Copper-Nikkel: guryaha, GOST. Production of Alloys copper-nickel. Nadiifinta lacagta birta ah ee daawaha copper-nickel

Copper iska leh kooxda ee biraha non-ferrous. In qaabka saafi ah waxa ay leedahay conductivity kaamerada iyo korontada sare, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa inta badan loo isticmaalaa in industry ee korontada. Copper - wax aad u ductile, oo si fiican u laftiisa yaridda daaweynta cadaadis qabow oo kulul.

Si loo hagaajiyo sifooyinka design oo qaab farsamaysan ee xarunta copper waxaa la isticmaalayo la biraha kale. Sidaas darteed, habka isuga u beddelayo qaabka lattices crystal ah, waxaa jira isgaarsiin oo dheeraad ah inta u dhaxaysa udhigo iyo atamka. Kuwaas oo u kordhiyaa xoog daawaha marka la barbar dhigo biraha saafi ah.

Maxaa copper alloyed la nickel

Marka alloying nickel waa weyn ee element alloying. Waxay leedahay iska caabin ah daxalka ah, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa inta badan loo isticmaalaa adkaansho. Marka alloying foomka copper xal adag oo joogto ah. Copper-Nikkel keensataa tiro ka mid ah qaababka cusub:

• waxay kordhisaa caabiga kulaylka mid ah waxyaabaha la ah;
• si weyn u dhimay Wehliyaha heerkulka of resistivity;
• waxaa jira iska caabin sare si ay daxalka, gaar ahaan biyo cusbo leh.

kala soocidda

The sifooyinka daawaha copper-nickel ku xiran tahay boqolkiiba nickel ku jira iyo waxyaabaha kale. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, abuuray badan oo ka mid ah maaddooyinka cusub gaar ah harakteristikami.V gaar ah ku xiran codsiga, waxay u qaybsan yihiin dhismaha iyo korontada.

• Dhismayaasha - leeyihiin anticorrosion iyo xoog sifooyinka sare. Products iyaga ka mid ah waxay u adkaystaan warbaahinta dagaal badan. lacag Jarmal Tani, lacag nickel iyo kunial. Meel gaarka ah ee liiskan waa Monel, kuwaas oo ka kooban iyo Joogaba, xubno ka yihiin xoogaa kala duwan.
• Korontada - in ay kordheen caabiga korontada iyo guryaha thermoelectric, isticmaalka tamarta iyo injineernimada korontada. Waxaa gelinba, manganin iyo Copel.

Aqoonta Halabuurka kiimikada iyo sifooyinka jireed si loo ogaado daawaha copper-nickel ah mid ka mid ah kooxaha.

lacag Jarmal

Waxay ka kooban tahay qiyaastii 80% copper, 20% nickel, iyo sidoo kale bir yar oo manganese. daawaha noocan oo kale ah waxaa loo yaqaan in dadka xataa III qarnigii BC ah. e. loo yaqaan "copper cad" ay sabab u tahay midabka lacag iftiin, taas oo u ekaan lacag ah. Waxay leedahay guryaha anti-daxalka sare, iyo margin badan oo ah ammaanka iyo cimri dherer of daawaha copper-nickel ah. barta barafku - qiyaas ahaan 1170 ° C. ductility Good xamili karo Products of cadaadis. Loo isticmaalo wax soo saarka ee capacitors, waxaa la sameeyey oo ah alaabta caafimaadka, dahabka cheap, cuno, lacagta birta ah.

nickel lacag

Tani daawaha copper-nickel dheeriga ah ee zinc isagoo midabka lacag la cado a cagaar ah. Iyada oo ku xidhan nooca ku jiri kara ilaa 35% ka mid ah nickel iyo illaa 45% zinc, inta kale - copper. content zinc adag noocan oo kale si weyn u yaraynaysaa qiimaha ay wax soo saarka. lacag ah Jarmal ayaa qiyaastii guryaha si farsamaysan la mid ah sida cupronickel ah. Waa adkaysi u daxalka, raagaya, malleable ku filan si loo hawl in habka kulul iyo qabow cadaadis.

