Dhaqaaleyahan American Paul Samuelson: fikradaha aasaasiga ah, aragti dhaqaale iyo Biography

Paul Samuelson, Nobel Prize oo lagu abaalmariyey in 1970, inayan khasaare ahayn loo arkaa in ay dhaqaaleyahan ee waqtiga oo dhan ee. Qayb weyn oo ka mid ah guulihii uu ka koobnaan caddayn aragtiyaha asaasiga ah iyo mabaadii'da dhammaan qaybaha dhaqaalaha: aragtida ah ee wax soo saarka, ganacsiga caalamiga ah, falanqaynta dhaqaale, aragtida caasimada iyo kobaca dhaqaalaha, taariikhda fikirka dhaqaalaha, macroeconomics. Waxaan bixinaa si aad u bartaan culimada qudbad sida Paul Samuelson. Fikradaha, si kooban u sharaxaya guulaha ay ugu muhiimsan ee lagu soo bandhigi doonaa in this article. Isaga oo culimada qoraallada akhriska iyo akhriyo ilaa haatan.

Maqaalka ugu horreeya Samuelson

aragti dhaqaale ee Paul Samuelson sheegay in uu buugaag iyo articles. article koowaad ee cilmiga ku qoray at da'da 23 sano, 1938. Waxaa loo yaqaan "Notes on aragti saafiga ahaa ee dhaqanka macaamiisha." Inta lagu jiro abuurista maqaalka Samuelson bartay dugsiga qalin. Wuxuu muujisay in qalooca baahida, loo yaqaan aalad falanqaynta, laga dheefay karaa ka door bidayso, kuwaasi oo ay si qayb ka mid ah heshiiska waxiibsashada "helay" naqa, waayo, taas oo ay jirto fursad si ay u dhawraan suuqa, halka aan billaabeen inay gooladaha warheynta ama aragtida ah utility yarna .

article ugu weyn

In 1939, Samuelson ee article "Isku dhex ah multiplier iyo xawaaraha," waxaa la muujiyay in haddii aad ku darto in aragtida go'aan dakhliga (Keynesian) model of maalgashiga xawaaraha, aad u hesho sharaxaad fudud laakiin complete sababta dhaqaalaha waa la kulma wareegyada ganacsiga. In 1948 wuxuu daabacay maqaal "Ganacsiga Caalamiga ah ...", taas oo caddayn u ah in doodaha taageerayaasha ganacsiga xorta ah, xaaladaha qaarkood joojiyaan in ay leeyihiin saamayn. Dhaqaaleyahannada ah si la mid ah laga helay sanado badan ka hor in wax soo saarka ee badeecooyinka qaarkood iyadoo la adeegsanayo hab suuqa waa ka gadanayaa, sida gargaarka waxay u keeneen iyaga by, la heli karo oo dhan, sidaas darteed qofna ma uu xiiseynayo inuu bixiyo iyaga. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Samuelson kaliya ee maqaal cinwaankiisu yahay "Aragti ka daahirane ah kharashka dadweynaha" bixiyo qeexid adag cilmiyaysan oo ka mid ah sifooyinka iyo sifooyin oo ka mid ah hantida dadweynaha.

ra'yigaa waa

Samuelson difaacay in 1941 at University Harvard, a sha phD cajiib ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, shaqo la aan la daabacay ilaa 1947. Waxaa lagu magacaabaa "Foundations of Falanqaynta Dhaqaalaha". Tani waa tallaabo kale oo horay u waxgarashada ee dhaqaalaha in la fruitfully sahamin karaan dabeecad kasta dhaqaale. Waayo, kan waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in ay u dhowaan ay tixgelin dhibaato maximization ah, kaas oo la xalin by yahay lagama maarmaan iyo kalkulaska kala duwan. Samuelson diyaariyey waxa loogu yeero mabda 'waraaqo ah. Sida laga soo xigtay isaga si, falanqaynta tirakoobka of equilibria ma siin karo natiijo wanaagsan, haddii ay jiraan waa Xujo lahayn ee heer u dhigma of xasiloonida. Last waxay ka dhigan tahay weecasho inessential ka qiyamka kortay of doorsoomayaasha kala duwan yihiin is-Sixitaanka. samaynta waxa uu bilaabay danta hadda cilmibaadhe oo u dhaqdhaqaaqa dhaqaale, iyo sidoo kale in ay daraasadda of qiimaha, kuwaas oo loo arkay in xaaladda non-hoganaya.

