Dumarka Great saynisyahano iyo daahfurtay in ay. sawir

Waqtiyada oo dhan, aragtida dunida ee ahaa in jinsiga dumarka iyo sayniska - waa in aynan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, cilmi-dumar ah, ku dhiirrigeliney in ay horumarka aadanaha ee dhammaan heerarka kala taariikhda, si ay uga hortagaan aan cadaalad ahayn sida.

Haweenka saynisyahano dunida qadiimiga ah

Xitaa markii ilbaxnimo ahaa ee ay ka talinaysay hore, jinsi ah caddaallad marmar dhif ah la siiyaa fursad uu ku sameeyo sayniska. Haweenka intooda ugu badan saynisyahano ku noolaa Giriigii hore, inkastoo patriarchy adag in uu jiro boqor ku ahaa.

Wakiilka caanka ah ee deegaanka sayniska ahaa Hypatia, kuwaas oo ku noolaa dalka dhamaadka IV - bilowgii qarnigii V BC. e. Waxay ahayd gabadhii saynisyahan caan Teona Aleksandriyskogo, iyadoo ay sabab u lahaa in ay helaan waxbarasho. Waxaa intaa dheer in, ayay baray maadooyinka Alexandria sida falsafada, xisaabta iyo xiddigaha, kaas oo uu ku qoran waraaqaha sayniska. Hypatia sidoo kale wuxuu ahaa hindisa ah, waayo, kaasu abuuray qalabka sayniska sida, sida muxaadaro, astrolabe iyo hydrometer ah.

saynisyahano dumar ah oo awel hore ku nool dalalka kale. Ka hor inta aannu mar ayaa soo gaadhay oo ku saabsan Maria Profetisse, kuwaas oo ku noolaa in BC waxaan qarnigii. e. Yeruusaalem. Qaadaan alchemy, ka dib markii tusaale ahaan ka mid ah saynisyahano badan oo wakhtigaas, waxa uu kaalin muhiim ah horumarinta kimistari oo casri ah. In ay iska leh nidaamka been abuurtay kululaynta dareeraha on qubeyska la shiilayo iyo ugu horeysay u beddesho mid ah ayaa weli ah.

daahfurtay The haween saynisyahano dhigay

Inkastoo xayiraado adag ee ay helaan aqoon, jinsi ah caddaallad sii waday in ay ka shaqeeyaan Been uu. fikradaha badan oo cilmi ah, eraybixinta, iyo qalab kala duwan in aan u isticmaalno ee dunida casriga ah, waxaa la aasaasay haween saynisyahano.

Sayidka, talaabooyinka u horeeya ee barnaamijyada, waxaa ay leedahay gabadh. Lady Augusta Ada Byron (1815-1851 g), gabadhii Abwaan caan ah, at da'da 17 sano abuurtay saddexda barnaamij in ay muujiyaan awoodaha gorfaynta kombiyuutarada. Tani waxa ay ahayd bilowga barnaamijka. Waxaa la magacaabay ka dib markii mid ka mid ah barnaamijyada Ada ah, marka lagu daro, wakiillo ka socda fasaxa xirfadeed ee xirfad u rumeeyey waa dhalashada of this gabar aan caadi ahayn caqli - on 10 December.

Isagoo ka hadlayay mowduuca "The haweenka saynisyahano ugu horeysay," in aan ku xuso wakiilka dhalaalayaa uu waqti Marii Kyuri (1867-1934 GG.). Tani waa haweeneydii ugu horeysay ee la gudoonsiiyey Nobel Prize laba jeer, iyo saynisyahan kaliya ee dunida si aad u hesho laba qaybood oo kala duwan. Ayada iyo ninkeedaba , Pierre Curie, kuwaas oo uu lahaa ma aha oo kaliya qoyska, laakiin sidoo kale urur hal abuur leh, loo aqoonsaday Polonium ee element kiimikada. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxa iska leh iyaga helitaanka shucaaca, kaas oo ay heshay abaalmarinta ugu sareysa ee duurka ku of physics. The abaalmarinta ka dib markii horeba in Chemistry, Mariya Kyuri nafteeda kasbaday ka dib geeridii ninkeeda, sii shaqada adag iyo muujinayo radium saafiga ah.