Mararka qaarkood dheeraad ah hogaanka doped in machining wanaagsan. Inta badan sababtoo ah waxa ay manufactures alaabtii qaybood, soo jeedo oo alaabta caafimaadka. Waxa xiiso leh in maanta sababta oo ah kharashka yar yahay sababtoo ah isaga oo intaa ka badan tahay lacag Jarmal, soo saaraan dahabka, bilado iyo amar. Nikkel Silver sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa in soo saaridda ee dhaldhalaalka.

Kunial

Waxay ka kooban tahay nickel saldhig copper ah - 20%, lagu daro yar oo ah aluminium. Dhisnayd heerkulka a of 1183 ° C raacay by demin iyo da 'ka badan gaari xoog aad u sarreeya iyo caabiga heerkulku hooseeyo. Qaybsan fasalka A (MNA13-3) iyo B (6-1,5 MNA).
Brand A leedahay laba sifooyinka muhiim ah - xoogga sare iyo iska-caabbinta daxalka u gaar ah deeganada xoqe. Tusaale ahaan, biyo badda, waxaa la qalo karo muddo tobannaan sano. Sidaa darteed, waxaaga ah loo isticmaalo samaynta qaybaha ujeedooyin gaar ah (propellers).

Shahaado B wuxuu leeyahay sifooyin adkeysi, sidaa daraadeed waxa si weyn loo isticmaalaa in lagu sameeyo xubno laastikada iyadaa mas'uul ka. Waxaa sidoo kale waa mid aad u adkaysi u biririf dhaxanta. ka soo saaraan qaybo dhismaha ka shaqeeya xaaladaha heerkulka hooseeyo.

Monel

Wuxuu ka kooban yahay saddex-meelood laba ah oo ku saabsan nickel iyo copper saddex-meelood meel. barta barafku - 1350 ° C. hantida ugu weyn ee daawaha copper-nickel ah - iska caabin ah daxalka. Waxa uu ku farsamo sare - xooggayga iyo lahayo ku caag ah. Monel brand NMZhMts ka kooban oo ku saabsan 28% copper, 3% bir ah, oo ku saabsan 3% of magnesium, qadar yar oo ah Cobalt iyo nickel.

Waxay leedahay sifooyinka isku Monel-400. Isagu waa brand ah Corporation Biraha Gaarka ah, oo waxaa lagu xiranayo ee 1906. Sidaa darteed, shirkadaha kale ee soo saarta uma isticmaali karo magaca this. Sidaas waxaa jira daawaha kale - Nicorros. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, qalabkan waa isku mid ee kiimikada oo dhan iyo farsamo harakteristikam.Tak daawaha waxaa ku jira in ka badan nus boqolleyda nickel, ay kharashka waa halkii sare. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa jira technology ah ee wax soo saarka ee daawaha copper-nickel la isticmaalayo alaabta ceeriin ee senti sulphide dabiiciga ah la content oo ka mid ah laba cunsur, oo aan isa-soociddiisa ka hor galay dadka deegaanka ee shakhsiga. Tani waxay yareyn kartaa kharashka wax soo saarka ugu dambeeya.

Monel loo isticmaalo wax soo saarka, ekspluatruemyh deeganada dagaal badan ka yar loading farsamo sare. Tani Dhismaha maraakiibta, kiimikada iyo waaxda shiidaalka, soo saaridda oo ah alaabta caafimaadka, qaybaha muhiimka ah ee mashiinada iyo qalabka.

gelinba

Waxaa cad in midabka leh molasses hurdi sifo. Halabuurka waxay ka kooban tahay: -59% copper, nickel - 39-41%; Manganese - 1-2%. heerkulka barafku 1260 ° C. Tani daawaha copper-nickel ayaa magaceedii ka hantida ugu weyn helay - xasiloonida kaamerada. Waxay leedahay qaab aad u wanaagsan oo iska caabin korontada ee Wehliyaha a ballaarinta heerkulka hooseeyo. daawaha waa wax soo saarka ee xarigga thermocouple, in soo saaridda oo alaabta muusikada ah, iyo sidoo kale xubno ka kululaynta korontada in shaqeeyaan at heerkulka ilaa 400-500 degrees.

