DC motor: mabda'a of tallaabo. DC motor: qalabka

First of dhan abuurtay qarnigii 19 qoqobada mishiinka korontada waa motor DC a. Mabda'a hawlgalka waxaa la yaqaano tan iyo bartamihii qarnigii la soo dhaafay wakhtiga la joogo matoorrada DC (DPT) sii wadaan in ay si daacad ah u adeega qofka, dejinta dhaqaaq kala duwan oo ka mid ah mashiinada iyo habab waxtar leh.

marka hore DPT The

Laga bilaabo ka 30meeyada ee qarnigii 19aad ee ay horumarka ay martay heerar kala duwan. Xaqiiqdu waxay tahay in ilaa iyo dhamaadka ee engine qarnigii la soo dhaafay alternators isha keliya ee awoodda jirtay qollad galvanic. Sidaa darteed, dhammaan matoorrada korontada ee ugu horeeyey ordi karaan oo keliya hadda si toos ah.

Maxay ahayd ee motor horeysay DC? Mabda'a ka hawlgala oo ka mid ah qalabka iyo matoorada lagu dhisay ee qeybtii hore ee qarnigii 19, waa sida soo socota. beerta ugu weyn ayaa ah set go'an magnet ama electromagnets joogto ah ul, ma ay lahayn a circuit magnetic guud u xiran yihiin. armature socodyada-cirif sameeyay dhowr magnet-ul gaar ah on dhidibka caadi ah, kuwaas oo kala eryay by ciidamada dheguhu iyo soo jiidasho leh si ay ulaha inductor ah. wakiilada caadiga ah iyaga ka mid ah waxay ahaayeen matoorada W. Ricci (1833) iyo B. Södertälje (1834) qalabaysan shido farsamo hadda ee electromagnets la armatures xiriirrada dhaqaajin karo wareegi jiray ee armature ku fuuli jiray.

Sida engine la socda Jacobi

Maxay ahayd mabda 'mashiinka this hawlgalka? Engine Jacobi hadda joogta iyo analogs ay hantiyi Xuddunta electromagnetic gaboowday. Inta lagu jiro wakhtiga ugu wada of ulo ka soo horjeeda oo ka mid ah armature iyo inductor ah by magnetic Xuddunta motor xoog jiidashada si deg deg ah soo gaadhay ugu badnaan. Markaas, marka meesha cirif ee armature ka soo horjeeda ulihii ka inductor ah, ku biiro farsamo iyo jebin hadda ee electromagnets of armature ah. Xuddunta dhaco, si eber. Sababo la tiiro ee armature iyo ulo barroosinka farsamo ka eryay hoos ulaha inductor ah, markan iyaga ka biiro hadda la bixisey dhinaca ka soo horjeeda, ay polarity sidoo kale beddeli, iyo ciidanka of cuf in cirif ee kuugu dhow ee inductor la bedelay ciidan dheguhu diidayaan. Sayidka, motor waa wareegto Jacobi naxdin leh oo xiriir ah.

Waxay u muuqataa in ay noqoto annular

At muhimka ah ee engine solenoids armature ku Jacobi hadda xilliyo demiyo, waxay abuuraan beer magnetic waayay, iyo tamar waxaa loo beddelaa khasaaraha kulaylka in windings ah. Sayidka, armature ka beddelidda korontada il awoodeed oo hadda (cell electrochemical) galay farsamo ka dhacay dhexdeeda googo'an. Maxaa loo baahan yahay ayaa la xidhay la motor joogto ah loogu fuuli jiray ee hadda taas oo ka duuli lahaa si joogto ah inta lagu jiro waqtiga dhan ay hawlgalka.

Oo fuhtufn sida la aasaasay 1860. A Pachinotti. Waa maxay kala duwan ka horreeyay motor DC? Mabda'a hawlgalka ka mid ah engine iyo qalabka Pachinotti soo socda. Sida barroosinnadii uu isticmaalo giraanta steel la Afayeen go'an on usheeda dhexe a toosan a. Xaaladdan oo kale, barroosinka ma lahayn ulo socodyada. Waxa uu noqday neyavnopolyusnym.