Taasi waxaa leh fikradda ah in la isticmaalo daawada lagu daaweyn jiray nabarradii iyo burooyinka kala duwan. Markii dagaalkii koowaad ee aduunka, ayay ugu horeysay abuuray mashiinada X-ray in qaadan karaan. In sharaf of laba dambe u yeedhay element kiimikada CI, iyo sidoo kale unit ee cabbirka ee shucaaca Curie.

Liiska haweenka weyn

Hedy LaMarr (1913-2000) - The mid ka mid ah haweenka ugu quruxda badan ee Hollywood, waqti isku mid ah haysashada ahaayeen ah oo muuqda oo xariif. In la guursaday soo horjeeda rabitaankooda, waayo, Fritz Mandla, kuwaas oo uu ku lug lahaa ganacsi hubka, ayay isagii way ka si America, halkaas oo uu ka bilaabay mustaqbalkiisa sida aktarada ah soo orday. Intii lagu guda jiray dagaalka, ayay muujiyeen xiisaha ay u torpedoes radio ay gacanta ku bixiyey gargaarka horumarinta ee Golaha Qaranka ee alifay. Marka la eego habdhaqanka jinsi dumar ah, saraakiisha ma doonayaan in ay wax ka qaban. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ay sabab u tahay caanka ah ee atariishada, iyagu ma ay iyadu kaliya siin kartaa ilaa. Sidaa darteed, waxaa lagu si ay u caawiyaan guddiga, iibin tiro aad u badan la xidho. Hedy xariif caawiyey iyada ururiyaan ka badan 17 million. Waxay ku dhawaaqday in qof kasta oo iibsaday bonds ee lacagta aan ka yarayn 25,000, iyada ka heshay dhunkasho. In 1942 ayay, wada jir ah ula laxamiistaha George Antheil, Abuurtay aragtida ah ee meelaha boodayaa. daahfurka Tani weli ma mahadnaqayo, laakiin waxaa la isticmaali dunida oo dhan maanta, telefoonada gacanta, Wi-Fi 802,11 iyo GPS.

Barbara McClintock (1902-1992) - Saynisyahan weyn, marka hore laga helay dhaqdhaqaaqa hiddo. Waxa ay ahayd tii ugu horeysay ku tilmaamay koromosoom giraanta, kaas oo sannado badan oo kaliya ka dib waxay bilaabeen inay in la isticmaalo si ay u sharxaan cudurada hidaha. Waxa ay si fiican u qalmay Nobel Prize Barbara helay sano oo kaliya 30 ka dib, at da'da 81 sano. By markii ugu qof dumar ah oo dadka waayeelka ah - saynisyahan caan ah - la hadlay oo ku saabsan cilmi-baarista iyo natiijada adduunka oo dhan.

Haweenka Ruush saynisyahano

Horumarinta ee sayniska ee Russia sidoo kale waa wax aan macquul aheyn in la qiyaaso oo aan dumarka kuwaas oo kaalin weyn in ay.

Ermoleva Zinaida Vissarionovna (1898-1974) - biolojiste The Madaxdii Gaalowday oo epidemiologist. Waxa ay ahayd tii u abuuray antibiotics - daroogada, iyada oo aan taas oo ma suurtowdo in la qiyaaso daawo casri ah. Waxa la yaab leh, laakiin si ay u dhigaan scientific discovery, gabar 24-sano jir ah laftiisa cudurka cudur dilaa ah - daacuunka. Ogaanshaha in haddii aadan heli karin daawo ah, maalmaha ay la tiriyey, weli waa ay awoodaan in ay nafteeda ku bogsiiyaan. Inta badan ka dib, 20 sano ka dib, inta lagu guda jiro dagaalka, taas horeba waa qof dumar ah oo jira da'da dhexe, saynisyahan weyn, ka cudurka Daacuun Stalingrad hareereeyey a badbaadiyey. Ayaa la siiyay Order of Lenin, iyo ka dib Stalin Prize, ayay ku riday oo dhan tixgelin ku helay diyaaradda. Soon, samada waxaa hore u duulaya dagaalka ah oo u dhashay magaca naagtan la yaab leh.

kaalin weyn horumarinta anatomy sameeyey Adamovna Krausskaya Anna (1854-1941 magaalada). Waxay heshay horyaalka of professor aan difaacaneysa sha iyo noqotay gabadhii ugu horeysay ee Russia in lagu abaal this xaaladda cilmiyeed sharaf.