Fiilooyin laga sameeyey gelinba, sakhiray in daaweyn kulaylka gaarka ah, iyadoo ay sabab u taasoo dusha biraha si ay u sameeyaan xabagta film dhuuban. Iyada oo alaabta this uma baahna lacquering dheeraad ah ama daahan difaaca. Gelinba waa mid aad u caag ah. hantida Tani waxay u ogolaaneysaa adeegsigeeda alxanka Alloys copper-nickel.

Faa'iida ee gelinba waa ay EMF si caddaalad sare - oo ku saabsan 43 MV. Tani waxay tiraa isticmaalka fiilooyin iyo cajalado isaga in alaabtii lagu qiyaaso sax sare.

manganin

Waxaa ka kooban oo ku saabsan 5% nickel, 12% manganese iyo saldhig copper. barta barafku - 960 ° C. Waxa xiiso leh, manganin la Been abuurtay by American Edward Venstonom ku saabsan in 1888 oo ku saleysan oo ka mid ah gelinba ku been abuurtay mid ah sida wax gaar ah ku windings ee qalabka korontada. Waxay leeyihiin a resistivity sare korontada iyo EMF aad u yar wajihi copper (aan ka badnayn 1 MV), kaas oo ay kala ka gelinba.

In si loo yareeyo Wehliyaha heerkulka of silig iska caabin manganovuyu la annealed heerkul ah oo ku saabsan 600 digrii hoos vacuum, ka dibna si tartiib ah la qaboojiyey. technology Tani waxay u ogolaaneysaa in la kordhiyo heerkulka at kaas oo wax xajisto hantida korontada ilaa 200 ° C. Horeba silig gariiradda nabarka dheeraad ah si joogta ah kululeeyo ilaa 150 ° C. Tani waxay gaadhaysaa saamayn ah ee gabow macmal ah, ka dib markii taas ay isbedesho in qaab-dhismeedka crystalline ee biraha waxaa la yareeyo.

meesha ugu weyn ee codsiga of manganin sida wax la resistivity deggan - saarta alaabta wax sax kala duwan si loo qiyaaso waxqabadka hadda korontada (amperage, danab, awood).

Kopel

daawaha kale oo gaar ah. Waxaa ku jira copper, 43% nickel, bir yar oo manganese. heerkulka barafku 1290 ° C. Iyada oo ratio fiicnayn ee stably resistivity hoose iyo TEDS sare wajihi Alloys kala duwan biraha loo isticmaalo soo saaridda ee xarigga ee thermocouples iyo electrodes. Tusiyaha TEDS wax kordhay saamiga si heer kulka shaqada:

• 100 degrees Celsius - 6,95V;
• at 600 - 49B.

Copel aad thermally deggan - iyada oo aan dhibi sifooyinka aasaasiga ah adkeysan karaan ilaa kulaylka 600 darajo oo waa adkaysi u daxalka.
Copel shidma thermocouple waxaa loo isticmaalaa in qalabka loogu talagalay cabbirka heerkulka contactless. thermocouples waxaa loo isticmaalaa la TEDS ugu badnaan - chromium, copper ama bir xubno Kuwanu waa electrodes wanaagsan iyo Copel -negative. thermocouple Kopel-chromel waxaa inta badan loo isticmaalaa in pyrometry la socodka joogtada ah ee heerkulka kala duwan ee ka 200 600 degrees ee goobaha warshadaha iyo shaybaarka.

habka dikhaw

In wax soo saarka ee Alloys copper-nickel hoggaansamaan teknoolajiyada xad la mid ah. Melchior, nickel lacag ah, kunial, gelinba, manganin horeysay dhalaalay foorno induction hoos sariirta dhuxusha calcined ah. Isagoo intaa ku daray in Dufcaddii qashinka in ay 80%.