gariiradda armature fuuli ayaa ku dhaawacay dhexeeya Afayeen ee giraanta, darafyadiisa oo ka mid ah kuwaas oo ku xiran yihiin in taxane ah oo ku saabsan shiraaqii, oo ka dhibcood ee la xidhiidha ee kasta laba gariiradda la sameeyey qasabadda ku xiran taarikada ururiyaha diyaarin weheliyaan goobada ee hoose ee ka qodaa motor ah, tirada kaasoo u dhigma tirada gariiradda. armature oo dhan ayaa la xidhay laftiisa iyo dhibcood xiriir serial ah gariiradda ay ku xiran yihiin taarikada ururiyaha ku xeeran, kaas oo simbiriirixan on labo ka mid ah rollers sahayda hadda.

barroosinka The annular lagu meeleeyo dhexeeya ulo ka laba electromagnets go'an inductor-stator, si khadadka xoog abuuray by excitation field magnetic ka mid dusha sare cylindrical sare ee armature motor at excitation woqooyi pole dhex armature annular ka gudbay, iyada oo aan guuraya gudaha ay godka, oo soo baxa ka yar pole koonfureed.

Sida engine la socda Pachinotti

Wixii uu lahaa mabda'a ah ficil? motor DC Pachinotti shaqeeyay si la mid ah sida DPT casriga ah.

duurka ku magnetic of ulo inductor la polarities this ayaa had iyo jeer ahaa tiro cayiman oo kirishbooyada of armature ku fuuli jiray ee hadda la jihada joogto ah, kuna waari dhexdeeda inductor ku hoos ulaha kala duwan ee jihada armature hadda ayaa loo oggolaaday. Arrintaas waxa lagu gaadhay adigoo ku rollers sahayda hadda, kaas oo u dhaqmaan sida burush, in meel bannaan oo u dhaxeeya ulo ka inductor ah. Sidaa darteed armature hadda degdeg ah biyaa in gariiradda dhex isaguu ku, saxan ururiyaha ah oo wada shaqayn ku darina qasabadaha, kaas oo sidoo kale waa in meel bannaan oo u dhaxeeya ulihiina, markaas biyaa jiho ka soo horjeeda laba poluobmotkam-laamood oo ay la socdaan, iyo ugu dambeyntii wada awdeen khadka laan, saxan ururiyaha ah iyo rullaluistemadka ee interpolar kale bareeg. In sidaas la sameeyo, barroosinka gariiradda hoos ulihii ka inductor bedelay, laakiin jihada socodka hadda badelin iyaga oo ku.

By Law Ampere ee, waayo kaari kasta oo gariiradda armature la hadda duurka ku magnetic of cirif inductor ah, ciidan, wixii la goostay by jihada xukunka si fiican u yaqaan ee "gacanta bidix." Qaraabo in dhidibka of engine ee, awood this si ay u abuuraan Xuddunta, iyo wadarta daqiiqado ah ciidamada oo dhan siinayaa waqti tirada guud ee DPT, taas oo hore u yar yahay dhowr taarikada ururiyaha waa ku dhowaad si joogto ah.

DPT oo la grammovskoy armature fuuli jiray annular

Sida inta badan ka dhacay ee taariikhda sayniska iyo tiknoolajiyada, been abuurtay A. Pachinotti lama isticmaalo. Waxaa la illoobi muddo 10 sano ah ilaa iyo in 1870 waxaa madax banaan oo aan ku celinayaa Franco-German H. hindisa ah Gramm in design la mid ah matoor DC ee. In mishiinada kuwan, dhidibka of wareeg waa mid dadban oo la isticmaalay burush carbon saraysa weheliyaan taarikada ururiyaha naqshado ku dhowaad casriga ah. By sannadihii 70-aad ee qarnigii 19aad mabda'a ytimaada ee mashiinada korantada uu noqday meel ay si fiican u yaqaan, iyo mishiinka Gramm loo isticmaalaa sida matoor iyo DC motor. Mabda 'hawlgalka ay mar horeba kor lagu sharaxay.

In kasta oo xaqiiqda ah in la alifay ee armature giraanta ahayd tallaabo muhiim u ah horumarinta DPT, ay fuuli jiray (yeedhay grammovskoy) lahaa khasaare weyn. duurka ku magnetic of ulo inductor yihiin kuwa kirishbooyada ay (tilmaamey firfircoon), taas oo ka yar, kuwaas oo ulaha dushiisa cylindrical sare ee armature u dhigo oo kaliya. iyaga waxaa la Ulasocto ku magnetic xoog of Ampere, Xuddunta ah marka la eego dhidibka motor ah. Kuwa kirishbooyada firfircoonayn in dhex mari barroosinka giraanta aperture ma ka qayb abuurka ah ee la joogo. Iyagu waxay keliyahoo aan waxtar lahayn ayuuna wixiisii tamarta ee foomka of khasaaro kulaylka.