No kaalin ka yar weyn sayniska sameeyey iyo Kovalevskaya Sofya Vasilevna (1850-1891) - xisaab The Ruush iyo injineer.

Way samaysay badan Waayo, kuwaas oo laamihii sayniska, laakiin cilmi daahfurka ugu muhiimsan ee loo arkaa wareeg ee a top sinnayn culus. Waxa xiiso leh in Sofya ahayd gabadha kaliya ee waqtiga, wuxuu noqday professor ka mid ah xisaabta sare ee Northern Europe. Tusaale ahaan Personal, this naag Ruush xigmad leh bara guusha iyo aqoonta ma aha ku tiirsan jinsiga.

Seynisyahanno Mudanayaal ka adduunka oo dhan

Ku dhawaad dal kasta oo ku faani karaan haweenka weyn, taas oo ay sabab u tahay waxaa jiray isbedelo waa weyn ee sayniska.

Waxaa ka mid jinsi cadaalad ah, taas oo dunida oo dhan og yahay, magaca codadka Rachel Luiz Karson (1907-1964), nin cilmiga nafleyda barta, ka shaqeeyaan si dhow ku saabsan arrimaha deegaanka. In 1962, taas naag horay da'da dhexe, saynisyahan weyn, ayaa soo saartay maqaalka ku saabsan saamaynta cayayaanka beeraha, taas oo uu ugu faraxsan dunida sayniska. Her buugga "Silent War" keentay in weerar kulul by saarayaasha kiimikada kuwaas oo lacag badan ku bixiyaan jirrabayeen oo Raaxeel. Waxaa buuggan waxa uu noqday wadadii uu abuurka badan ee ilaalinta dhaqdhaqaaqa bulshada ee deegaanka.

Charlotte Gilman (1860-1935) - The co-aasaasaha dhaqdhaqaaqa dumarka dunida oo dhan. Thanks to tayadiisa aad u fiican oo ah qoraaga, waxay ahayd inaan ka dhaansado in booska la dulmay haweenka dareenka dadweynaha awood.

waxbarasho aqoonsi haweenka saynisyahano

opinion Public waa si xoogan u quudhsaday iyo buunbuuniyeen doorka haweenka. Mudanayaal saynisyahano Research waqti isku mid ah ma doonayaan in ay joojiyaan, in kastoo, iyo waa ay yihiin caqabado badan. Gaar ahaan, diyaarinta horyaal sayniska, in la barbardhigo lab saaxiibadood, iyaga siiyey dhib weyn.

Research Rosalind Franklin (1920-1958 g) daraasadda of DNA ayaa guul weyn, laakiin aan la aqoonsan intii uu noolaa.

Sidoo kale, dad yar ogahay in mid ka mid ah Aasaasayaasha ee hubka nuclear ahayd jinsi ah caddaallad ah - Liza Meytner (1878-1968 g). Waxay kala jajabay xuduntii uranium oo soo gabagabeeyey in uu cadaanyo silsilad in ay abuuri karaan in la sii daayo weyn ee tamarta.

Awoodda si ay u abuuraan hubka ugu awoodda badan dunida oo dhan, ayaa sababay in jawaab dadweynaha weyn. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, pacifist dhaadhiciyay, Lisa joojiyay uu cilmi baaris, ay diideen in ay ka dhigi bam. Natiijada waxa ay aheyd in qoraallada iyada oo aan la aqoonsan yahay, iyo Nobel Prize halkii helay iyada jaalle Otto Hahn.

Furitaanka dumarka saynisyahano

Way adag tahay in ay qiimayn dheeraad tabarruca uu sameeyey by haweenka saynisyahano horumarinta sayniska dunida. At xididka badan oo aragtiyo maanta si sax ahaayeen jinsi ah caddaallad ah, magacyada kuwaas oo inta badan aan dadweynaha ka dhigay. Waxa intaa dheer in guulahaan, haweenka ka tirsan daahfurtay sida:

• dhagax xiddig ayaa marka hore - Maria Mitchell (1847);
• xididdada caadi evolutionary nin la daanyeer a - Dzheyn Gudoll (1964);
• periscope - Sarah Meter (1845);
• aammusiiye waayo gaariga - El Dolores Dzhons (1917);
• Weelka - Geris Josephine Cochrane (1914);
• corrector for typos - Betti Grem (1956), iyo kuwo kale oo badan.