buugaagta Main Samuelson

All of kor ku xusan waa mid aad u cajiib ah, laakiin waxa uu dhan ma gaaro saynisyahan Maraykanka. In 1948 buugga "Dhaqaalaha" la dhigay (Paul Samuelson, William Nordhaus) heerka hordhac ah. Waxaa la soo gudbiyo war abuurashadoodii ah Samuelson "45-degree Keynesian Cross", taas oo ku siinayaa qeexidda dhabta ah ee dakhliga qaranka. war abuurashadoodii Tani waxa ay door muhiim ah in faafinta ee meelaha sida Keynesianism, in sano ka dib dagaalkii labaad ee dunida. In 1958, Samuelson ayaa abuuray buug cinwaankiisu yahay "barnaamijyada toosan iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa dhaqaale." Waxaa la Robert Solow iyo Robert Dorfman wada qoran. Buugani wuxuu door aad u muhiim ah in faafinta ee hababka ayna xisaabta, iyo horukaca dagaalka. Horumarinta ee ayna xisaabta ka dhacay lala dhaqaalaha Keynesian. Buugani ma ahayn oo keliya buugaagta tan iyo qorayaasha ay u suurtagashay in ay isu geeyo mid ka mid aragti dhan koboc dhaqaale, barnaamijyada toosan iyo aragtida ah ee qiimaha, sida arrimaha la hadlay iyagii ku go'doon.

Paul Samuelson: Biography

saynisyahan The mustaqbalka uu ku dhashay ee Indiana (Gary City) ee 1915. At da'da lix iyo toban ayuu soo galay ee University of Chicago. Samuelson shahaadada Masterka ka qaatay Jaamacadda Harvard helay, markii uu weli ma wuxuu ahaa labaatan. Oo 26, inuu durba dhakhtar falsafada. Ra'yigaa Samuelson guuleystay David A. Wells, ay bixiso Jaamacadda Harvard. Dabadeed wuxuu bilaabay inuu ka shaqeeyo sidii oo bare ka ah Machadka Massachusetts ee Technology. Ka dib markii 6 sano, Samuelson waxa uu noqday professor ka buuxaan. In machadka this, waxa uu ka shaqeeyay in uu nolosha oo dhan, ilaa uu ka fariistay, lagu qabtay sanadkii 1986.

Ka dib markii la helo Nobel Prize Samuelson uu publications badan oo sii waday in ay u muuqdaan in print. Waxay taabtay on noocyo kala duwan oo mawduucyo, oo ay ku jiraan nidaamka isitcmaalo ammaanka bulshada iyo aragtida shaqada hawlgalka sida lagu xusay in shuqulka Maarkiistaha ah. Tan iyo bartamihii 1970-iyo ka dib article Samuelson ee ku saabsan "ek'eysiiyo qiimaha factor," heegan u ah ganacsiga caalamiga ah, si cad u muujinaya in ganacsiga xorta ah ee u dhexeeya dal oo kala duwan waa in ay caawiyaan si loo yareeyo faraqa u dhexeeya dakhliga caasimadda iyo shaqada ee dalalka.

Iyadoo la tixgelinayo nolosha shakhsiga ah, Samuelson uu leeyahay 4 wiil iyo 2 gabdhood oo ka naagtiisa ugu horeysay. Wuxuu guursaday markii labaad ee 1981. In kasta oo ay da'da, saynisyahan ka dib markii uu guur sii barayay at Harvard, iyo sidoo kale kula taliyay Reserve Federaalka iyo dawladda Maraykanka.

Samuelson dhintay December 13, 2009 ka dib markii uu xanuun ka kooban. Sidaas darteed, wuxuu ku noolaa 94 sano. Uu dhintay dadweynaha adeegga saxaafadda oo ka mid ah Institute of Technology ee.

Abaal iyo abaalmarinta

Paul Samuelson waa qaataha abaalmarino badan, iyo sidoo kale milkiilaha tiro ka mid ah koob oo sharaf. In 1947 wuxuu abaal John. B. Clark, kaas oo ahaa ugu horeeyay ee taxane this. Abaalmarinta waxay la siiyo si ay saynisyahano dhallinyarada (ilaa 40 sano) guulihii uu ka berrinkii dhaqaalaha. In 1953, Samuelson noqday madaxweynaha of Society Econometric ah, ka dibna, in 1961, iyo Ururka Dhaqaalayahanada Maraykanka,. In muddo ah ka soo 1965 sano po1968 Paul Samuelson sidoo kale madax ka tirsan Ururka Dhaqaalayahanada Caalamiga ah. saynisyahan waxa uu ahaa Albert Einstein Biladaha ee 1970. Markaasuu wuxuu ku guulaystay Nobel Prize. Samuelson ahayd iyada qayb dhaqaalaha.

