Evolution bayoolaji - taariikh ...

horumarka taariikhiga ah ee duur-joogta qaadataa meel si waafaqsan sharciyada qaar, iyo waxa lagu gartaa ururinta ka mid ah sifooyinka shaqsi. guulaha Biology qeybtii hore ee qarnigii 19-adeegay sidii shardi u ah abuurista sayniska cusub - biology evolutionary. Waxay isla markiiba noqday caan ah. Oo waxay cadaynaysaa in horumar ee biology - waa habka deterministic iyo karin ee horumarinta noocyada qofka iyo bulshada oo dhan - dadka. Waxay dhacdaa in Earth ee biosphere, saameeya oo dhan ay qolof. Maqaalkani waxa uu diiradda saari doonaa sidii ay u baran fikradaha ah noocyada iyo arrimo evolutionary.

History of view evolutionary horumarka

Science ayaa maray hab adag ee formation of fikradaha falsafadeed oo ku saabsan hababka salka dabiiciga ah ee dhulkeenna. Waxay bilaabeen fikradaha of creationism ninba C. Linnaeus, Cuvier, Charles Layeleem. The la xiqiijiyay in marka hore evolutionary ayaa lagu soo bandhigay by Lamarck ah saynisyahan Faransiis uu "Philosophy ee cilmi barasho xayawaan". sahamisa Ingiriisi Charlz helay Ashley Cole ugu horeysay ee sayniska soo jeediyay in horumar ee biology - waa hab ku salaysan kala duwanaanshaha hidaha iyo doorashada dabiiciga ah. Its ku salaysan yahay halganka jiritaanka.

Darwin rumeysan yahay in muuqaalka kore ee isbeddel joogto ah noocyada waa natiijada ay la qabsashada isbedelka joogta ah deegaanka. Halganka loogu jiro jiritaanka, sida uu cilmiga ah, jidhku waa set oo ah xiriirka deegaanka. Oo ay sabab been ku raad ee xayawaan in la kordhiyo tirada iyo ballaariyo degaanada. Dhammaan arrimahaasi waxay ka mid horumar. Biology, Grade 9 wax ku bartay fasalka, ka fiirsaneysa inay geedi socodka kala duwanaansho iyo doorashada dabiiciga ah hidde ee "Aragti Evolutionary".

horumarka la xiqiijiyay in dardaro dunida organic

Inta lagu guda jiro nolosha Charles Darwin fikraddiisa ayaa lagu dhaleeceeyey by tiro ka mid ah culimada si fiican u yaqaan sida F. Jenkin iyo Mr. Spencer. Qarnigii 20aad, ay sabab u tahay cilmi degdeg hidaha iyo postulating sharciyada Mendel hiddo ay suurto gal u noqday in la abuuro fikrad dardaro ee horumar. In wuxuu qoray waxay soo kala tilmaameen sida aqoonyahaniinta caan ah sida S. Chetverikov D. Haldane iyo C. Reid. Waxay ku doodeen in horumar ee biology - arrin ku horumarka noolaha, taas oo uu leeyahay aromorphoses foomka, idioadaptatsy taabanaysa dadka ee noocyada kala duwan.

Sida laga soo xigtay la xiqiijiyay in this, arrimaha Hir nolosha evolutionary, miyigii hidaha iyo go'doon. Foomka horumarka taariikhiga ah ee dabiiciga ah arkay in geedi socodka sida speciation, macroevolution iyo microevolution. The views sayniska kor ku matali karaa sida summation aqoon oo ka mid ah Isbedelo, kuwaas oo ah il kala duwanaansho hidaha. Iyo sidoo kale fikradaha dadweynaha, sida qaybta dhismaha ee horumarka taariikhiga ah ee noocyada.

Waa maxay horumar ah ee deegaanka?

Ereygan waxaa loo gudbinayaa biogeocenotic heer urur ee duur-joogta. Waxay dhacdaa geedi socodka microevolution saamaynaya dadka of a noocyada hal. Sidaas darteed, waxaa suurto gal ah ee dacawo cusub iyo noocyada. Halkan, waxaa jira dariiqooyinka u hogaaminya in muuqaalka kore ee taxa - genera, qoysaska iyo fasallada. Waxay ka tirsan tahay macroevolution. cilmi Vernadsky caddaynaya xiriirka dhow ee dhammaan heerarka kala duwan ee ururka ee arrinta ku nool biosphere ah, xaqiijin xaqiiqda ah in biogeocoenosis - waa deegaan ka mid ah geedi socodka evolutionary.