Kaloy sayniska dunida

Malaysan in sayniska iyo horumarinta jinsi crazier ka sii quruxsan, kuwaas oo u soo dalacday ee dhammaan heerarka kala duwan ee horumarka aadanaha. saynisyahano Women dunida ayaa qeyb ka warshadaha sida:

• physics,
• chemistry,
• daawo,
• falsafada,
• suugaanta.

Nasiib darro, ma aannu helay magacyada oo dhan Xaakimkii shaqeeyey faa'iido u ah Dadka, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaan dhihi karaa kalsooni in ay shaqada waa istaahilaa ixtiraam.

Aragtida haweenka saynisyahano ee wakhtigan casriga ah

Sababo la jinsi ah caddaallad ah, kuwaas oo si joogta ah cadaato ay xaq u leeyihiin in ay galaan sayniska, bulshada casriga ah waxaa ugu dambeyntii waxa uu qiray in sinnaanta ee ragga iyo dumarka. Maanta, garab rag iyo dumar ka sii in ay ka shaqeeyaan horumarinta aadanaha. Hel shahaado ama abaalmarin loogu tala galay dumarka mar dambe ma waxa ay u muuqataa wax aan macquul ahayn, laakiin waddada si loo eego sida uu mid dheer oo adag.

naag firfircoon ee qarnigii XX ah

haween saynisyahano caan ka shaqeeya in aannu mar.

Shtern Lina Solomonovna, biochemist iyo physiologist, waxay ahayd gabadhii ugu horeysay aqbashay in ay Academy of Sciences ee USSR.

Skorohodova Olga Ivanovna - naag da'da dhexe ah, saynisyahan a weyn. Qormada An ku saabsan muuqaalada dhegoole ayaa weli xusay in wareegyada sayniska. therapist tayo A, kaliya qof dumar dhega la-carrab cilmiga dunida ee.

Dobiash-Christmas Olga Antonovna taariikhyahan Ruush iyo Soviet iyo qoraa, wuxuu noqday xubin ka mid ah oo u dhiganta oo ka mid ah Academy of Sciences ee USSR.

Ladygina-xeryo Nadezhda - ka zoopsychologists saynisyahan ugu horeysay ee Russia.

Pavlova Mariya Vasilevna, ugu horeysay saynisyahan-paleontologist.

Glagoleva-Arkadieva Alexandra Andreevna, jirka dadka. Gabadhan ayaa helay warkiisiina wuxuu gaadhay dunida oo dhan, oo waxay noqdeen dhakhtar ee cilmiga jirka iyo xisaabta.

Lebedeva Olga Sergeevna, turjumaan iyo nin afaf ka barto, kuwaas oo uu aasaasay Society of Studies Oriental, guddoomiyaha sharafeedka ah taas oo ahayd mustaqbalka.

Lermontov Julia Vsevolodovna buuxda ku noolaa in ay magaceeda caanka ah, si kastaba ha ahaatee, degaanka ah oo kala duwan. Waxay ahayd farmashiyaha ugu horeysay ee dumar ah, shahaadada ee Doctor of Science.

Klado Tatiana Nikolaevna - haweenaydii ugu horraysay-aerologist labadaba Russia iyo dunida oo dhan.

Noqoshada ugu horeysay ee ay duurka, waxay muujiyeen tusaale wanaagsan in badan. Haweenka waa hagaagsan faani sida sayniska hooyo iyo dunida, mahad mahadiyay qaaraan ah oo ay ka dhigtay.

gunaanad

In kasta oo dhibaato ah, haweenka saynisyahano ayaa si adag uga shaqaynaysaa si loo caddeeyo xaqa ay u leeyihiin in ay sinnaanta. dhaqdhaqaaqa A horumarka in ay ka dhigtay in ay suurto gal, waa adag tahay in ay qiimayn dheeraad. naag Kuwani firfircoon derdertay magacyadooda ee si buuxda u furan yahay, inuu noqdo tusaale ka mid ah dulqaad iyo geesinimo.