadda ay leedahay furitaanka Faraday ahaa in bambooyin si farsamaysan u bedeli karaan gaas si ay u dareere ah heerkulka qolka. Markaas uumi dareeraha, qaboojinta oo dhan ku wareegsan, gaaska laga soo saaro in la soo ururiyay laga yaabaa iyo Tifaftirayaasha by bamka ah oo wuxuu galay dareere ah mar kale, ku cel-wareegga. Tani waa sida qaboojiyaha casriga ah iyo qaboojiyeyaal socda.

In 1862 at Exhibition adduunka ee London, Ferdinand Carré bandhigay mashiinka ganacsiga ugu horeeyay dunida ee wax soo saarka ee barafka. In mashiinka sida ammonia dareere qaboojinta waxaa loo isticmaalaa, oo waxaa soo saaray baraf heer ah 200 kg halkii saac.

1825: daahfurka ee benzene

Taariikh ahaan, benzene in uu noqday mid ka mid ah walxaha ugu muhiimsan ee kimistari, in dareen wax ku ool ah, ie waxaa loo isticmaalaa in la abuuro qalab cusub, iyo af - .. Waayo, fahamka bond kiimikada. Saynisyahanka helay benzene ee wax soo saarka gaaska ah saliid ka hadhay, waayo, nalalka ee London.

1831: sharciga Faraday ee, formula, physics ee induction electromagnetic

Tani waxa ay ahayd daahfurka aad muhiim u ah mustaqbalka sayniska iyo farsamada. Law Faraday ee (Physics) waxay bixisaa in field magnetic ee talantaalli ah xaadiriyaan koronto ee Bannaanka, iyo ahbaa xoog electromotive waa si toos ah uu u dhigmaa heerka of isbedel aan istaagayn magnetic. Mid ka mid ah entries ay suurto gal | E | = | dΦ / DT |, halkaas oo E - EMF iyo F - ka daadanayo.

Tusaale ahaan, dhaqaaqin weheliyaan silig magnet kabo faras a soo saarta hadda korontada, tan iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa magnet ka keena duurka ku talantaalli magnetic. Ka hor this isha kaliya ee awoodda ahaa batteriga. Maykl Faradey, furitaanka taas oo physicists waxay muujiyeen in dhaqdhaqaaqa waxaa loo roggi karaa korontada, ama, marka la eego cilmi ah oo dheeraad ah, tamarta ogeed waxaa loo roggi karaa tamarta korontada, sidaas suurta gashay in ay xaqiiqda ah in inta badan ee tamarta ee guryaha maanta waxaa loo sameeyey keliya for this mabda '.

Wareegga (tamarta ogeed) waxaa beddelay korontada adigoo isticmaalaya induction electromagnetic. wareeg A, markeeda, waa la helay by tallaabada ee marawaxadaha uumi-kar tamar dhalinta ee dhuxusha, gaaska ama atamka, ama cadaadiska biyaha ee cadaadiska xireenada ama hawada ee Quwadda dabaysha.

1834: shuruucda electrolysis

Faraday jirka kaalin weyn ku ah Abuuridda cilmiga cusub ee electrochemistry. Waxa uu sharaxayaa waxa ka dhacaya on soohdinta reer qaybta koronto la arrinta ionized. Thanks to Electrochemistry aan u isticmaalno batariyada lithium-ra'iyi iyo batari, quudinta technology casriga ah mobile. sharciyada Faraday ayaa muhiim u ah our fahamka reactions koronto.

1836: war abuurashadoodii ka qolkii gaashaan

Jirka Faraday ogaadeen in marka kaari koronto ayaa lagu eedeeyay, wax kharash xad-dhaaf ururayaa dhinaca dibaddana. Taas macnaheedu waa in gudaha qolka ama qafis ka bir sameeyey, lacag dheeraad ah uusan ka muuqan. Tusaale ahaan, qofka sita a joog Faraday, E. t. Iyadoo dahaarka bir ah, mana dayacna ee korontada ee dibada. Waxa intaa dheer in dadka ilaalinta Faraday qafis loo isticmaali karaa tijaabo korontada ama electrochemical xasaasi u ah faragelin dibadeed. qolkii baaray sidoo kale abuuri kartaa goobaha dhintay isgaarsiinta mobile.

1845 furitaanka saamayn Faraday ah - saamayn magneto-indhaha

tijaabo muhiim kale ee taariikhda sayniska ahayd waayo-aragnimo ah markii ugu horeysay cadeeyay xidhiidhka ka mid electromagnetism iyo Nuur, oo in 1864 ayaa si buuxda u tilmaamay by isleegyo ee James Karaaniga Maxwell. Jirka Faraday helay nuur waa la ruxruxo ah electromagnetic ee "Markii ulo ka soo horjeeda magnetic yihiin dhinaca isku mid ah, waxa ay leedahay saamayn ku iftiinka kala fog, oo sidaas abuurayaa xidhiidhka ka dhexeeya ciidanka magnetic iyo Nuur ...

1845: daahfurka ee diamagnetism sida guryaha ee arrinta oo dhan

Dadka intooda badan waa ay la ferromagnetism tusaale magnet-caadiga ah. Faraday (jirka) ogaadeen in walxaha dhan waa diamagnetic - wax yar ka badan oo iyaga ka mid ah, laakiin sidoo kale waxaa jira xoog leh. Diamagnetism yahay mid kasoo horjeeda in ay jihada duurka codsatay magnetic. Tusaale ahaan, haddii aad meel cirif woqooyi leeyihiin wax si adag diamagnetic, waxa ay noqon doontaa bilowga ah. Diamagnetism in qalabka laaluusheen by magnet casri ah oo aad u xoog badan waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si ay u gaaraan levitation. Xitaa xayawaan sida rahyo, waa diamagnetic iyo dul istaagin kartaa in a beerta magnetic xoog leh.

dhamaadka

Maykl Faradey, jirka dadka, kuwaas oo daahfurtay galisay sayniska, dhintay on August 25, 1867 ee London at da'da 75 sano. Naagtiisii Saarahna noolaa muddo dheer. Lamaanahan ayaa carruurna ma ay lahayn. naftiisa oo dhan wuxuu ahaa dhawrsade Christian ah oo waxaa iska lahaa sandemaniantsev dariiqada Protestant yar.

Inta lagu guda jiro nolosha Faraday ayaa lagu casuumay in ay aaska ee Westminster Abbey oo ay la socdaan boqorradii iyo boqorado of Great Britain iyo saynisyahano sida Isaac Newton. Waxa uu dhawaan diiday for xaflad kaagana. Qabrigiisii, kaas oo sidoo kale lagu aasay Sarah, waxaa laga heli karaa oo laga helay Xabaalaha Highgate in London.