From giraanta inay durbaan shiraaqii

Cinwaanka khaladkaasi this barroosinnadii giraanta ku guulaysteen in ay 1873 by caanka Jarmal korontada F. Gefner-Alteneku. Sidee u shaqeeyay DC motor? Mabda'a ka hawlgala qalabka, stator inductor ay waa isku mid sida baabuurta la giraanta loogu fuuli jiray. Laakiin design ee armature iyo fuuli u bedelay.

Gefner-Altenek tilmaamay in jihada hadda armature ah dal ka burushka go'an, ee kirishbooyada grammovskoy fuuli jiray excitation at ulo ku xiga waa kuwo mar kasta ka soo hor jeedda, ie ayaa lagu lammaanayn karaa windings ku yaala dusha sare ee cylindrical sare ee gariiradda leh width (garoonka) siman garoonka cirif (goobada ee armature ah, mid ka mid cirif ee excitation ah).

Xaaladdan oo kale, waxa uu noqonayaa mid aan loo baahnayn in godka wareeg ah armature ah, oo ay muuqato galay dhululubo adag (durbaan). Tani waxay fuuli jiray iyo barroosinka laftiisa helay magaca durbaan. Isticmaalka copper waxa ku jira tiro isku mid ah kirishbooyada firfircoon waa wax badan ka yar ee grammovskoy loogu fuuli jiray.

Barroosinka marsho noqdo

The mishiinada iyo Gramm-Gefner Alteneka dusha barroosinka ahaa siman, iyo kirishbooyada ay fuuli jiray diyaarin in farqiga u iyo ulo inductor u dhexeeya. Masaafada u dhaxaysa dusha concave cylindrical of ulo excitation iyo dusha convex armature gaareen dhowr milimitir. Sidaa darteed, si ay u abuuraan xoog doonayo magnetic field loo baahan yahay si aad u dalbato gariiradda excitation iyadoo ciidamada magnetomotive weyn (la tiro badan oo markooda). Tani aad bay u kordheen xajmiga iyo miisaanka ah matoorada ku. Intaa waxaa dheer, dusha siman of gariiradda armature waxay ahayd adag tahay in la xaliyo. Laakiin sida in u noqon karaan? Indeed, waayo, tallaabada ku kaari ah oo leh xoog Ampere hadda waa in ee dhibcood ee meel beerahooda sare magnetic (with a cufnaanta ka daadanayo magnetic).

Waxaa soo baxay in tani ma aha lagama maarmaan. H. alifay qoriga Maxim American muujisay in haddii ay noqoto meesha qabtaan marsho durbaanka, iyo grooves sameeyay ilkaha dhexdooda si ay meel u durbaan gariiradda loogu fuuli jiray, oo farqiga u dhaxeeya ulo iyo excitation waa la dhimi karaa in ay jajab ee millimeter ah. Waxaa suurto gal ah in ay si weyn u yareeyo xajmiga gariiradda excitation ah, laakiin DPT Xuddunta ah ma hoos.

Sida hawlaha sida motor DC a? Mabda'a ee hawlgalka ku salaysan yahay xaqiiqda ah in ay noqoto awood magnetic ee waayihiisa aan codsatay in kirishbooyada ee boosaska ay (field magnetic iyaga in ficil ahaan waa maqan), iyo ilko aad. Joogitaanka hadda ee kaari ee jeexdin waa muhiim u dhacdo ee ciidanka this.

Sidee in laga takhaluso hadda Eddy

horumar kale oo muhiim ka dhigay hindisa caanka TA Edison. Waxa uu ku daray in ay motor DC ee? Mabda 'hawlgalka ayaa badelin, laakiin wax ka sameeyey ay barroosinka bedelay. Halkii weyn hore uu ahaa khafiifka ah dahaaray koronto go'doon midba midka kale by shabaqa birta. Tani waxay hoos u magnitude oo ka mid ah hadda Eddy (hadda Foucault) ee armature ah, taas oo kor u kacay oolnimada of engine ah.