dhaqdhaqaaqa State

Samuelson ahaa taliye in hay'adaha kala duwan ee dawladda, iyaga ka mid ah -. Maaliyadda ayaa, Xafiiska waaxda military, Reserve Federaalka, Bureau of Miisaaniyadda, iwm Intaa waxaa dheer, wuxuu ahaa taliyaha Madaxweynaha Maraykanka John F. Kennedy. Pol Entoni Samuelson qoray warbixin of hoc group ad ka, kaas oo uu ka hadlay madaxweynaha. Sanado badan aqoonyahan sida M. Friedman, wuxuu ahaa qayb joogto ah Newsweek ee soo noqnoqda. In 5 Muga qaro weyn ayaa laga soo ururiyey by articles uu soo xulay. Shaqo la odhan jiray "Golaha shaqada sayniska" oo waxaa la daabacay 1966.

style suugaanta Samuelson

Ogsoonow in qaab suugaaneed oo ah saynisyahan ah waxa lagu gartaa qaniinay sarbeebta iyo iskama waayo dadbaa. Isla mar ahaantaana waxa uu leeyahay u janjeera ah soo jireenka ah iyo muujinta dhabta ah ee fikirrada caadi ah in dhammaan macallimiinta u dhashay. Sida mid ka mid ah dhaqaale ee ugu goolasha badan waqti (45 sano gudahood, saynisyahan abuuray qiyaas ahaan hal article bil kasta) oo dhan, mid ka mid ah qorayaasha ugu guulaha badan wuxuu noqday ee la xiriirta daabacaadda shuqulladooda. buugga, kaas oo abuuray Anthony Paul Samuelson ( "Dhaqaalaha"), tusaale ahaan, ka badbaaday in ka badan laba darsin publications. Waxa uu wareejiyo ugu yaraan 12 luqadood. shaqada waxaa loo iibiyey in dalalka kala duwan ee lacagta ah ee ka badan 4 milyan oo nuqul.

dhacdo dhab ah u gaar A arag taariikhda dhaqaalaha! Xataa ee dalkeenna waxaa la sii daayay, dabcan, wax ka beddelka aan la ogalayn iyo dhimista fikirka.

Waa maxay sababta "dhaqaalaha" waxa uu noqday sidaas oo caan ah?

dhaqaaleyahannada ah ayaa gaarayay muddo sanado badan, sababtoo ah la'aanta ah ee xiriirka ka dhexeeya macroeconomics cusub (Keynesian) iyo microeconomics jir (neoclassical). Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Samuelson buugaagta uu abuuray sheegan in "ereygu neoclassical." Dhibaatooyinka la xiriira shaqada, sida laga soo xigtay isaga si, waxay u baahan yihiin faragelinta in aragtida ah neoclassical of Keynesianism. Laakiin marka hore, ku siin karaan dib kelyaha awoodda ka dib markii shaqada buuxa la gaaro.

aqoonsi Tani waxay fure u tahay fahamka guusha degdegga ah ee buugga, taas oo la abuuray by Paul Samuelson ( "Dhaqaalaha"). Mid ka mid ah qaababka ugu xiisaha badan waxaa ka mid ah (jidka ag fadhida, saamiga weyn ee farshaxanka ee daabacaadda, iyo sidoo kale buugga ugu horeysay ee aragtida dhaqaalaha, ka dhigay isticmaalaya garaafyada midab) waa inay isku qiyaas ahaadaan, kaas oo koob guul maamula si ay u muujiyaan danaha dhaqaale ee dadweynaha, isbedelka muddo. Waxaan weli ma helin waqti si loogu yeero dhamaadka arrin la mariyo cusub, sida isla markiiba u muuqatay in edition xiga ee "Dhaqaalaha."

qarsoon oo saameyn weyn Samuelson

Paul Samuelson, aragtida caan ah "deeqsi ah" (macnaha American ee erayga), isku day in aad sii celceliska dahab ah oo arrimaha ugu muhiimsan, sida xafiisyada ama suuqa, in dadweynaha ama kuwa gaarka, monetarism iyo Keynesianism. Waxa uu marna kacay in uu shaqada si ay jagooyinka fikirka xad-dhaaf ah. Sayidka, Paul Samuelson waa tusaale wanaagsan, saynisyahan dhaqaale kuwaas oo hogaansamey xarunta siyaasadda si fudud. Tani waa mid ka mid ah sababaha ay saamayn weyn shakhsi ah dhaqaaleyahan ka.

Cadaawayaashaada iyo xiiseyneysay

In Samuelson ma ahayn wax badan oo cadaawayaashiinna. Oo kuwii yeedhay equilibrists ay dhaqaale iyo caqliga Paganini. Laakiin taageerayaasha badan oo cilmiga isaga aasaasihii oo ka mid ah tilmaamaha ugu weyn ee sayniska dhaqaale in aannu mar ka fiirsada. Iyagu ma ka waaban inaad wacdo "Zaman Samuelson" xilligii dagaalka ee horumarinta sayniska this.