At ugu horraysa ee, in uu yahay, deegaanka ah oo deggan, taas oo ay jirto kala duwan oo dadka ka mid ah fasalada badan, isbedel waa ay sabab u tahay horumar isku xidhan. Species oo ka mid ah Biogeocenoses deggan yeedhay tsenofilnymi. Oo shuruudaha deganayn nidaamka, waxaa jira horumar ah ka baaqsiga ka mid dabiici ah caag ah, waxa loogu yeero tsenofobnyh noocyada. xayawaanka socdaalka dadka kala duwan oo ka mid ah noocyada la mid ah la beddelo barkadaha hiddo ay jabiyay inta jeer ee dhacdo of hiddo-oo kala duwan. Sidaas ayaa sheegay in biology casriga ah. horumar ah ee dunida organic, taas oo la oran doonaa na hoos by, Oo Xaqiijiyay In xaqiiqda.

Marxaladaha horumarinta ee dabiiciga ah

Culimada sida S. Razumovsky iyo V. Krasilov caddeeyeen in heerka of horumar nooca waxyaabaha salka u ah horumarinta mid ma ahan. Waxay yihiin isbedel gaabis ah iyo ku dhawaad dismo in Biogeocenoses ku xasilloon. Waxay soo maratay degdegsiimada xilliyada dhibaatooyinka deegaanka .. masiibooyinka Man-dhigay, glaciers barafka, iwm In biosphere casriga ah waxay hoy u tahay oo ku saabsan 3 million noocyada xayawaanka. Ugu muhiimsan ee iyaga ka mid ah waa barashada Biology (Darajada 7) u ah nolosha aadanaha. Evolution Protozoa, Coelenterata, Arthropoda, Chordata waa kakanaanta ah in tartiib la kordhiyo of wareegga ah, neefsashada, habdhiska nidaamka xoolaha.

The hadhaagii koowaad ee noolaha helay dhagaxyada aasan Archean. Da'dooda ku saabsan yahay 2.5 bilyan oo sano jir. The eukaryotes marka hore u muuqday bilowga ah ee xilligii Proterozoic. fursado suuragal ah in asalka ah ee noolaha multicellular sharaxo fikradaha sayniska fagotsitelly Mechnikov iyo gastraea E. Getellya. Evolution bayoolaji - waa habka dabiiciga ah ka foomamka ugu horeysay nolosha Archean si kala duwan ee dhirta iyo ugaarta ee Era casriga Cenozoic.

fikradaha Modern ku saabsan horumar ah ee arrimaha

Waxay yihiin xaaladaha keeni isbedel-qabsiga ee noolaha. Ay genotype waxaa ugu saamayn dibadda (qiimaynta balliga hiddo-noocyada ah) la ilaaliyo. macluumaad dhaxlo weli waa la beddeli karaa by hiddo Isbedelo koromosoomyada. Tani waa habka - helitaanka of sifooyinka cusub iyo guryaha - waxaa jira horumar xoolaha. Biology waxaa daraasaad ee qaybaha sida anatomy barbardhig, biogeography iyo genetics. Dhalmada sida qodob ka mid ah horumar, waa muhim. Waxay bixisaa wax isbedel ah oo ka ab iyo sii socodka ah ee nolosha.

Man iyo Biosphere ah

The geedi socodka horumarka ah qolofka Earth iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa Yamen noolaha inaad wax ka barato bayoolaji. horumar ah ee biosphere ee dhulkeenna waxay leedahay taariikh dheer dhulka. Waxaa la horumariyo by Vernadsky Markuu wax barayay. Waxa uu asal ahan dheer "noosphere" ah, waxgarasho sarkhaansan miyir (maskaxda) oo ah hawlaha aadanaha deegaanka. arrinta ku nool, waxaa ka mid ahaa in qolof ah ee caalamka oo dhan, oo iyaga wax kabadalaya iyo qeexayaa wareegga ah ee arrinta iyo tamarta.