Mabda'a hawlgala of motor DC ee

Si kooban laga yaabaa in loo qaabeeyey sida soo socota: marka xira armature ku fuuli jiray motor ku faraxsan yahay in il awoodeed dhex baxdo hadda waaweyn ee loo yaqaanno inrush iyo aad iyo aad u dhowr jeer qiimaha lagu qiimeeyo. Waxaa intaa dheer, hoos ulaha excitation of jihada polarity soo horjeeda ee hadda ee kirishbooyada of armature ku fuuli jiray ee ka soo horjeeda la mid ah sida ku cad shaxanka hoose. Sida laga soo xigtay xeerka, "gacantiisa bidix", Hanuuniyaa kuwanu waa Ampere ah ciidamada jihada a counterclockwise oo xanbaarsan armature in ay isku shaandheyn. In armature ku fuuli jiray kirishbooyada laaluusheen xoog electromotive (dib-EMF), si toos ah oppositely ilo danab sahayda. Sida armature dardargelinta kordhay iyo dib-EMF in ay fuuli jiray. Iyadoo la raacayo, ee hadda armature waa la dhimay ka bilaabo in uu qiimaha u dhiganta sifooyinka dhibic hawlgalka engine.

Si loo kordhiyo xawaaraha wareeg ah armature ah, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in la kordhiyo sidoo kale hadda ee ay gariiradda ama loo yareeyo dib-EMF waxa ku jira. Arintaan waxaa lagu gaari karaa by yaraaneyso magnitude oo duurka excitation magnetic ah by yaraynta hadda duurka ku fuuli jiray. Qaabkan gacanta xawaaraha DPT waa mid ku baahsan.

Mabda'a hawlgala of motor DC la excitation gaar ah

Iyada oo ka mid noqoshada duurka loogu fuuli jiray boosteejada ah (OB) si ay il gaar ah xoog (madax banaan OM) awood DPT inta badan lagu sameeyaa si ay u sahlan tahay in la xakameeyo baaxadda hadda excitation ah (si ay u bedesho xawaaraha wareeg). On the guryaha ee DPT la OB madax banaan DPT ku ool ah oo la mid ah la OB, ku xiran ee isku midka ah la armature ku fuuli jiray.

boodo DPT

Mabda'a hawlgala ee isku midka ah DC beerta motor hadda waxaa lagu go'aamiyaa dabeecadda farsamo, i.e. tiirsanaanta ee xawaaraha wareeg ee Xuddunta load on usheeda dhexe ee. Waayo, sida kala duwanaansho ah xawaaraha engine at guurka ka cidleeyo in Xuddunta ah load qiimeeyo waa 2 ilaa 10%. Kuwani guryaha farsamo waxaa lagu magacaabaa adag.

Sayidka, mabda 'tallaabo of motor DC la boodo ee sababa ay codsiga in actuators xawaare joogto ah marka kala duwan oo kala duwanaansho load waaweyn. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa si weyn loo isticmaalaa in baabuur koronto ku nidaamsan xawaare variable. Waxaa intaa dheer, sharciyeynta xawaaraha ay loo isticmaali karaa sida isbeddelka of armature hadda oo beerta hadda.

excitation isku xig xiga ee DPT ah

Mabda'a hawlgala of motor DC ee excitation taxane sida isku midka ah, waxaa la go'aamiyaa dabeecadda farsamo, taas oo ay dhacdo in this jilicsan yahay, maxaa yeelay, xawaaraha engine aad bay u kala duwan yihiin iyada oo isbedel load. Meeday ugu faa'iidada badan si ay u isticmaalaan baabuurta DC a? Mabda 'hawlgalka ee xawaaraha baabuurta jar tareenka taas oo hoos waa ugu gudbo kacda oo sideeda oo ku soo celi mooshinka magacaaban markii Caraabaah oo si buuxda u dhiganta la DPT la sequentially OB xiran armature ku fuuli jiray. Sidaa darteed, qayb weyn oo tareen korontada ee dunida ku qalabaysan qalab sida.

Mabda'a hawlgalka of motor DC la excitation taxane fuliyo matoorrada jar hadda sida gaboowday oo muhiimad ahaan waa isku mid la DPT joogto RH, laakiin si gaar ah loogu talagalay howlgalka la saxo horeba on board hadda korontada isagoo kuusasho la taaban karo.