Geedi socodka bilaabmaa dikhaw of copper iyo nickel. Sidii ay u dhalaali qashinka ku daray doodiisa waaweyn, ka dibna wanaagsan. The zinc muxaafidka ee la soo dhaafay. Ka dib markii barafku ugu dambeeya ee ay amarka u soo saara deoxidized la manganese iyo Silicon (nickel lacag ah), ama Silicon iyo manganese (gelinba iyo nickel lacag ah). Intaas ka dib laga saaray dusha dhalaalid iyo slag oo dhan waxaa lagu darayaa xataa dhuxusha. Kuleyli mass gubanaya si heer kulka ah oo ku saabsan 1300 ° C, ayaa lagu daray chloride manganese, waayo, hagaajinaayo haddii loo baahdo.

Wax yar ka duwan kunialey farsamo karinta maxaa yeelay, waxay ka kooban aluminium. Ka hor inta soo bandhigid aluminium in dhalaalisa waxaa loo baahan yahay in ay dar 0.1% manganese for deoxidation. Ka dib kala diridda aluminium dhalaalaan ka daadanayo saydhaa dusha. Haddii aan taas waxa laga sameeyaa, filimka sameeyey oo dhalaalisa uu noqdo mid laga nacay shubtay.

Kiimikada, guryaha jireed iyo dhismaha loo ogaado meesha Ahaado Alloys kala duwan copper-nickel. GOST 492-73, GOST 5063-73, GOST 5187-70, 5220-78 GOST, GOST 17217-79 iyo GOST 10155-75 heerarka waa aasaasiga ah ee ay soo saaridda.

coinage

Ilaa dhamaadka qarnigii la soo dhaafay meel kasta bilaabay inuu lacagta birta ah, reexaanta of daawaha copper-nickel. Ay ka kooban waxaa aad ugu kala gaddisnaa ee mintiyada kala duwan. Laakiin inta badan waxa ay kor u ka kooban yahay ilaa 30% nickel, bir nijaasta daahiriya yar iyo copper sida saldhig. Tan iyo biraha caadiga ah, waayo lacagta qadaadiicda in ay ugu horayn ductile, malleable, raagaya iyo jaban, hab wax ku ool ah waxaan goostay Halabuurka ee daawaha qadaadiic ah. Ka dibna waxa si gaar ah caan ah oo soo saaridda lacagta qadaadiicda nickel lacag loo isticmaalo.

qadaadiicda Ruush Modern ka samaysan yihiin Alloys kala duwan. Gaar ahaan, gebi ahaanba ka kooban yihiin daraakmo oo lacag ah nickel soo saaray ka hor 2009. qadaadiicda Steel ka mid ah iyo laba senti iyo copper shan Ruble dahaarka leh kula lakabka khafiif ah oo nickel lacag ah. waxyaabaha noocan oo kale ah waxaa loo yaqaan "bimetal". Sidaas iyo aad u badan hoos u kharashka wax soo saarka ee lacag macdan ah.

Alloys of copper iyo nickel, wax yar u nugul in ay qayilo hawada. Sidaa darteed, calaamadaha ay laga heli karaa oo keliya on the qadaadiicda jir, ama kuwa muddo dheer ku jirtay jawi colaadeed. Khubarada, ugaarsadaha khasnad iyo qadaadiic loo isticmaalo nadiifinta ee soo xareeyaan lacagta qadaadiicda siyaalaha kala duwan - ka soo cuntada sida loo jecel yahay in ay teknoolajiyada sare.
Nadiifinta saabuun iyo biyo ka saaraysaa oxides copper cagaaran wanaag keliya. Codsatay sida saliid saytuun ah, acetic acid, baastada "Goya". Waa in aan ku haay maanka in qalabka oo keliya ma ka saari kara huurada, laakiin sidoo kale fal qudhooda daawaha, waxyeelo loo geysto qadaadiic ah. nadiifinta ugu hufan, qabow iyo deg deg ah ee lacagta birta ah waa daawaha copper-nickel ah by electrolysis.